Concentrations Of Glycol Research Articles

The response of the laboratory cultivated Quercus coccifera plants to an artificial water stress

Seedlings of Quercus coccifera were planted to grow in a series of liquid culture–mediums of gradually increasing PolyEthylene Glycol (PEG) concentration. The induced water stress strongly affected plant growth. As the PEG concertation raised the growth of the stems and roots was retarded, roots appeared to rely on the distribution of the phenolic containing cells for retaining a water flow, phenolic synthesis dramatically increased in the leaves and shifted to the production of condensed forms, oxidative stress appeared, thus, Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) steeply increased, pigment absorption weakened and a remarkable rate of L-Dopa DeCarboxylase (DDC) expression was triggered. Phytochemical investigation via Liquid Chromatography – High Resolution Mass Spectrometry (LC-HRMS) contributed to the detailed identification of the phenolic compounds in leaf extracts, and confirmed their profiles and metabolism both via biochemical detection and anatomical distribution the microscopic findings. Totally 25 compounds were identified showing qualitative and quantitative alternations in different PEG treatments.

Study of propylene glycol thermal degradation by batch distillation process and analysis using ion chromatography

Application of regenerated thermodynamic inhibitor (THI) is a cost-effective way of hydrate inhibition in oil industries. There have been literature reports for application of regenerated THI monoethylene glycol (MEG) in order to keep the process economical and also to avoid releasing the used MEG to the environment in order to reduce its impact. In our previous studies, thermodynamic gas hydrate equilibrium curves were established for pure propylene glycol. So, in continuation to previous work, thermal degradation of propylene glycol is studied in this research to be applicable for gas hydrate inhibition as regenerated product. A laboratory batch distillation setup is utilized for conducting thermal degradation of propylene glycol (40 and 80 wt%). Degraded products were collected at different time intervals to identify generated organic acids. Major degradation product observed was lactic acid and other generated acids include formic, acetic and pyruvic acid. Results showed increase of degradation product concentration with increasing retention time and higher propylene glycol concentration. The degradation characteristics studied in the research work will be helpful to identify the parameters affecting the degraded propylene glycol efficiency to be tested as gas hydrate inhibitor in our future research work.

Unintentional ethylene glycol ingestions in children

ABSTRACT Background: Toxic alcohol poisoning may result in severe acidemia and death. Previous work from our regional poison center (RPC) revealed that most pediatric unintentional methanol exposures are benign and do not require alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) blockade or hemodialysis. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed all ethylene glycol (EG) cases in patients less than 6 years of age reported to our RPC over a 19 year period. We included unintentional ingestions with measured EG concentrations. Results: Twenty-nine cases met inclusion criteria. EG concentrations were undetectable in 25 cases (86%). No patient became symptomatic or acidemic. No EG concentration warranted treatment with ADH inhibition or hemodialysis. However, 21 patients (72%) received fomepizole or ethanol. Fifteen patients (52%) transferred from a community hospital to a pediatric specialty hospital. All 27 children admitted to the hospital went to a pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) while awaiting EG results. Conclusions: No child during the 19-year period required either antidote or hemodialysis. Unintentional EG exposures in typical pediatric patients may warrant nothing more than repeat laboratory testing (electrolytes, pH) to exclude evolving toxicity. Timely availability of EG laboratory test results would likely reduce unnecessary and expensive use of antidote, transport, and PICU resources.

Optimization of protocol for efficient protoplast isolation and transient gene expression in carnation

The optimal protocols for protoplast isolation and transfection in carnation cv. Scarlet were developed by optimizing the factors involved in protoplast isolation and transfection processes. The best protoplast yield and viability were achieved using 0.5 M mannitol, enzyme concentrations of 1.0% cellulase and 0.1% macerozyme, and digestion time of 8 h. In contrast, the best transfection efficiency was obtained using protoplast density of 2.5 × 105, polyethylene glycol (PEG) concentration of 20%, and transfection time of 15 min. The protocols could produce reasonable protoplast yield and transfection efficiency in other carnations. The transient expression of enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) in the nucleus of the transfected protoplasts of all carnations was confirmed using PCR analysis. To our knowledge, this is the first report on transient gene expression in carnation protoplasts. This transient gene expression system could be valuable for genome editing of unwanted genes in carnations using the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated 9 technology.

