Ethyl Phenyl Sulfide Research Articles

Surface decorated magnetic nanoparticles with Mn-porphyrin as an effective catalyst for oxidation of sulfides

Mn-porphyrin complex was anchored coordinatively to silica-coated surface of magnetic nanoparticles (SMNP). Afterward, a heterogeneous nanocatalyst (Fe3O4@SiO2-MnTCPP) has been characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and transmission electron microscope (TEM). A thermal stability up to around 350[Formula: see text]C was verified for prepared nanocatalyst based on thermogravimetric analysis. Finally, the catalytic performance of magnetically recoverable Mn-catalyst was exploited in the green oxidation of different sulfides with urea hydrogen peroxide (UHP) in the presence of imidazole as co-catalyst in ethanol under heterogeneous conditions. The eco-friendly property of ethanol strongly induced us to employ it as the reaction solvent in this oxidation system. Complete conversion ([Formula: see text]99) of sulfides to the corresponding sulfoxide or sulfones was obtained for ethyl phenyl sulfide, phenyl vinyl sulfide, diallyl sulfide, thiocyanatoethane, 2-ethyl mercaptoethanol and tetrahydrothiophene. Moreover, the recovered catalysts keep constant conversion yield up to at least three cycles.

Combination therapy of N-acetyl-L-cysteine and S-2(2-aminoethylamino) ethylphenyl sulfide for sulfur mustard induced oxidative stress in mice.

Sulfur mustard (SM) is chemically, bis(2-chloroethyl) sulfide and a strong alkylating agent that causes cytotoxicity and blisters on skin. In laboratory animal models, SM is extremely lethal. Since no specific antidote has been proposed, decontamination upon contact is the recommended procedure. Several antidotes have been screened for SM, and in that sulfanyl compounds, N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC) and S-2(2-aminoethylamino) ethylphenyl sulfide (DRDE-07) showed good protection. Since they showed protection at high doses, the aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy in combination at low dose, for percutaneously administered SM in mice. 4 LD50 of SM (32.4 mg/kg) was administered, and NAC (50 mg/kg), DRDE-07 (25 and 50 mg/kg) and their combinations were evaluated as 30 min pre-treatment by single oral administration. After 72 h of SM exposure, significant decrease in body weight, decrease in hepatic reduced glutathione, and increase in hepatic malondialdehyde were observed (P < 0.001), showing oxidative stress. The combination of NAC (100 mg/kg) and DRDE-07 (50 mg/kg) showed significant protection (P < 0.01). The severe histopathological lesions induced by SM in liver, spleen and skin were also considerably reduced by the combination. The combination of NAC and DRDE-07 having sulfanyl groups, will be promising antioxidants and an effective antidote for SM toxicity.

Highly Selective Oxidation of Organic Sulfides by a Conjugated Polymer as the Photosensitizer for Singlet Oxygen Generation.

A cationic conjugated polyelectrolyte PPET3-N2 was used as a photosensitizer for photocatalytic oxidation of organic sulfides, including thioanisole, ethyl phenyl sulfide, 4-methylphenyl methyl sulfide, etc., to form sulfoxides with good yields and high selectivity. Oxidation reactions were performed in both batch and microfluidic reactors, where the microfluidic reactor can significantly promote the conversion of photocatalytic oxidation reaction to over 98% in about 8 min. Further studies of the photocatalytic oxidation of the antitumor drug ricobendazole in the microfluidic reactor demonstrate the potential application of the polymer material in organic reactions given its high selectivity, good efficiency, and operation convenience.

