Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid Research Articles

Impact of different disinfection protocols on the bond strength of NeoMTA 2 bioceramic sealer used as a root canal apical plug (in vitro study)

IntroductionTreatment of an immature permanent tooth required a special disinfection protocol due to the presence of thin radicular walls, which are prone to fracture. Mineral Trioxide Aggregate (MTA) has been proposed as a root repair material for root canal treatment. The aim of this in vitro study was to compare the push-out bond strength of conventional White MTA cements and second generation NeoMTA 2 in imitated immature roots treated with different disinfection protocols, which are 5.25% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), followed by 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), and NaOCl, followed by 20% etidronic acid (HEBP).MethodsThe root canals of freshly extracted single-root teeth were manually prepared until 90 K-file to imitate immature roots. Roots were randomly divided into four groups (G) according to the disinfection protocol (n = 15 per group). where G1 (NaOCl + EDTA + White MTA) and G2 (NaOCl + EDTA + NeoMTA 2) While G3 (NaOCl + HEBP + White MTA) and G4 (NaOCl + HEBP + NeoMTA 2) All groups were activated with manual agitation. All specimens were incubated for 48 h. The apical third of each root was perpendicularly sectioned to attain a slice of 3 mm thickness. Push-out bond strength values were assessed using a two-way ANOVA and a Student’s t test.ResultsG3 and G4 that were treated with HEPB showed higher significant push-out bond strength mean values than G1 and G2 treated with an EDTA chelating agent. Irrespective of the chelating agent used, it was found that both NeoMTA 2 and White MTA had no significant influence on push-out bond strength mean values (p ≤ 0.05).ConclusionThe combined use of 5.25% NaOCl and 20% HEBP increased the push-out strength values of both NeoMTA 2 and White MTA, rendering them suitable to be used as an alternative chelating agent to EDTA.

The impact of calcium sequestration on the material and structural properties of acid milk gels and corresponding cream cheeses

SummaryWe report on the role of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) in addition to the structural and material properties of acid milk gels formed via addition of glucono‐delta‐lactone (GDL) and these properties of corresponding analogue cream cheeses prepared from these gels. Increasing addition of EDTA to cheese milks prior to acidulation reduced the concentration of insoluble calcium in the milks. Acid gelation of milks, as measured by small deformation rheology, showed a decreased rate of gelation and lower relative elastic modulus of gels with increasing EDTA concentration. The sequestration of colloidal calcium phosphate from the casein micelle by the addition of EDTA led to the lower gelation rate and elastic modulus. The lower extent of ionic binding is considered the causative mechanism for formation of weaker gel structures. Cream cheeses prepared using acid gels with GDL acidulant were compositionally unaffected by EDTA concentration. However, variations in G′ observed in the acid gels containing increasing levels of EDTA correlated with large deformation material property changes in cream cheese analogues. In addition, the increasing inclusion of EDTA in cheese milks translated to reduced water‐holding capacity of the cream cheeses prepared from those milks. These results provide insights on the specific role of milk calcium on the structure, material and physical properties of acid milk gels and corresponding cream cheese analogues.

Controllable heat release of supercooled Erythritol-based phase change materials for long-term thermal energy storage

Transeasonal heat storage in organic phase change materials (PCMs) present a promising solution to the intermittent nature of renewable energy. However, PCMs are prone to spontaneous crystallization during storage, leading to the loss of stored latent heat in low-temperature environments. In this study, we incorporated tetrasodium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA-4Na) and superabsorbent polymer (SAP) to erythritol (ERY), referred to as EES-PCMs, to overcome these challenges and achieve more controllable and stable thermal energy storage. The incorporation of EDTA-4Na and SAP into ERY significantly improves the supercooling stability and phase change enthalpy. The optimal ratio (EES-PCMs-2) of phase change enthalpy reaches an impressive 286.62 J/g, with stable performance maintained for 120 days at room temperature. The EES-PCMs-2 exhibits exceptional thermal cycling stability, retaining its properties even after 100 cycles. A novel air-triggered crystallization method is demonstrated, enabling a temperature increase from room temperature to 48.21 °C in 320 s after being exposed to air for long-term storage. This innovative approach effectively overcomes the limitations of traditional triggering mechanisms, providing a straightforward and efficient method for thermal management. The high thermal storage capacity, stability, and controlled exothermic properties of EES-PCMs position them as promising candidates for applications in seasonal solar thermal energy storage.

