Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid Research Articles

Large-scale preparation of N-doped microporous-dominated carbon-based adsorbents for efficient removal of Chromium(VI): The synergistic effect of different nitrogen configurations

Carbon-based adsorbents with abundant resources, environmental friendliness, and sufficient adsorption sites have broad application prospects for efficient removal of Chromium (Cr(VI)) in aquatic environment. Pursuing a heavy metal adsorption material and advancing it from the laboratory to the actual water environment are of great importance. Herein, we developed a general synthesis strategy for large-scale preparation of N-doped microporous-dominated carbon-based adsorbents (NC-s) via a direct pyrolysis process of ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid tetrasodium. The NC-s samples had abundant microporous, different nitrogen configurations and large specific surface area (503 m2 g−1). Due to these advantages, the NC sample prepared at 800 °C (NC-800) possessed high adsorption capacity toward Cr(VI) (167.3 mg g−1) toward Cr(VI), fast adsorption process (180 min), and good reusability. Through specific experiments and density functional theory (DFT) calculations, we proposed that the adsorption mechanism of NC-s samples was primarily determined by the ion exchange/electrostatic attraction-reduction-complexation synergy, and the mechanism included adsorption-reduction of Cr(VI) and immobilization of Cr(III). Graphitic-N and pyridinic-N adsorbed Cr(VI) in solution mainly by electrostatic attraction, while pyrrolic-N mainly reduced the toxicity primarily by reducing Cr(VI) to Cr(III). These insights prove that the nitrogen-doped porous carbon-based adsorbents prepared in this study can effectively reduce Cr(VI) pollution in water environment.

Unraveling the Impact of Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid Chelating Agents on the Oil Recovery Processes: An Insight into Its Role in Fluid-Fluid and Rock-Fluid Interactions.

In recent years, chelating agents have garnered increasing attention due to their unique capabilities in addressing challenges associated with chemically enhanced oil recovery materials. Most previous studies have primarily focused on examining the influence of chelating agents on rock-fluid interactions. However, their effects on fluid-fluid interactions, specifically on interfacial tension (IFT) characteristics under various conditions, remain relatively unknown. This study investigates the effect of crucial reservoir parameters on the performance of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) chelating agents in the IFT between crude oil and brine. Furthermore, the study evaluated the impact of varying concentrations of this agent on rock wettability alteration, zeta potential, and spontaneous imbibition. The results illustrated that introducing EDTA at high concentration into seawater (SW) solution reduced the IFT by 85%. Additionally, while higher pH levels contributed to IFT reduction due to increased hydroxyl ions, excessive salinity levels resulted in elevated IFT. Raising the temperature from 30 to 75 °C further decreased the IFT, changing the IFT for optimal EDTA concentration from 20.43 to 2.56 mN/m (∼88% reduction). The changes in zeta potential and contact angle measurements indicated that solutions of 5 and 7 wt % EDTA shifted rock wettability from oil-wet to strongly water-wet, resulting in the wettability alteration index of 1.01 and 1.02, respectively. Inductively coupled plasma analysis, on the other hand, revealed substantial chelation of metal ions from both the solution and rock when EDTA was added to the rock/SW system. This resulted in a significant increase in Ca2+ ions and a decrease in Mg2+ ions, attributed to the multi-ion exchange phenomenon.

Influences of reaction parameters and complexation pretreatments on the distribution of phosphorus during hydrothermal carbonization of dewatered sewage sludge

This study investigated the effects of reaction parameters and pretreatments with complexing agents, namely ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), glutamate diacetic acid (GLDA), and citric acid (CA), on the phosphorus contents and forms in the sludge hydrothermal carbonization products. The results showed that reaction temperature had the greatest effect on the distribution and forms of phosphorus in liquid and solid products. High reaction temperatures inhibited the transfer of phosphorus from the solid phase to the liquid phase. Indeed, the proportions of phosphorus in the liquid phases only accounted for 3.56 % at reaction temperature and time of 160 °C and 60 min, respectively. However, this proportion increased to 16.32, 12.62, and 13.15 % following complexation pretreatments with EDTA, GLDA, and CA at 0.1 mol/L, respectively. In addition, the complexation pretreatments enhanced the transfer of phosphorus from the solid phase to the liquid phase. The total phosphorus contents in the liquid phase (TPL) reached 896.46 mg/L. The finding can be explained by the binding of the complexing agents with metal ions, such as Mg, Ca, Al, and Fe, transferring phosphorus originally bound to these metal ions to the liquid phase. In addition, the results demonstrated the effectiveness of the magnesium ammonium phosphate (MAP) crystallization method for recovering phosphorus from the EDTA-pretreated liquid product. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) analyses showed high purity and crystallinity of the obtained struvite to some extent.