Quantitative measurement of Mono-Ethylene Glycol (MEG) content using low-field Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)

Extraction of natural gas from remote subsea reservoirs is often accompanied by increased flow assurance risks such as hydrate blockages, which if formed can pose a serious threat to both productivity and safety. Such hydrates can be prevented via injection of monoethylene glycol (MEG) to subsea systems, which is subsequently regenerated via distillation and re-injected. Inaccurate compositional analysis of reclaimed MEG can, however, result in both process inefficiencies and over-use of MEG during re-injection. Limitations in current analytical methods mean that there is demand for the development and optimisation of alternative methods for quantifying MEG within the recycled fluids. Here, benchtop Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy is proven to be an accurate and reproducible method of monitoring such MEG composition to within a concentration error of 1 wt% in the presence of a range of impurities at concentrations consistent with those encountered in industry. Binary mixtures of MEG and water, and those with either methyl diethanolamine (MDEA) or acetic acid, provided accurate determination of MEG concentration within this range. The presence of saline water similarly produced concentration errors within 1 wt% with adequate optimisation of the NMR methods used. Industrial applicability as an on-line measurement was demonstrated by accurate MEG concentration determination during continuous flow (0–20 mL min−1). These results demonstrate low-field benchtop NMR spectrometry to be a viable candidate for MEG composition monitoring under typical environments encountered during the recycling of MEG for hydrate inhibition.

Effects of Different Dispersants on Chemical Reaction and Material Removal in Ultrasonic Assisted Chemical Mechanical Polishing of Sapphire

Effects of different dispersing reagents on ultrasonic assisted chemical mechanical polishing (UV-CMP) of sapphire were investigated in this study. Their influences on chemical reaction and mechanical action between silica particles and sapphire surface were explored by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope, zeta potential and particle size analyses. The results show that ultrasonic and polyethylene glycol can synergistically promote the chemical reaction and sapphire removal rate. However, sodium polyacrylate and sodium hexametaphosphate will inhibit the chemical reaction. For different concentrations of polyethylene glycol, they affect the chemical reaction and mechanical removal due to the particle aggregation or dispersion in sapphire UV-CMP. When the content is 0.2%, the synergistic effects of chemical and mechanical action between abrasives and sapphire surface are optimal. The sapphire removal rate reaches 48.5 nm min−1 and the polished surface roughness is 0.16 nm.

Viscoelastic Particle Focusing and Separation in a Spiral Channel.

As one type of non-Newtonian fluid, viscoelastic fluids exhibit unique properties that contribute to particle lateral migration in confined microfluidic channels, leading to opportunities for particle manipulation and separation. In this paper, particle focusing in viscoelastic flow is studied in a wide range of polyethylene glycol (PEO) concentrations in aqueous solutions. Polystyrene beads with diameters from 3 to 20 μm are tested, and the variation of particle focusing position is explained by the coeffects of inertial flow, viscoelastic flow, and Dean flow. We showed that particle focusing position can be predicted by analyzing the force balance in the microchannel, and that particle separation resolution can be improved in viscoelastic flows.

Maintaining Growth of Aquatic Morning Glory under Drought Condition by Paenibacillus sp. BSR1-1