Comparative Evaluation of Micro-tensile Bond Strength in Non-carious Lesions After Different Pre-surface Treatments.

Non-carious cervical lesions (NCCLs) present themselves as smooth saucer lesions with variable height and depth. Treatment of choice for these lesions should be aimed at conservative management by restoring the teeth. The present study aims to evaluate the micro-tensile bond strength in NCCLsafter various surface pre-treatments. Sixty-six human permanent maxillary first premolars were subjected to artificial wedge-shaped lesions on the buccal aspect of the cervical regions of all the teeth. Samples were divided into two groups (n = 33 per group). Group 1 received a 37% orthophosphoric acid treatment for 30 seconds and a 17% ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) application for 10 seconds. Group 2 received a 10% citric acid treatment for 30 seconds, followed by a 17% EDTA application for 10 seconds. These groups were further subdivided according to the bonding agent applied as subgroup A: 3M™ Single Bond™; Subgroup B:Prime & Bond Universal group; and Subgroup C:Tetric N-Bond Universal. Samples were subjected to incremental restoration and then segmented to fit into Geraldelli jig with cyanoacrylate adhesive. A universal testing machine was used to assess the micro-tensile bond strength and the data obtained were subjected to statistical analysis. In this study, statistically significant differences in micro-tensile strength were observed between the pre-treatment groups and the effect of the bonding agent. Consequently, the null hypothesis was rejected, and the research hypothesis was accepted. The micro-tensile strength for both groups was compared with various pre-conditioning methods. It was noted that the micro-tensile strength was maximum when Tetric N Bond was used along with 37% orthophosphoric acid followed by Prime Bond with highly statistically significant values (p = 0.000). Contrary to this, in the 10% citric acid group, the micro-tensile strength was equally comparable in the 3M ESPE and Tetric N bond groups compared to the Prime Bond group, with highly statistically significant differences (p = 0.000). Surface pre-treatment in NCCLs improves the bonding strength of the restoration used. Analysis using scanning electron microscopy and long-term assessment of the failure of restoration should be carried out in future studies.

A different application of the Aliquat® 336 loaded poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) based electrospun nanofibers disks for the preconcentration followed by flame atomic absorption spectrometry detection of low-level Bi(III)

It is the first report on the potential of electrospun nanofiber disks inserted in a filtration apparatus as a preconcentration strategy for the analysis of low-level metals. The nanofibers included 60 wt% of poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF-HFP) and 40 wt% of ionic liquid Aliquat® 336. The electrospinning process was done by applying a voltage of 16 kV, an injection rate of 1 mL h−1, and 10 cm distance of the needle tip location from the drum collector. A circular piece of the prepared nanofiber disks was placed in a filtration apparatus, and 200 mL solution containing 1 mg of Bi(III) adjusted to 0.5 mol/L of hydrochloric acid was transmitted from inside the nanofiber disk by controlling the flowrate (3.3 mL s−1). The adsorbed Bi(III) was eluted by 10 mL of 0.2 mol/L solution of ethylendiaminetetraacetic acid and ammonium hydroxide mixture, and then was analyzed by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. The introduced technique (nanofiber disks-based solid phase extraction) can be used in the bismuth concentration range of 4–2000 µg/L, with a limit of detection 1.2 µg/L. The determined inter- and intra-day relative standard deviations (3 days and n = 7) for a solution of 100 µg/L of bismuth were 1.1 % and 2.4 %, respectively. The method offers a preconcentration factor of 200-fold. The fabricated nanofiber disks were used at least in 7 consecutive preconcentration experiments. The proposed method was selective towards Bi(III) and can be used satisfactory for its determination in real samples.