Oxygen vacancy enhanced photocatalytic activity of Cu2O/TiO2 heterojunction

In this study, a method was developed to create oxygen vacancies in Cu2O/TiO2 heterojunctions. By varying the amounts of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), sodium citrate, and copper acetate, Cu2O/TiO2 with different Cu ratios were synthesized. Tests on CO2 photocatalytic reduction revealed that Cu2O/TiO2's performance is influenced by Cu content. The ideal Cu mass fraction in Cu2O/TiO2, determined by inductively coupled plasma (ICP), is between 0.075% and 0.55%, with the highest CO yield being 10.22μmol g-1 h-1, significantly surpassing pure TiO2. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy and electron paramagnetic resonance studies showed optimal oxygen vacancy in the most effective heterojunction. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations indicated a 0.088 eV lower energy barrier for ∗CO2 to ∗COOH conversion in Cu2O/TiO2 with oxygen vacancy compared to TiO2, suggesting that oxygen vacancies enhance photocatalytic activity.

Understanding the role of π-π stacking from red carbon for selective, high stable and anti-external interference detecting ferric ions and cellular imaging

The subcarboxylated carbon (C3O2) is a unique molecule that spontaneously polymerizes into highly conjugated fluorescence structures p(C3O2)n, named “red carbon”. This unique property, combined with its role as aggregation-induced emission luminogens, has allowed for a deeper exploration of their emission mechanism. Herein, both density functional theory calculations and experimental approaches to elucidate the crystal structure of π–π stacking in red carbon, thereby enhancing the fluorescence properties of p(C3O2)n polymer in its aggregated state. The time-dependent density functional theory calculations and experimental observations indicate that the fluorescence of red carbon can be quenched by ferric ions (Fe3+) and subsequently restored by ethylenediaminetetraaceticacid (EDTA). This quenching process follows first-order reaction kinetics. On the basis of the coordination to metal ions from abundant heteroatoms on red carbon, the high sensitivity, quick responsive (1 min), sensitive detection (the lowest detection limit is 0.97 μM) for the Fe3+ were realized in red carbon, which provides inspirations for the design of new turn-on probes with high stability in detecting the Fe3+ in aqueous solution. Crucially, the red carbon as a light-up fluorescence probe can be employed for the Fe3+ sensing in living cells, which enlighten a new perspective for designing non-conjugated fluorescent polymers. This innovative approach opens up new avenues for developing probes that can detect Fe3+ with high precision and reliability in complex biological environments.

Evaluation of Growth-differentiation Factor-15 Level and few Physiological Parameters Patients with Diabetes Mellitus Type 2

The study included 90 subjects and is divided into two groups: The first group is the patient group, which consists of 45 patients with diabetes mellitus type two; 45 patients with diabetes mellitus type two were identified by specialized diabetes doctors by samples collection in outpatients clinic at Diabetes and Endocrine Center in Marjan Medical City in Hilla city, Babylon province from 1 November 2022 till 31 Januray 2023. The blood samples of this study were obtained from patients and controlled through drug 5 mL of blood by using medical sterile syringes from a brachial vein and placed in a gel tube and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) tube. Then the gel tube was placed at room temperature for 30 minutes to coagulate the blood, and samples were centrifuged (3000 rpm/min) for 5 minutes to separate the serum from other components of the blood. The serum was withdrawn by micropipette and then placed in the eppendorf tubes in two repeaters and kept frozen at -20℃ for the determination of growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF 15), lipid profile and fasting blood glucose. The whole blood in the EDTA tube to determine HbA1C. The mean fasting blood sugar and hemoglobin A1c of diabetes patients is significantly higher at (p-value < 0.001) than that of controls. Diabetes patients had a significantly higher of serum lipid profile than the controls. Therefore, the mean of cholesterol, triglyceride, and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) was highly significant (p < 0.001). The mean concentration of GDF-15 of patient groups was significantly increased than those matched groups of healthy control at (p < 0.001). In addition, the results also showed a highly significant increase (p < 0.001) in the mean of GDF-15 for the patient’s males and females in comparison with the control’s males and females. The correlation results indicated a statistically significant positive correlation in diabetic group between GDF-15 vs. FBS (r = 0.572, p = < 0.001) and HbA1c (r = 0.576, p = < 0.001). Positive non-significant correlations were demonstrated between GDF-15 vs. cholesterol (r = 0.131, p = > 0.05), triglyceride (TG) (r = 0.167, p = > 0.05), LDL (r = 0.38, p = > 0.05) and VLDL (r = 0.136, p = > 0.05). Negative non-significant correlation was between GDF-15 and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) (r = 0.137, p = > 0.05).