Paenibacillus sp. BSR1-1 is a plant growth-promoting bacteria with the ability to produce indole-3-acetic acid, exopolysaccharide and ammonia. This bacterial isolate grew well under low water potential, with the concentration of polyethylene glycol (PEG) ranging from 20 - 30 % (w/v). Paenibacillus sp. BSR1-1 was a suitable bio-inoculant to maintain the growth of aquatic morning glory cultivated under drought conditions in this study. Inoculation of Paenibacillus sp. BSR1-1, as immobilized cells in coconut husk, sawdust or rice straw, tended to stimulate root growth of aquatic morning glory cultivated under drought conditions. The specific root lengths of aquatic morning glory grown under drought conditions were 1.31, 2.86, and 1.76 m/g in the presence of Paenibacillus sp. BSR1-1 immobilized in coconut husk, sawdust or rice straw, respectively. Root length and root dry weight of aquatic morning glory planted under drought conditions in the presence of Paenibacillus sp. BSR1-1 were around 17.71 - 18.08 cm and 0.16 - 0.28 g, respectively. Meanwhile, the root length and root dry weight of aquatic morning glory planted under drought conditions in the absence of Paenibacillus sp. BSR1-1 were only 10.62 - 13.54 cm and 0.04 - 0.11 g, respectively. In addition, the root morphology of aquatic morning glory planted under drought conditions in the presence of Paenibacillus sp. BSR1-1 was more branched and longer than that without Paenibacillus sp. BSR1-1 inoculation. However, the inoculation of Paenibacillus sp. BSR1-1 to soil did not stimulate shoot growth of aquatic morning glory planted under both normal and drought conditions. 
 HIGHLIGHTS
 
 Paenibacillus BSR1-1 is a plant growth-promoting bacteria with the ability to produce indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), exopolysaccharides and enables growth at a low water potential
 Application of Paenibacillus BSR1-1 as a bio-inoculant tended to maintain the growth of aquatic morning glory under drought conditions
 The root morphology of aquatic morning glory planted under drought conditions in the presence of Paenibacillus BSR1-1 was more branched and longer than that without bacterial inoculation
 
 GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Confinement effects on glass-forming mixtures: Insights from a combined experimental approach to aqueous ethylene glycol solutions in silica pores.

We perform nuclear magnetic resonance, broadband dielectric spectroscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry studies to ascertain the dynamical behaviors of aqueous ethylene glycol (EG) solutions in silica pores over broad temperature ranges. Both translational and rotational motions are analyzed, and the pore diameter (2.4-9.2nm) and the EG concentration (12-57 mol. %) are varied, leading to fully liquid or partially crystalline systems. It is found that the translational diffusion coefficient strongly decreases when the diameter is reduced, resulting in a slowdown of nearly three orders of magnitude in the narrowest pores, while the confinement effects on the rotational correlation times are moderate. For the fully liquid solutions, we attribute bulk-like and slowed down reorientation processes to the central and interfacial pore regions, respectively. This coexistence is found in all the studied pores, and, hence, the range of the wall effects on the solution dynamics does not exceed ∼1nm. Compared to the situation in the bulk, the concentration dependence is reduced in confinements, implying that the specific interactions of the molecular species with the silica walls lead to preferential adsorption. On the other hand, bulk-like structural relaxation is not observed in the partially frozen samples, where the liquid is sandwiched between the silica walls and the ice crystallites. Under such circumstances, there is another relaxation process with a weaker temperature dependence, which is observed in various kinds of partially frozen aqueous systems and denoted as the x process.

IDENTIFICATION OF DROUGHT-TOLERANT WHEAT (TRITICUM AESTIVUM L) CULTIVARS BASED ON THE ASSOCIATIONS OF IN-VITRO & IN-VIVO PREDICTORS THROUGH POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL (PEG 6000) MEDIATED OSMOTIC STRESS

Drought tolerance has been the criterion under water stress conditions. The present study was therefore evaluated in six wheat genotypes viz. (IBWSN-1010, IBWSN-1025, TD-1, ESW-9525,Khirman and Chakwal-86). Experiment first occupied with different polyethylene glycol (PEG 6000) concentration 0.0, -0.5, -0.75, -1.0 MPa, where is another experiment was laid out complete randomized design (CRD) along with two treatments (T1 control normal four irrigations) and (T2 terminal drought T. drought) conditions with replication thrice, has been used to induce drought tolerance. Different seedling parameters as agronomical traits, named, Plant height (cm), Spike length (cm), Number of Tiller Plant-1, Straw weight/plant (g), 100 Grain weight (g), Seed index (g), Days to 75% heading; Days to 75% maturity. The results depicted that ESW-9525 and IBWSN-1010 wheat cultivars performed better as compared to both check varieties (Khirman and Chakwal-86). The mean squares of variance showed that different osmotic potential had meaningful impact on most of the characters excluding root dry weight. Moreover, using all seedling growth parameters, under consideration can be utilized as selective characters to evaluate among resistant and susceptible cultivars in water stress under laboratory experiment and breeding programs seems to be additional desired for evaluation in water stress.