Comparative Pulmonary Protective Efficacy of Amifostine and it’s Analogue S-2(2-aminoethylamino)ethyl Phenyl Sulfide (DRDE-07) against Sulphur Mustard Induced Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Female Mice

Aim: The present study was undertaken to investigate the comparative pulmonary protective efficacy of Amifostine (S-2[3-aminoprophylamino] ethyl phosphorothioate) and its analogues DRDE-07 (S-2(2-aminoethylamino) ethyl phenyl sulfide) against sulfur mustard toxicity in mice. Materials and Methods: Twenty female mice were divided into four groups: Control, SM group animals were percutaneously exposed to 16.2 mg/kg. The third and fourth group of animals received amifostine and DRDE-07 (210 and 250 mg/kg respectively) through the oral route, 30 min before SM exposure. The clinical symptoms and body weight changes were observed daily and sacrificed on 7th day. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and lung tissuewere collected for biochemical and histopathological studies. The following biochemical endpoints were studied in BALF (total cell count, lactate dehydrogenase, protein content, β-glucuronidase activity, MMP-2, 9 activityand FSH) whereas reactive oxygen species (ROS), reduced glutathione (GSH), lipid peroxidation, superoxide dismutase, catalase and myeloperoxidase activity was measured in lung tissue. The above biochemical observations are also supported by histopathology studies. Results: Dermal exposure to SM significantly reduced body weight. The significant increase in BALF LDH leakage, protein content, cell number and MMPs activity in the SM exposed animals suggest disruption of endothelial barrier in the lung (p<0.05). Significant ROS generation (p<0.05) was observed in lung tissue of SM group which results in a significant decrease in SOD GSHand CAT and an increase in MDA (p<0.05). These alterations in BALF as well in lung tissue due to SM exposure was significantly prevented by the pretreatment of amifostine and DRDE-07 (p<0.05). The histopathological observations also support the above results. The above results indicate that the preventive efficacy of DRDE-07 is better than amifostine. Conclusion: The percutaneous SM exposure-induced pulmonary damages were significantly protected by DRDE-07 than amifostine in mice.

Pulmonary protective efficacy of S-2[2-aminoethylamino] ethyl phenyl sulphide (DRDE-07) and its analogues against sulfur mustard induced toxicity in mice

Our previous study showed that percutaneous sulfur mustard (SM) exposure induced pulmonary toxicity, which was attenuated by DRDE-07 (S-2[2-aminoethylamino] ethyl phenyl sulphide) pretreatment. The present study aimed to evaluate the protective efficacy of DRDE-07 and its analogues viz., DRDE-30 (S-2(2-aminoethyl amino)ethyl propyl sulphide) and DRDE-35 (S-2(2-aminoethyl amino)ethyl butyl sulphide) against SM. Thirty minutes before percutaneous SM (0.8 LD50) exposure, female Swiss mice were orally gavaged with DRDE-07 and its analogues(0.2 LD50). Animals were sacrificed on day 3 and 7, BAL fluid (BALF) and lung tissue were collected for biochemical, histopathological studies. As results, DRDE-07 and its analogues were beneficial in reducing the number of BALF inflammatory cells, protein level, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity, myeloperoxidase (MPO) and β-glucuronidase activity, while content of BALF and lung reduced glutathione level (GSH) were significantly protected. The pretreatment of DRDE-07 and its analogues inhibited the recruitment of inflammatory cells into the lung. The beneficial effects of DRDE-07 and its analogues were attributed to their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. Among the analogues, DRDE-30 exhibited significant beneficial effects as compared to the other two compounds. These analogues may be considered as prototype candidate molecules as there is no effective antidote for SM toxicity.

Effectiveness of Cytoprotective Agents on Sulfur Mustard Induced Toxicity: The In vitro Model

Sulphur mustard (bis (2-chloroethyl) sulfide, SM) is a powerful vesicating chemical warfare agent that causes profound injuries to the eyes, lungs and skin. Despite intensive research following the first use of SM in World War I, there is still no useful pretreatment or therapeutic antidote available. This agent remains a constant chemical threat. A potential approach to combating the debiliting effects of this agent is the use of compounds that can react with this material before it interacts with critical macromolecules. Glutathione (GSH), a tripeptide that exists in high concentrations in cells, reacts with SM and is involved in SM detoxification. Amifostine is a synthetic aminothiol, has been extensively used as a radioprotector. This prompted us to evaluate the protective efficacy of GSH, Amifostine and DRDE-07 (S-2(2- aminoethyl amino) ethyl phenyl sulfide) (synthesized in our lab) against SM toxicity in vitro in HeLa cell line. All these compounds are thiol group containing compounds. Pretreatment of HeLa cell with these cytoprotectants led to decrease in cytotoxicity after SM exposure. The protective efficacy of above compounds were evaluated against sulphur mustard using HeLa cells. The above compounds were added to the media 1 hr before the SM exposure and incubated for 24 hrs. cell viability by MTT assay and LDH leakage were measured as end point.