The impact of varying EDTA dosage on the flower-like morphology and thermoelectric properties of Ce-doped Bi2Te₃

Thermoelectric materials have significant applications in energy utilization and environmental protection. The effect of different EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) dosages on the flower-like morphology and thermoelectric properties of Ce-doped Bi2Te3 nanoparticles were investigated. The Ce-doped Bi2Te3 nanoparticles were sucessfully prepared via the hydrothermal method, and the influence of EDTA dosage on the morphology, structure, and thermoelectric properties of the materials was analyzed. The experimental results showed that an appropriate amount of EDTA can promote the formation of a flower-like morphology in Ce-doped Bi2Te3 nanomaterials and enhance their thermoelectric properties. The ZT values of the x = 0.15 sample made by the better flower-like morphology of nanopowders are all around 1, which reach 1.15 at 398 K. This work demonstrates the synergistic effects of combining nanostructure engineering and chemical doping strategies for thermoelectric performance enhancement.

Effects of anticoagulants time storage on stable isotope values of crocodilians’ blood tissues

ABSTRACT Rapid coagulation of reptile blood often hinders its use in studies in remote and difficult-to-access areas, necessitating chemical preservation. Therefore, understanding the potential effects of anticoagulants on the isotopic compositions of blood is essential to avoid issues in interpreting the results for ecological studies. In this study we aimed to verify whether the storage time of the blood tissue in anticoagulants can influence its isotopic compositions of the broad-snouted caiman (Caiman latirostris), an ectothermic top predator from eastern South America. Blood samples were obtained from ten adult females of C. latirostris from a commercial breeding facility in 2015. Samples were stored in vials containing ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and sodium heparin (SH) and centrifuged after 2 and 8 h to separate red blood cells and plasma. No effect of time was found on the δ13C and δ15N of whole blood, plasma, and red blood cells in contact with the two types of anticoagulants, EDTA and SH. The findings have practical implications for researchers in this field, as they suggest that anticoagulants can be used effectively for at least eight hours under refrigeration.

The effects of time and anticoagulant type on hematologic values in cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus)

BackgroundAvian hematologic characteristics complicate evaluation; therefore, complete blood cell counts require manual analysis for best accuracy. Furthermore, the quality of samples may be affected by prolonged shipment. MethodsBlood was collected from the right jugular vein of twenty-four, 7-year-old (14 male, 10 female), wild-type cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus). Smears were prepared using fresh, untreated blood. The remainder was divided into dipotassium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and lithium heparin microtainers. A hematocrit tube and blood smear were prepared at baseline, 24, 48, and 72 hours after venipuncture. Packed cell volume (PCV), total solids (TS), estimated white blood cell (WBC) count, WBC differential (heterophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils), hemolysis index (HI), and preparation quality were assessed and compared to baseline. After log transformation, the effects of anticoagulants across time points were compared. ResultsHeparinized samples had significant differences in WBC, heterophil, and lymphocyte counts at 48 hours, and PCV and TS at 72 hours compared to baseline. There was a positive proportional bias in PCV and TS from EDTA anticoagulant samples at 24, 48, and 72 hours, and from heparinized samples at 48 and 72 hours compared to baseline. The EDTA samples had increased PCV and TS compared to heparin at all time points, and higher WBC and heterophil counts at 48 hours compared to baseline. A type II methodological error cannot be excluded. ConclusionThese results suggest that the anticoagulant used and time spent in anticoagulant alters hematologic values in cockatiels, which may have significant clinical implications. The importance of sample processing within 24 hours and anticoagulant-specific reference intervals for hematologic variables should be considered.