Stabilizing nano-Pd on porous Li2TiO3via chemical and electrochemical reduction systems for the electrooxidation of ethylene glycol

The challenge of breaking the C–C bond in ethylene glycol oxidation requires an efficient electrocatalyst. A porous oxide as the promoter boosts the dispersion of noble metal onto the electrocatalyst surface. Porous Li2TiO3 (LT) was synthesized, characterized, and applied as a promoter for palladium nanoparticles. The nano-Pd as a stable and efficient catalyst was stabilized on spinel LT promoter via two different reduction approaches including chemical (NaBH4) and electrochemical (Zn sheet/HCl) systems. Different techniques such X-ray diffraction, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy, Differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, Barrett-Joyner-Halenda test, scanning electron microscopy, and transition electron microscopy were characterization of LT and LT/Pd. The size of the mesopores is between 2 and 19 nm. In comparison with non-promoted Pd, Pd/LT electrocatalyst was shown an excellent efficiency in parameters like electrochemical active surface area and anti-CO poisoning behaviour. The LT increases the removal of intermediates created in the oxidation of ethylene glycol that can poison the surface of Pd catalyst. This is due to the presence of the lattice oxygens in LT structure and Ti switching between its high and low valances. The morphology of as-synthesized electrocatalysts that was probed by FESEM micrographs demonstrates the embedment of nano-Pd onto the surface and into LT cavities. The results showed that the nano-Pd manufactured with the chemical reduction has a smaller size with high dispersion than the electrochemical reduction system. In this study, for the first time, the adsorption isotherms of fuel on the catalyst's surface were determined through the calculations of adsorption and desorption of hydrogen in the different concentrations of ethylene glycol.

Enhancing Stability and Mucoadhesive Properties of Chitosan Nanoparticles by Surface Modification with Sodium Alginate and Polyethylene Glycol for Potential Oral Mucosa Vaccine Delivery.

Background: The present study aimed to fabricate surface-modified chitosan nanoparticles with two mucoadhesive polymers (sodium alginate and polyethylene glycol) to optimize their protein encapsulation efficiency, improve their mucoadhesion properties, and increase their stability in biological fluids. Method: Ionotropic gelation was employed to formulate chitosan nanoparticles and surface modification was performed at five different concentrations (0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4% w/v) of sodium alginate (ALG) and polyethylene glycol (PEG), with ovalbumin (OVA) used as a model protein antigen. The functional characteristics were examined by dynamic light scattering (DLS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)/scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM). Stability was examined in the presence of simulated gastric and intestinal fluids, while mucoadhesive properties were evaluated by in vitro mucin binding and ex vivo adhesion on pig oral mucosa tissue. The impact of the formulation and dissolution process on the OVA structure was investigated by sodium dodecyl-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and circular dichroism (CD). Results: The nanoparticles showed a uniform spherical morphology with a maximum protein encapsulation efficiency of 81%, size after OVA loading of between 200 and 400 nm and zeta potential from 10 to 29 mV. An in vitro drug release study suggested successful nanoparticle surface modification by ALG and PEG, showing gastric fluid stability (4 h) and a 96 h sustained OVA release in intestinal fluid, with the nanoparticles maintaining their conformational stability (SDS-PAGE and CD analyses) after release in the intestinal fluid. An in vitro mucin binding study indicated a significant increase in mucin binding from 41 to 63% in ALG-modified nanoparticles and a 27–49% increase in PEG-modified nanoparticles. The ex vivo mucoadhesion showed that the powdered particles adhered to the pig oral mucosa. Conclusion: The ALG and PEG surface modification of chitosan nanoparticles improved the particle stability in both simulated gastric and intestinal fluids and improved the mucoadhesive properties, therefore constituting a potential nanocarrier platform for mucosal protein vaccine delivery.

Physio-Morphological, Biochemical and Transcriptomic Analyses Provide Insights Into Drought Stress Responses in Mesona chinensis Benth.