Insight into the electrochemical process of EDTA-assisted soil washing effluent under alternating current

EDTA has been widely utilized as a chelating agent in soil heavy metal remediation, due to its strong coordination capability. Electrochemical deposition is a promising avenue to treat soil washing effluent. However, the impact of advanced electrochemical techniques on EDTA remains incompletely understood. Herein, we present a pioneering approach, utilizing a dual-chamber electrolytic cell and alternating current (AC) power supply. This approach achieves concurrent removal of M-EDTA while efficiently recovering heavy metal and recycling EDTA. Results demonstrate AC displays superior heavy metal removal capability for Cu, Pb, and Cd compare to direct current (DC), with EDTA decomposition mainly occurring in the anolyte. Substituting DC with AC and employing the dual-chamber electrolytic cell significantly enhances EDTA recovery efficiency from 47% to an impressive 96.8%. XPS and Raman spectra reveal an enhanced oxidative surface of the graphite anode under AC, which diminishes the decomposition of EDTA. Long-term experiments validate that this strategy boosts EDTA cyclability to 20 cycles with an outstanding 84% recovery efficiency and negligible electrode corrosion, surpassing the 8 cycles under the traditional strategy. This study innovatively combines cell design and electrochemical techniques, remarkably improving the reusability of EDTA and anode, offering valuable insights for chelate-related applications.

The association between CCR5, NLRC4, and AIM2 gene polymorphisms and susceptibility to tuberculosis in the Iraqi population

Abstract. Khaleel B, Al-Alwani HRS, Asmar A. 2024. The association between CCR5, NLRC4, and AIM2 gene polymorphisms and susceptibility to tuberculosis in the Iraqi population. Biodiversitas 25: 1022-1029. In immunological reactions against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, chemokines and their receptors, including CXCR3, CCR5, and RANTES, play an important role in the migration and activation of cells. The inflammasome is a multiprotein complex that serves as a master regulator of inflammation. Genetic polymorphisms contribute to individual phenotypic differences, such as disease risk and drug response. The current study was done to find the polymorphism in the CCR5, NLRC4, and AIM2 genes in our population and to look into how this polymorphism is linked to getting tuberculosis. Seventy-five tuberculosis patients participated in this study, while the control group comprised twenty-five control healthy individuals. We took two milliliters of blood from the patients and the control group and placed them in an Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA tube), or DNA extraction. Real-time PCR was used to find changes in the genes for CCR5 (rs2227010, rs2734648, rs1799987, rs1799988, rs1800023, rs1800024), NLRC4 (C-rs479333), and AIM2 (CC-rs1103577). Some genotypes were more common in the patient group, including SNPs CCR5 (rs2227010, rs2734648, rs1799988, rs1800023, rs1800024), NLRC4 C-rs479333, and AIM2 CC-rs1103577. However, by using Two-Two cross table the genotype of SNP CCR5-rs1799987 was not significantly different between the patient and the controls. Patients also had a lot of certain alleles for the SNPs CCR5 (rs2227010, rs1799988, rs1800023, rs1800024) and NLRC4 (rs479333). However, the alleles for the SNPs CCR5 (rs2734648, rs1799987) and AIM2 CC (rs1103577) were not very different between patients and controls. This study concludes that a polymorphism in various SNPs of the CCR5, NLRC4, and AIM2 genes may be a risk factor for tuberculosis.

Evaluation of Collection and Processing Conditions for Gene Expression Analysis Using Human Myeloid Cells.