Pelargonium graveolens: Towards In-Depth Metabolite Profiling, Antioxidant and Enzyme-Inhibitory Potential.

Pelargonium graveolens L'Hèr. (Geraniaceae) is renowned for its traditional use as a flavor, ornamental and medicinal plant. This work aimed at an in-depth study of the phytochemical profiling and in vitro antioxidant and enzyme inhibition assessment of a methanol-aqueous extract from P. graveolens leaves. A UHPLC-HRMS analysis revealed more than 110 secondary metabolites, including 8 acyltartaric and 11 acylcitric/acylisocitric acids; 8 gallotannins; 36 flavonols, flavanones and methoxylated flavonoids together with 17 phenolic and aliphatic acids; and 21 phenolic acid glycosides. For the first time, acylcitric acids along with feruloyl- and coumaroyltartaric acids are reported in the species. The leaf extract actively scavenged 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl DPPH (273.45 mg trolox equivalent (TE/g)) and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS•+) radicals (531.97 mgTE/g) and showed a high reducing power: 431.32 mg TE/g Cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) and 292.21 mg TE/g Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). It possessed a metal chelating capacity (13.44 ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid equivalent (EDTAE)/g) and contained 2.71 mmol TE/g in the phosphomolybdenum assay. The rose geranium extract exhibited high inhibition towards acetyl- and butyrylcholinesterase (2.80 and 2.20 mg galantamine equivalent (GALAE)/g, respectively) and tyrosinase (75.49 mg kojic acid equivalent (KAE)/g). It inhibited α-glucosidase and α-amylase (3.75 mmol and 0.79 acarbose equivalent (ACAE)/g, respectively) and lipase (28.91 mg orlistat equivalent (OE)/g). This study sheds light into the future potential application of the rose geranium in pharmaceutical and nutraceutical products.

THE ANALYSIS STUDY OF EVALUATING THE EFFICACY AND SAFETY OF PERCUTANEUS CORONARY INTERVENTION (PCI) VERSUS EDTA (CHELATION THERAPY) FOR CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE : A COMPREHENSIVE SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

Background: Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is a pivotal treatment for patients with stable coronary artery disease (CAD), yet its overall effectiveness remains limited. Despite technological advancements, only about 5% of patients receive PCI, comparable to the 5% who are treated with pharmacological therapies. The ongoing debate between PCI and optimal drug therapy (ODT) continues, with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) emerging as a notable treatment alternative. This systematic review seeks to compare the outcomes of these interventions and offer guidance for clinical decision-making. Methods: Adhering to PRISMA 2020 guidelines, this review focused on full-text articles published in English from 2012 to 2024. To ensure the inclusion of high-quality studies, editorial pieces and review articles were excluded unless they included a DOI. A comprehensive literature search was performed across several reputable databases, including ScienceDirect, PubMed, and SagePub, to collect relevant research thoroughly. Result: The review analyzed over 800 publications from these databases. After an initial screening process, eight studies were selected for detailed examination. These selected studies underwent a rigorous review to ensure comprehensive and precise evaluation. Conclusion: While both EDTA and PCI represent advanced treatment options for CAD, their effectiveness is contested due to their complexity and high costs. The systematic review indicates that PCI may offer greater benefits for patients with chronic total occlusions (CTO), showing lower mortality and myocardial infarction (MI) rates. Future research should prioritize large-scale clinical trials to further elucidate the comparative efficacy of PCI and EDTA.

Effect of Alpha Hydroxy Acids as Dentin Conditioning Agents on Growth Factor Release: An In Vitro Study.