Drought stress affects the normal growth and development of Mesona chinensis Benth (MCB), which is an important medicinal and edible plant in China. To investigate the physiological and molecular mechanisms of drought resistance in MCB, different concentrations of polyethylene glycol 6000 (PEG6000) (0, 5, 10, and 15%) were used to simulate drought conditions in this study. Results showed that the growth of MCB was significantly limited under drought stress conditions. Drought stress induced the increases in the contents of Chla, Chlb, Chla + b, soluble protein, soluble sugar, and soluble pectin and the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and malondialdehyde (MDA). Transcriptome analysis revealed 3,494 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) (1,961 up-regulated and 1,533 down-regulated) between the control and 15% PEG6000 treatments. These DEGs were identified to be involved in the 10 metabolic pathways, including “plant hormone signal transduction,” “brassinosteroid biosynthesis,” “plant–pathogen interaction,” “MAPK signaling pathway-plant,” “starch and sucrose metabolism,” “pentose and glucuronate interconversions,” “phenylpropanoid biosynthesis,” “galactose metabolism,” “monoterpenoid biosynthesis,” and “ribosome.” In addition, transcription factors (TFs) analysis showed 8 out of 204 TFs, TRINITY_DN3232_c0_g1 [ABA-responsive element (ABRE)-binding transcription factor1, AREB1], TRINITY_DN4161_c0_g1 (auxin response factor, ARF), TRINITY_DN3183_c0_g2 (abscisic acid-insensitive 5-like protein, ABI5), TRINITY_DN28414_c0_g2 (ethylene-responsive transcription factor ERF1b, ERF1b), TRINITY_DN9557_c0_g1 (phytochrome-interacting factor, PIF3), TRINITY_DN11435_c1_g1, TRINITY_DN2608_c0_g1, and TRINITY_DN6742_c0_g1, were closely related to the “plant hormone signal transduction” pathway. Taken together, it was inferred that these pathways and TFs might play important roles in response to drought stress in MCB. The current study provided important information for MCB drought resistance breeding in the future.

In vitro Assessment of Pseudomonas sp. Strain FCBB-2 for Effective Plant Growth Promotion and Antifungal Activity under Drought Stress

The significance of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) in plant adaptation to harsh conditions is still unknown. Native bacteria were isolated from rhizospheric soils and tested for growth-promoting qualities as well as antagonistic capabilities against phytopathogenic fungi in this investigation. All the Pseudomonas spp. strains were characterized for in vitro drought tolerance in trypticase soy broth supplemented with different concentrations of polyethylene glycol (PEG6000). Out of nine isolates, only one strain was able to tolerate maximum level of stress (−1.03 MPa) and is further screened for plant growth promoting (PGP) properties under non-stress and drought stress conditions. Strain FCBB-2 isolated from cluster bean plant rhizosphere soil, showed multiple PGP activities such as indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) production, siderophore, hydrogen cyanide (HCN) production and exopolysaccharide (EPS) production and antifungal activity under non-stress and drought stress conditions against various plant fungal pathogens like Fusarium oxysporum, Macrophomina phaseolina, Alternaria alternata, Sclerotium hydrophilium, Pythium aphanidermatum and Rhizoctonia solani. The strain FCBB-2 was identified as Pseudomonas aeruginosa based on morphological and 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis and the sequence was submitted to NCBI GenBank under the accession number KT311003.

The effects of glycols on molecular mobility, structure, and permeability in stratum corneum