Background: The population of blast cells among peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) obtained from patients is a desirable specimen for analyzing gene expression in diseases including acute myeloid leukemia. Although the enrichment of blast cells often needs to be performed at a central laboratory, acceptable conditions for sample transport from clinical sites remain to be established. Methods: We evaluated storage temperature, duration, and tube type before initiating sample processing for the analysis of cluster of differentiation (CD)33+ myeloid cells among PBMCs as an alternative to CD34+/CD33+ blast cells. Results: CD33+ myeloid cells were successfully purified by MACS. The cell viability and the RNA integrity were sustained during storage up to 48 hours before sample processing. Storage at 4°C had minimal effects on gene expression, whereas storage at room temperature induced the senescence pathway, characterized by the expression of stress-inducible genes. A CPT tube was also better than an ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid tube for minimizing gene expression change. Conclusions: Our study provided important clues for establishing a sample handling approach for gene expression analysis with purified cell fractions from human PBMCs. To keep the variation of gene expression to a minimum, samples should be delivered at 4°C within 48 hours before processing.

Exploring Periostracum as an Alternative Root Canal Irrigant: Insights From Zebrafish Embryo Experiments.

Objectives Root canal treatments aim to eliminate biofilms effectively. Considering the limitations of chemical irrigants, there is growing interest in natural alternatives like periostracum due to their antibacterial and fouling-resistant properties. This study aimed to assess periostracum's toxicity as a root canal irrigant by investigating its effects on zebrafish embryos' heart rate, survival rate, and hatching rate, as well as inflammation studies using neutral red assays comparing it to standard irrigants like ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), chlorhexidine (CHX), and sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl). Materials and methods Zebrafish embryos were exposed to varying concentrations of periostracum irrigant and standard irrigants. Heart rate, survival rate, and hatching rate were evaluated as indicators of developmental toxicity using microscopy. Statistical analysis, utilizing GraphPad Prism software (version 5.03, GraphPad Software, LLC, San Diego, California, United States), involved one-way ANOVA and Tukey's post-hoc test to determine significance levels (p < 0.05) across control and other groups based on triplicate means and standard deviation. Results The periostracum irrigant demonstrated superior survival rates, heart rates, and hatching rates at specific concentrations compared to standard irrigants (p < 0.01), maintaining favorable heart rates and hatching rates at those concentrations. However, higher concentrations resulted in diminished hatching rates (p < 0.05). Additionally, this study revealed increased inflammation when larvae were treated with NaOCl, EDTA, and CHX. Conversely, no inflammation was observed when subjected to periostracum irrigants. These findings suggest potential advantages of periostracum as a root canal irrigant due to its increased biocompatibility. Conclusion Periostracum displayed promising attributes in zebrafish embryo experiments, such as stable heart rate, hatching rate, and survival rate, along with reduced developmental toxicity and inflammation, indicating potential advantages as a root canal irrigant, including reduced toxicity compared to conventional agents. Further research involving diverse demographics and long-term effects is crucial to validate periostracum's clinical applicability and safety in endodontic therapies.

A facile electrochemical immunosensor based on EDTA-Pb2+ complexation reaction

The sensitivity of electrochemical (EC) sensors has been improved through the development of multiple approaches. However, the majority of EC sensors were limited in their practical application by high costs or tedious procedures. Herein, based on ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)-Pb2+ complexation reaction, a facile and affordable immunosensor was designed. Pb2+-magnesium silicate hydrate was served as the sensing substrate. The immunorecognition process was carried out in the Eppendorf tube, and antibody-functionalized Pb2+-polydopamine was utilized as immunoprobe. In the tube, the quantitative and appropriate excess of EDTA was introduced to complex with Pb2+ on the immunoprobes. The remaining EDTA was added to the sensing substrate surface to coordinate with some Pb2+ in it. This leaded to the reduction of the EC signal of Pb2+, which was related to the antigen concentration. Using prostate-specific antigen as the model analyte, the sensitive detection was realized with a low limit of detection (30.49 fg mL−1). Remarkably, the assay results were available within 24 min, sensibly faster than the most existing EC sensors.

Microcontaminants degradation in tertiary effluent by modified solar photo-Fenton process at neutral pH using organic iron complexes: Influence of the peroxide source and matrix composition