The study aimed to evaluate the effects of alpha hydroxy acids and chelating agents on dentin conditioning for the release of growth factors. The agents used for dentin conditioning included 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), 10% glycolic acid (GA), 10% citric acid (CA), and 5% maleic acid (MA). Forty horizontally sectioned (SV1) human dentine slices were conditioned for 5 and 10 minutes so that the growth factor liberation reached quantifiable levels. Transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-β1) release and surface exposure were quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Growth factor measurement required immediately removing the solutions from each of the 48-well plates (with consistent dentine surface area and weight) and freezing at -20°C so that ELISA measured the growth factors. After 5-min conditioning of dentine slices, CA was the most effective agent for growth factor release into the aqueous environment as measured by ELISA (post hoc Tukey's test p<0.05). Furthermore, dentine slices subjected to GA treatment for the same duration of time showed noticeably lower surface levels of TGF-β1 in comparison to the other agents employed. Based on the findings of this in vitro study, a desirable biological growth factor-mediated effect may be gained when conditioning dentin with milder acidic or chelating agents such as CA, MA, and EDTA.

A cross-sectional analysis identifies a low prevalence of Plasmodium ovale species infections in symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals in Kilifi county, Kenya.

Background The focus on P. falciparum diagnosis has led to an underestimation of the global burden of malaria resulting from neglected Plasmodium species. However, there is still scarce data on the prevalence of P. ovale species (spp) globally. To address this knowledge gap, data collected from cross-sectional studies in Kilifi county were used to: 1) determine the prevalence of P. ovale spp infections; and 2) determine the sensitivity of different diagnostic assays in detecting P. ovale spp infections. Methods A total of 531 individuals were sampled across three study sites in Kilifi County, Kenya between 2009 and 2020. Blood smears were prepared from peripheral blood and screened for Plasmodium parasite stages using light microscopy. Molecular screening involved DNA extraction of dried blood spots and blood in ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using primers targeting the 18 small ribosomal subunit and sequencing. Results Microscopy screening revealed that the most prevalent species was P. falciparum (32.0%) followed by P. malariae (9.0%) and then P. ovale spp( 1.5%). PCR screening identified additional P. ovale spp positives cases. Overall PCR results indicate that43 (8.1%) out of the 531 individuals harbored P. ovale spp infection with the highest prevalence reported in the tertiary health facility, (14.6%, 95% CI 8-23.6%), followed by the primary health facility (8.3%, 95% CI 5.4-11.9%), and the community from a cross-sectional blood survey, (3.6%, 95% CI 1.2-8.2%). Microscopy screening for P. ovale spp had a low sensitivity of 7% (95% CI 1-19-30%) and a high specificity of 99% (95% CI 98-100%). Sequencing results confirmed the presence of P.ovale curtisi. Conclusions This study provides baseline data for P.ovale spp surveillance in Kilifi County, primarily using PCR to improve diagnosis. These results suggest that malaria elimination and eradication efforts should not only concentrate on P. falciparum but should embrace a holistic approach towards elimination of all Plasmodium spp.

Limited support for a direct connection between prebiotics and intestinal permeability - a systematic review.

The intestinal barrier is a selective interface between the body´s external and the internal environment. Its layer of epithelial cells is joined together by tight junction proteins. In intestinal permeability (IP), the barrier is compromised, leading to increased translocation of luminal contents such as large molecules, toxins and even microorganisms. Numerous diseases including Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD), Coeliac disease (CD), autoimmune disorders, and diabetes are believed to be associated with IP. Dietary interventions, such as prebiotics, may improve the intestinal barrier. Prebiotics are non-digestible food compounds, that promote the growth and activity of beneficial bacteria in the gut. This systematic review assesses the connection between prebiotic usage and IP. PubMed and Trip were used to identify relevant studies conducted between 2010-2023. Only six studies were found, which all varied in the characteristics of the population, study design, and types of prebiotics interventions. Only one study showed a statistically significant effect of prebiotics on IP. Alteration of intestinal barrier function was measured by lactulose/mannitol, chromium-labelled Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (51Cr-EDTA), lactulose/rhamnose, and sucralose/erythritol excretion as well as zonulin and glucagon-like peptide 2 levels. Three studies also conducted gut microbiota assessment, and one of them showed statistically significant improvement of the gut microbiome. This study also reported a decrease in zonulin level. The main conclusion from this review is that there is a lack of human studies in this important field. Futhermore, large population studies and using standardized protocols, would be required to properly assess the impact of prebiotic intervention and improvement on IP.