The skin provides an attractive alternative to the conventional drug administration routes. Still, it comes with challenges as the upper layer of the skin, the stratum corneum (SC), provides an efficient barrier against permeation of most compounds. One way to overcome the skin barrier is to apply chemical permeation enhancers, which can modify the SC structure. In this paper, we investigated the molecular effect of three different types of glycols in SC: dipropylene glycol (diPG), propylene glycol (PG), and butylene glycol (BG). The aim is to understand how these molecules influence the molecular mobility and structure of the SC components, and to relate the molecular effects to the efficiency of these molecules as permeation enhancers. We used complementary experimental techniques, including natural abundance 13C NMR spectroscopy and wide-angle X-ray diffraction to characterize the molecular consequences of these compounds at different doses in SC at 97% RH humidity and 32 °C. In addition, we study the permeation enhancing effects of the same glycols in comparable conditions using Raman spectroscopy. Based on the results from NMR, we conclude that all three glycols cause increased mobility in SC lipids, and that the addition of glycols has an effect on the keratin filaments in similar manner as Natural Moisturizing Factor (NMF). The highest mobility of both lipids and amino acids can be reached with BG, which is followed by PG. It is also shown that one reaches an apparent saturation level for all three chemicals in SC, after which increased addition of the compound does not lead to further increase in the mobility of SC lipids or protein components. The examination with Raman mapping show that BG and PG give a significant permeation enhancement as compared to SC without any added glycol at corresponding conditions. Finally, we observe a non-monotonic response in permeation enhancement with respect to the concentration of glycols, where the highest concentration does not give the highest permeation. This is explained by the dehydration effects at highest glycol concentrations. In summary, we find a good correlation between the molecular effects of glycols on the SC lipid and protein mobility, and macroscopic permeation enhances of the same molecules.

Surface Plasmon Resonance of Two-Dimensional Gold Colloidal Crystals Formed on Gold Plates.

The free electrons inside precious metals such as Au vibrate when the surface of the metal is irradiated with an electromagnetic wave of an appropriate frequency. This oscillation is referred to as surface plasmon resonance (SPR), and the resonance frequency varies with permittivity of the medium around the metal. SPR sensors are widely applied in the fields of bioscience and pharmaceutical sciences, including biosensing for drug discovery, biomarker screening, virus detection, and testing for food safety. Here, we fabricated a metal-insulator-metal (MIM) SPR sensor by constructing two-dimensional (2D) regular array of Au colloidal particles (2D colloidal crystals) on an insulator layer over a thin Au film coated on a glass substrate surface. The 2D crystals were fabricated by electrostatically adsorbing negatively charged three-dimensional crystals onto a positively charged thin insulator formed on Au film. The plasmon peaks/dips from the MIM structure were measured in aqueous solutions of ethylene glycol (EG) at various concentrations. Multiple plasmon peaks/dips were observed due to the localized SPR (LSPR) of the Au particles and the Fano resonance between the Au particles and thin film. The plasmon peaks/dips shifted to higher wavelengths on increasing EG concentrations due to an increase in the refractive index of the media. The observed peak/dip shift was approximately twice that of LSPR from an isolated Au particle. We expect the present MIM substrate will be useful as a highly sensitive sensor in the pharmaceutical field.

Design and development of fast dissolving liquisolid formulation

Various techniques have been employed for the solubility modification of BCS class II drugs. Out of the recent solubility enhancement techniques, Liquisolid technique based on the work of Spireas et al has explored as method that can supplement drug release. Formulations containing Etodolac were developed by dissolving the drug in a non-volatile solvent and then employing the adsorption absorption principle with a carrier and coated material admixture. The post formulation saturation solubility study has highlighted significant modification in solubility of the drug in comparison to pre solubility modification. The Liquisolid formulation then subjected to direct compression for the development of Fast dissolving tablet formulation using two varying concentrations of Sodium Starch Glycolate. The in vitro - in vivo evaluation of research study concludes adaptability and applicability of fast dissolving liquisolid tablet formulation allowing it to overcome barriers associated with the solubility. The optimized formulation found to unveil dissolution along with diffusion from the dosage form by Fickian mechanism. Keywords: Etodolac, Liquisolid, Carrier material, Coating material Fast dissolving tablet, Superdisintegrant.

Tetraploidy Confers Superior in vitro Water-Stress Tolerance to the Fig Tree (Ficus carica) by Reinforcing Hormonal, Physiological, and Biochemical Defensive Systems.