Peroxymonosulfate (HSO5–) and persulfate (S2O82–), both sources of sulfate radicals (SO4*–), were evaluated for the first time in modified solar photo-Fenton using Fe-chelating agents (nitriloacetic acid (NTA), ethylene diaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), ethylenediamine-N,N′-disuccinic acid (EDDS) and citrate (Cit)) in comparison with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to degrade benzophenone-3 (BP-3), fipronil (FIP) and propylparaben (PPB) (100 µg L–1 each) in municipal tertiary effluent. Increasing HSO5– concentrations from 1.5 to 5.9 mmol L–1 reached ≥ 96 % removal for all iron complexes, while treatment efficiencies for all tested S2O82– concentrations (1.5–5.9 mmol L–1) were limited to 20 % to 55 %. This difference can be attributed to a pH decrease in the HSO5– system. The influence of pH and matrix composition upon treatment performance were also assessed in the FeNTA/S2O82– system, which was more efficient at pH < 7.0 due to higher availability of soluble iron, and partial removal of bicarbonate and humic acids caused by acidification. Matrix composition significantly influenced the process as higher degradation rates were achieved after isolated or combined removals of chloride, bicarbonate and sulfate. The comparison between naproxen (a high electron density compound) degradation and that of BP-3, FIP, and PPB by SO4*– - based advanced oxidation processes (SR-AOPs) was used to evaluate the influence of target compound structures upon treatment performance. S2O82− and HSO5– were ineffective for treatment at pH 7.0. Thus, H2O2 was the best peroxide source for target compounds degradation at neutral pH as this is the natural pH of municipal tertiary effluent and results indicated that the assessment and choice for SR-AOPs should consider the chemical structure of target compounds.

Designing magnetic catalysts based on gold nanoparticles supported by ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid functionalized amino‐modified poly(N‐isopropyl acrylamide) for reduction of nitro compounds in water

AbstractA novel smart catalyst was developed with amino‐modified thermo‐responsive poly(N‐isopropyl acrylamide) (PNIPAM) grafts on silica‐coated magnetic nanoparticles using the conventional free radical polymerization process. By this methodology, the polymer was successfully grafted mainly onto silica‐modified iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe3O4@Si). The PNIPAM‐grafted Fe3O4@Si was then subjected to ethylenediamine treatment to produce the amino‐functionalized support (Fe3O4@Si@PNIPAM‐NH2), which was subsequently modified with carboxyl functional groups by using EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) to create Fe3O4@Si@PNIPAM‐NH2‐EDTA. Au nanoparticles were then decorated on this support through its two amines and four carboxylates. Different methods were used to study this novel catalyst, including inductively coupled plasma, Fourier transport infrared spectroscopy, TGA, dynamic light scattering, SEM, energy‐dispersive X‐ray analysis, vibrating sample magnetometry, XRD and elemental CHN analysis. The reduction of several aryl‐nitro derivatives demonstrated a significant catalytic activity for the as‐synthesized gold catalyst (Fe3O4@Si@PNIPAM‐NH2‐EDTA‐Au). The Au catalyst can be successfully removed from the reaction components using a magnetic field and used again in eight successive reduction reactions without significant gold leaching and loss of catalytic activity. © 2024 Society of Industrial Chemistry.

Preparation of novel CS/SiO2-EDTA nanocomposite from ash of rice straw pellets for enhanced removal efficiency of heavy metal ions in aqueous medium

The production valuable materials from waste for environmental treatment have attracted considerable attention worldwide. In this study, porous silica was produced from the ash of rice straw pellets. The porous silica was then modified with chitosan (CS) and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) to produce novel CS/SiO2-EDTA nanocomposites for the removal of heavy metals in aqueous medium. The adsorption of Pb2+ was investigated to evaluate the effectiveness of the composite and the effects of reaction parameters on the adsorption process were extensively explored. The adsorption is fast in the initial 5 min, then almost reaches equilibrium in 10 min. The conditions for the highest adsorption capacity are an EDTA content of 1.0 M, a pH of 6, an adsorbent dosage of 0.1 g/L, and a Pb2+ concentration of 100 ppm. The removal efficiency, adsorption capacity, and rate constant are 70.39 %, 703.9 ± 21.1 mg/g, and 0.012 ± 0.003 g/mg·min, respectively. The conditions for the highest adsorption efficiency are an EDTA content of 1.0 M, a pH of 6, an adsorbent dosage of 0.5 g/L, and a Pb2+ concentration of 40 ppm, where the adsorption efficiency, adsorption capacity, and rate constant are 89.88 %, 71.91 ± 1.86 mg/g, and 0.013 ± 0.002 g/mg·min, respectively. The selectivity of the composite was investigated by using Ni2+, Cu2+ and Fe2+ ions under the same experimental conditions. In multi-metal solutions, the adsorbent showed the highest affinity for Pb2+. In addition, the adsorption isotherms and thermodynamics were investigated and an adsorption mechanism was proposed.