Characterizing carbapenemase production in Enterobacterales through combined disk test and genetic profiling

Objectives: Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE) are a major organism among the critical group of drug-resistant bacteria and are associated with high morbidity and mortality. With limited treatment options, the detection and characterization of carbapenemase are important for appropriate management. This study aims to characterize carbapenemase produced by Enterobacterales using a combined disk test and molecular profiling. Materials and Methods: All CRE isolated from various clinical samples were included in the study. Carbapenemase production was characterized by observing synergy on combining meropenem disk with beta-lactamase inhibitors such as phenylboronic acid, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, and cloxacillin, following which genetic profiling was done using multiplex polymerase chain reaction. Statistical analysis: Statistical analyses were done using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences Statistics and Microsoft Excel. The data were presented in tables, charts, and graphs to elucidate the findings comprehensively. Results: Out of 445 Enterobacterales isolated, 104 (23.4%) were carbapenem-resistant. The most common CRE isolated was Klebsiella pneumoniae (62 out of 104), followed by Escherichia coli (40 out of 104), and two out of 104 CRE isolates were Enterobacter species. Coproduction of NDM and OXA-48-like enzymes (39.4%) was the most common mechanism, followed by NDM alone (19.2%) and OXA-48 alone (16.3%). NDM was the most common gene detected overall, with 72 out of 104 CRE (69.2%) isolates showing its presence, followed by OXA-48 present in 63 of 104 (60.6%) isolates. Conclusions: Metallo-beta-lactamases (NDM) were the predominant type of carbapenemase gene detected among the Enterobacterales isolates, with the coproduction of NDM and OXA-48 enzymes being the most common mechanism of resistance.

The effect of post space irrigation protocol and adhesive strategy on push out bond strength to radicular dentin: A network meta-analysis

Introduction: Establishing an effective bond with root dentin remains a complex task, with bond strength diminishing from the coronal to the apical third as a result of reduced dentinal tubule density and limited access to light curing instruments. This network meta-analysis studied the effect of cement and irrigation protocols on push out bond strength to radicular dentin. Methods: In vitro studies evaluating self- etch, self-adhesive, total etch resin cements, and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), distilled water, chlorhexidine (CHX) irrigants were included. A network meta-analysis was performed using a random effect model. The efficacy of the different irrigation and adhesion protocols was ranked using P scores. A comprehensive search was carried out in the "Web of Science", "PubMed", "Scopus", and "Embase" databases by October, 2022. Results: It was shown that the irrigation protocol and adhesive strategy with the greatest chance of producing higher bond strength was EDTA+NaOCL/Total etch (push out MD 6.69 MPa, P=0.95) proceeded with CHX/self -adhesive (push out MD 3.70 MPa, P=0.77) compared to Distilled water/Total etch as the control group. Conclusion: Network meta-analyses identified EDTA+NaOCL/Total etch resin cement and self-adhesive cements/CHX as the most efficient protocols for increasing push out bond strength to radicular dentin.

Biocompatibility and antimicrobial effect of demineralised dentin matrix hydrogel for dental pulp preservation.