The fig tree is a well-adapted and promising fruit tree for sustainable production in arid and semi-arid areas worldwide. Recently, Iran’s dryland fig orchards have been severely damaged due to prolonged severe and consecutive drought periods. As emphasized in many studies, ploidy manipulated plants have a significantly enhanced drought tolerance. In the current study, we compared the induced autotetraploid explants of two fig cultivars (‘Sabz’ and ‘Torsh’) with their diploid control plants for their water stress tolerance under in vitro conditions using different polyethylene glycol (PEG) concentrations (0, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25%). After 14 days of implementing water stress treatments, the results revealed that both tetraploid genotypes survived at 20% PEG treatments. Only ‘Sabz’ tetraploid explants survived at 25% PEG treatment, while both diploid control genotypes could tolerate water stress intensity only until 15% PEG treatment. The results also demonstrated that the tetraploid explants significantly had a higher growth rate, more leaf numbers, and greater fresh and dry weights than their diploid control plants. Under 15% PEG treatment, both tetraploid genotypes could maintain their relative water content (RWC) at a low-risk level (80–85%), while the RWC of both diploid genotypes drastically declined to 55–62%. The ion leakage percentage also was significantly lower in tetraploid explants at 15% PEG treatment. According to the results, these superiorities could be attributed to higher levels of stress response hormones including abscisic acid, salicylic acid, and jasmonic acid at different PEG treatments, the robust osmotic adjustment by significantly increased total soluble sugar (TSS), proline, and glycine betaine contents, and augmented enzymatic defense system including significantly increased superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activities in tetraploid genotypes, compared to their diploid control genotypes. Consequently, the current study results demonstrated that the ‘Sabz’ tetraploid genotype had a significantly higher water stress tolerance than other tested genotypes.

Electrodeposition of Cu onto Au(111) from Deep Eutectic Solvents: Molar Ratio of Salt and Hydrogen Bond Donor

AbstractThe electrodeposition of copper onto Au(111) from Deep Eutectic Solvents (DESs) type III has been studied by cyclic voltammetry. Investigations were carried out with mixtures of choline chloride (ChCl) and ethylene glycol (EG) or trifluoroacetamide (TFA). The eutectic compositions and temperatures were determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). For the ChCl/EG DES, a eutectic ratio of 16 : 84 (ChCl:EG) was found instead of the previously reported ratio of 33 : 67. The electrodeposition of copper was studied for electrolytes with different ratios of ChCl to hydrogen bond donor (HBD) to resolve the influence of the composition on the deposition behavior. Both CuCl and CuCl2 were used as Cu salts. Underpotential deposition (UPD) is followed by bulk deposition with the diffusion rate of Cu species being dependent on the ratio of ChCl to HBD. With CuCl2, both Cu+ and Cu2+ species are reduced and deposited, whereby the two‐electron reduction is more dominant with higher chloride content and presence of EG. However, the properties of the Cu electrodeposition do not result from the freezing‐point depression of the DESs, but from the high concentration of ions.

Study on the interaction of ethylene glycol with trypsin: Binding ability, activity, and stability

The study of the structural changes and thermal stabilities of proteins in the presence of various co-solutes is a critical element of basic research, drug discovery, and development. Ethylene glycol (EG) is typically known to be poisonous and teratogenic, causing skeletal and external abnormalities as well as other disorders. At pH 8, the influence of EG on the structure and thermal stability of trypsin was investigated using a variety of spectroscopic techniques. Spectroscopic techniques, fluorescence spectroscopy, circular dichroism (CD), and molecular dynamics simulation studies were used to evaluate the binding reaction between ethylene glycol and trypsin in the current study. Circular dichroism, Trp fluorescence, and absorption tests demonstrated that EG has an effect on secondary and tertiary structures of trypsin, and it boosts the protein's thermal stability, which increases with increasing EG concentration. This contact occurs through a static quenching process, according to fluorescence spectroscopy data, and van der Waals contributions and hydrogen bonds were also important in binding ethylene glycol to trypsin. The ethylene glycol binding constant (Kb) and the number of binding sites (n) were calculated using fluorescence quenching data. Kinetic technique analysis displayed a decrease in trypsin activity in the presence of ethylene glycol. Also, circular dichroism results confirmed the conformation changes resulting from the binding of ethylene glycol to trypsin. Molecular dynamics simulation using RMSD was used to test the stability of the trypsin-ethylene glycol complex in this study. Molecular docking research revealed that EG interacts with trypsin amino acid residues via hydrogen bonding and van der Waals interactions.