IKZF1 rs4132601 and rs11978267 gene polymorphisms and paediatric systemic lupus erythematosus; relation to lupus nephritis.

The demographic factors, the socioeconomic status and the ethnicity of populations are important players that determine the incidence, the prevalence and the spectrum of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) clinical presentations in different populations. Therefore, the purpose of the present research was to investigate the possible association between the Ikaros family zinc finger 1 gene (IKZF1) rs4132601 and rs11978267 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and SLE susceptibility and clinical presentations including lupus nephritis (LN) among Egyptian paediatric patients. After DNA extraction from Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) blood samples for 104 paediatric SLE (pSLE) patients and 286 healthy controls, the investigated SNPs (IKZF1 rs4132601 and rs11978267) were genotyped using TaqMan-Real-time Polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The G allele, GG and GT genotypes of IKZF1 rs4132601 were associated with pSLE (pc<.001, OR 2.97, 3.2 and 2.25, respectively). The GG and GA haplotype were more frequent in pSLE patients than other haplotypes (pc<.001, OR 3.47 and pc=.004, OR=2.8, respectively). The studied SNPs have no impact on the distinctive features of pSLE. The rs4132601 TG genotype was significantly associated with proliferative LN (pc=.03) The IKZF1 rs4132601 can be considered a risk factor for SLE in the cohort of Egyptian children. The TG genotype of the IKZF1 rs4132601 may predispose to proliferative LN.

Combined use of XP-Endo Finisher and different chelating agents on the smear layer

ABSTRACT Aims: The aim of this study was to assess the effect of XP-Endo Finisher (XPF) in conjunction with three different chelating agents, namely, 0.2% chitosan nanoparticles (CNP), 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), and 7% maleic acid (MA) on residual debris and smear layer on the root canal walls of the mandibular premolars. Materials and Methods: Eighty extracted human mandibular premolars were used in the study. Canals were prepared using an XP-Endo Shaper, and the final finishing was done with an XPF file. Teeth were randomly divided into four experimental groups based on chelating agents, Group I (XPF + 0.2% CNP), Group II (XPF + 17% EDTA), Group III (XPF + MA), and Group IV XPF + 2.5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) (control group). Teeth were longitudinally split and prepared for scanning electron microscopy analysis. For comparing the smear layer and debris score between groups, the Kruskal–Wallis ANOVA was used, followed by the post hoc Bonferroni test. The level of significance was set at P &lt; 0.05. Results: Group I (XPF + 0.2% CNP) gave the best results (P = 0.001) in all the thirds of root canal, followed by Group II (XPF + 17% EDTA) with P = 0.001. Group III (XPF + MA) showed results similar to that of the control group (XPF + NaOCl) with P = 0.001. There was a significant difference in the scores between Group I (XPF + CNP) and the other three groups. Conclusion: In all three-thirds of a root canal, the use of XPF + 0.2% CNP performed best at removing the smear layer. This was followed by XPF + 17% EDTA and XPF + 7% MA. For all groups, smear layer removal was less efficient in the apical third.

Evaluation of the dentinal wall adaptation ability of Mineral Trioxide Aggregate Fillapex, EndoSequence BC, and AH Plus sealers using Scanning Electron Microscope: An in vitro study

ABSTRACT Introduction: The present study was conducted to evaluate the dentinal wall adaptation ability of different root canal sealers (mineral trioxide aggregate Fillapex [MTA], EndoSequence BC [ESBC] Sealer, and AH Plus) using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Materials and Methods: Forty-five extracted single-rooted human maxillary incisor teeth were selected and divided into three equal groups (n = 15). Working length was established using a #15 K-type file. Canals were prepared with rotary Ni–Ti system to size 30/0.06 or 40/0.06 file using endomotor at 250 rpm, irrigated with 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, 3% NaOCl, and normal saline solution, and dried with paper points. Prepared canals were obturated with gutta-percha cones using the single-cone technique and appropriate sealers. Specimens were stored in saline solution at 37°C for 48 h and evaluated using a SEM. Statistical Analysis: Unpaired t-test, one-way analysis of variance, and post-hoc tests verified the differences between groups and were considered significant at alpha = 5%. Results: None of the specimens showed a gap-free interface. Gaps compared between MTAF and ESBC did not show any statistically significant differences (coronal [P = 0.9757], middle [P = 0.5464], and apical [P = 0.2136] thirds). However, gaps found at the interface of sealer and dentinal wall in root canals filled with AH Plus showed extremely statistically significant differences when compared with MTAF and ESBC (P &lt; 0.0001). Conclusion: Specimens obturated with MTAF and ESBC Sealer showed smaller gaps on SEM analysis than specimens filled with AH Plus.