Regeneration of dentin and preserving pulp vitality are essential targets for vital pulp therapy. Our study aimed to evaluate a novel biomimetic pulp capping agent with increased dentin regenerative activities. To produce demineralised dentin matrix (DDM) particles, human extracted teeth were ground and treated with ethylene diamine tetra-acetic acid solution. DDM particles were added to sodium alginate and this combination was dripped into a 5% calcium chloride to obtain DDM hydrogel (DDMH). The eluants of both DDMH and mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) were tested using an MTT assay to detect their cytotoxic effect on dental pulp stem cells (DPSC). Collagen-I (COL-I) gene expression was analysed on DPSC exposed to different dilutions of pulp capping material eluants by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Acridine orange staining was used to monitor the cell growth over the tested materials. Agar diffusion assay was utilised to test the antibacterial effect of DDMH and MTA compared to controls. MTT assay revealed that neat eluates of DDMH promoted DPSC viability. However, neat eluates of MTA were cytotoxic on DPSC after 72h of culture. Moreover, DPSC were capable of growth and attached to the surface of DDMH, while they showed a marked reduction in their number when cultured on the MTA surface for one week, as shown by the acridine orange stain. In DPSC cultured with DDMH eluates, the COL-I gene was overexpressed compared to those cultured with MTA eluants. DDMH had significant antimicrobial activity in comparison to MTA after 24h incubation. This in vitro study showed that DDMH could be an alternative pulp capping agent for regenerative endodontics.

Carbon Dots Employed for the Detection of Ranitidine and Elaborating the Detecting Mechanism.

Carbon dots (CDs) has been widely utilized in multiple fields, especially towards kinds of drug analyses, owing to its superior optical properties and satisfactory stability. Herein, we rapidly synthesized one kind of soluble bright-blue fluorescent CDs through a facile microwave method, while disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and phosphoric acid served as the raw materials. Importantly, introducing ranitidine into these CDs resulted in its decreased fluorescence, and thus an innovative method of detecting ranitidine was successfully established, which showed the favorable selectivity and anti-interference ability. With the optimal conditions, the standard curve diagram of F0/F against concentration of ranitidine was linear in the range of 6-2000 µM with a correlation coefficient of 0.9833, and the limit of detection (LOD) was calculated to be 4.2 µM. Meanwhile, we also explored the detecting mechanism of ranitidine by CDs, and elaborated that as the internal filtration effect. Consequently, we may broaden the avenues of detecting ranitidine on the basis of CDs.

INVESTIGATION OF THE ENZYMATIC DEGUMMING AND STEAM EXPLOSION’S IMPACT ON THE CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF THE NATURAL FIBERS

Today the textile production is considered as one of the most polluted fields across the world. And the size of the global textile market is expected to be increased by 26% in 2030. The high demand for clothing has necessitated the search for sustainable alternatives to mitigate the environmental impact. One such alternative being studied is the utilizing natural fibers instead of synthetic fibers due to their promising properties. The major benefits of using natural fibers at industrial skills are sustainability, biodegradability, eco-friendliness and lightweight. Utilizing the natural fibers such as flax, hemp, jute, nettle can decrease the waste release. For the use of natural plant fibers as textile materials, the degumming process, also known as retting, must be performed in order to make fiber bundles become more separable from the wood’s part of the stem. Methods of fiber degumming have been divided into four categories: physical, enzymatic, chemical and biological. The suggestion of the use of steam explosion and enzymatic retting as eco-friendly methods that can reduce fiber damage without influencing on cellulosic structure are proposed. To determine and increase the effect of the degumming on the natural fibers, the flax, hemp fibers were taken as samples to perform the enzymatic degumming following the steam explosion method. For the enzymatic activity, pectate lyase (Bioprep100L, Novozymes) was used. As a chelator to remove Ca+ ions from the fibers, EDTA (Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) was proposed to utilize during the enzymatic retting to improve mechanical properties of the fibers. Three groups were observed to investigate the effects of enzymatic retting on natural fibers: the control group (utilizing water only), the second group using pectate lyase enzyme with water, and the third group employing a pectate lyase enzyme buffered solution with EDTA as a chelator. After enzymatic degumming, the obtained biomass from three groups were got through the steam explosion at 200 °C for 4 min. As a result, according to chemical analysis of sugar content using HPAE-PAD ion chromatography, it was revealed that the second group that is used only the pectate lyase and water following the steam explosion method showed the best result in comparison with the other groups. It was determined that the percentage of rhamnose and arabinan sugars, which represent the pectin content significantly decreased that cause a partial or a full elimination of pectin (≈ 0,05% for flax and ≈ 0 % for hemp), while the glucose content slightly increased (≈ 94,67% and ≈ 94,74%, respectively) meaning that cellulose was not damaged during the retting methods. It can also be suggested that the group with EDTA chelator did not lead to successful results due to its influence on pectate lyase, causing the inactivation of enzyme. Although the obtained results, demonstrating the efficient retting outcomes with pectate lyase that that can be used at industrial scale for the further processes of textile production, the additional analyses on mechanical properties, including determination of tensile strength, elongation must be performed.

Adjustable double cation vacancies MnSex/FeSex p-n heterojunction catalysts on improving multifunctional photocatalytic and photoelectrochemical performance

MnSex is a type of p-type semiconductor that combines with n-type FeSex in a one-step hydrothermal method to form a MnSex/FeSex p-n type heterojunction. The heterostructures showed good photocatalytic performance. The photocatalytic degradation rate constant of MFS3 was 0.01114 min−1, while that of MnSex was 0.00213 min−1. The photocatalytic degradation activity of MFS3 was 423 % higher than that of MnSex. Afterwards, the MnSex/FeSex catalyst was further soaked in ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) to form metal vacancies through metal complexation. A large number of pores can be seen in the SEM image of MFS3v catalyst, and Mn and Fe bimetallic vacancies can be seen in the TEM results. The signal of the electron paramagnetic spectrum is significantly enhanced, with a significant shift in its g value. The above results confirm the formation of Mn and Fe bimetallic vacancies in the catalyst. The two-hole heterojunction catalyst significantly improves its photochemical activity, and the photocurrent density of MFS3v at 0 V vs. RHE is −2.438 mA/cm2, 18.2 and 2.5 times that of the original MnSex and MnSex/FeSex heterojunction, respectively. Tests have confirmed that this double vacancy can increase the active sites and enhance the photoelectrochemical hydrogen production ability. This study proposes a method that combines heterojunctions and vacancies to achieve multifunctional catalysts.

Synthesis and photoluminescence properties of Ce3+/Tb3+ and Eu3+ ions doped GdB3O6/Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 Core/Shell particles as well as its cytotoxicity against colon cancer cells

In this study, Ce3+/Tb3+ co-doped, Eu3+ doped GdB3O6 phosphor particles were synthesized by sol-gel method, coated with hydroxyapatite (HAP) and loaded with doxorubicin. Different chelating agents and surfactants (Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), citric acid, glycine, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and tartaric acid) were used in the synthesis in order to see their effect on the structure. While single phase Gadolinium triborate, GdB3O6 was obtained by using CTAB in precursor solution in the synthesis and Gadolinium orthoborate, GdBO3 produced when EDTA was used in precursor solution. Other organic molecules added to precursor solution produced mixtures of both phases. The highest photoluminescence intensity was obtained in the Gd0.95Ce0.025Tb0.025B3O6 and Gd0.825Eu0.175B3O6. In order to increase the drug loading efficiency, The Gd0.825Eu0.175B3O6 core was coated with Calcium hydroxyapatite, HAP. The core had an average size of 458.65 nm which increased to 616.85 nm after coating as seen with dynamic light scattering (DLS). Gd0.825Eu0.175B3O6@HAP particles were loaded with 7.82 % ± 0.80 wt doxorubicin and the release was studied at 37 °C in pH 7.4 phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and pH 5.5 acetate buffer solutions. The total number of moles of drug released versus luminescence intensity was measured during the release studies and real-time imaging studies were carried out. Finally, cytotoxicity experiments were performed on HCT-116 colon cancer cells.