Effect of sodium hypochlorite, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, and dual-rinse irrigation on dentin adhesion using an etch-and-rinse or self-etch approach

The aim was to investigate the influence of endodontic irrigation solutions and protocols on the micro-tensile bond strength (μTBS) to dentin using an etch-and-rinse (ER) or self-etch (SE) adhesive approach. Eighty extracted human molars were ground to dentin. After pretreating for 27 min (21 min–3 min–3 min) with five different endodontic irrigation protocols (Group 1: NaOCl–EDTA–NaOCl; Group 2: NaOCl–NaOCl–EDTA; Group 3: NaOCl–NaCl–NaOCl; Group 4: Dual Rinse–Dual Rinse–Dual Rinse; Group 5: NaCl–NaCl–NaCl), an ER (Optibond FL, Kerr) or a SE (Clearfil SE Bond, Kuraray) adhesive system was applied. After light-curing, composite build-ups were made and cut into dentin-composite sticks. μTBS and failure modes were analyzed. Nonparametric statistical analyses (α = 0.05) were performed for comparison of the five groups within each type of adhesive as well as between the two adhesive systems used. The use of an ER instead of a SE adhesive system resulted in significantly higher μTBS for all irrigation protocols except for group 1 (NaOCl–EDTA–NaOCl) and 2 (NaOCl–NaOCl–EDTA). A statistical difference between the five different endodontic irrigation protocols was only found within the SE adhesive group, where group 1 (NaOCl–EDTA–NaOCl) achieved highest values. The use of an ER adhesive system cancels out the effect of the endodontic irrigation solution. The highest μTBS was achieved when using a NaOCl–EDTA–NaOCl-irrigation protocol in combination with Clearfil SE Bond, which shows that the selection of the endodontic irrigation should match the corresponding SE adhesive system.

Elucidating the Structure of the Eu‐EDTA Complex in Solution at various Protonation States

Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), which has two amine and four carboxylate protonation sites, forms stable complexes with lanthanide ions. This work analyzes the coordination structure, in atomic resolution, of the Eu3+ ion complexed with EDTA in all its protonation states in aqueous solution. Eu‐EDTA complexes were modeled using classical molecular dynamics (MD) simulations using force field parameters optimized with ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) simulations. Structures from the MD simulations were used to predict extended X‐ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectra and compared with EXAFS measurements of the Eu3+ aqua ion and Eu‐EDTA complexes at pH 3 and 11. This work details how Eu‐EDTA complex coordination structures change with increasing protonation of the EDTA ligand in the complex, from the tightly bound unprotonated complex to the unbinding of the fully protonated EDTA ligand from the Eu3+ ion as both become solvated by water. Agreement between predicted and measured EXAFS spectra supports the findings from simulation.

Screening for Metal-Chelating Activity in Potato Protein Hydrolysates Using Surface Plasmon Resonance and Peptidomics.

Metal-catalyzed lipid oxidation is a major factor in food waste, as it reduces shelf life. Addressing this issue, our study investigates the potential of hydrolysates derived from potato protein, a by-product of potato starch production, as metal-chelating antioxidants. Through sequential enzymatic hydrolysis using alcalase or trypsin combined with Flavourzyme, we produced various hydrolysates, which were then fractionated using ultrafiltration. Using a combination of peptidomics and bioinformatics, we predicted the presence of metal-chelating and free radical-scavenging peptides across all hydrolysate fractions, with a trend indicating a higher content of antioxidant peptides in lower molecular weight fractions. To validate these predictions, we utilized surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and a 9-day emulsion storage experiment. While SPR demonstrated potential in identifying antioxidant activity, it faced challenges in differentiating between hydrolysate fractions due to significant standard errors. In the storage experiment, all hydrolysates showed lipid oxidation inhibition, though not as effectively as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). Remarkably, one fraction (AF13) was not significantly different (p < 0.05) from EDTA in suppressing hexanal formation. These results highlight SPR and peptidomics/bioinformatics as promising yet limited methods for antioxidant screening. Importantly, this study reveals the potential of potato protein hydrolysates as antioxidants in food products, warranting further research.