A novel CuO NPs/AgZSM-5 zeolite composite adsorbent: Synthesis, identification and its application for the removal of sulfur mustard agent simulant

In this investigation, the parent NaZSM-5 zeolite has been successfully fabricated by the hydrothermal route and then to enhance the catalytic performance of this zeolite, silver ions (Ag+) and copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) were loaded in its structure through the ion exchange and impregnation methods to attain the novel CuO NPs/AgZSM-5 zeolite composite adsorbent. The parent and modified samples were comprehensively analyzed and identified by using the FESEM-EDX, TEM, XRD, and FTIR techniques. This is the first time that the CuO NPs/AgZSM-5 (containing 3.4 wt% Ag and 12.6 wt% CuO) has been utilized for the removal (adsorption and degradation) of 2-chloroethyl phenyl sulfide (2-CEPS) as a toxic sulfur mustard agent simulate, and its applicability was proved according to the GC-FID, GC-MS, and FTIR results. Moreover, the consequences of several experimental factors such as contact time, initial concentration, adsorbent dose, and adsorbent type on the removal efficiency of 2-CEPS were also surveyed. The GC-FID analysis data confirmed that the maximum removal yield of 2-CEPS was 100%. Besides, the parameters of contact time (120 min), initial concentration (25 mg/L), and adsorbent dose (0.3 g) were perused and optimized for the subsequent reaction. The reaction kinetic status was also studied employing first order model. The quantities of the half-life (t1/2) and rate constant (k) were indicated as 26.25 min and 0.0264 min−1, respectively. The product obtained from the degradation and hydrolysis reaction between the 2-CEPS and CuO NPs/AgZSM-5 was 2-hydroxy ethyl phenyl sulfide (2-HEPS) which is substantially less toxic than original pesticide.

Synthesis and application of Pb-MCM-41/ZnNiO2 as a novel mesoporous nanocomposite adsorbent for the decontamination of chloroethyl phenyl sulfide (CEPS)

In the current research, MCM-41 was successfully prepared by the sol-gel method and lead ions (Pb2+) were loaded in the synthesized MCM-41 mesoporous structure to prepare Pb-MCM-41. The ZnO-NiO nanoparticles (ZnNiO2 NPs) as a type of bimetallic oxides were then dispersed and deposited on the surface of Pb-MCM-41 through indirect method to gain the final Pb-MCM-41/ZnNiO2 nanocomposite adsorbent. The characterization study of samples carried out by SEM-EDAX, AFM, XRD and FTIR techniques. Pb-MCM-41/ZnNiO2 nanocomposite as a destructive adsorbent has been proposed for the first time for the decontamination process of chloroethyl phenyl sulfide (CEPS), a mimic of bis(chloroethyl) sulfide (i.e. sulfur mustard), and were confirmed using GC-FID, GC–MS and FTIR instruments. Besides, the effect of different experimental parameters including contact time, catalyst dose and initial concentration of CEPS on the decontamination efficiency of this agent simulant were also perused. The GC-FID analysis results verified that the maximum decontamination of CEPS was more than 90% yield. The parameters such as: contact time (240min), adsorbent dose (0.4g/L), and initial concentration (10mg/L) were investigated and considered as optimized conditions for the noted reaction. Moreover, the reaction kinetic information was surveyed by employing first order model. The values of the rate constant (k) and half-life (t1/2) were determined as 0.0128min−1 and 54.1406min, and 0.0012min−1 and 577.5min for CEPS and its hydrolysis/elimination products, respectively. Data demonstrates the role of the hydrolysis and elimination products, i.e. hydroxy ethyl phenyl sulfide (HEPS) and phenyl vinyl sulfide (PVS) in the reaction of CEPS with Pb-MCM-41/ZnNiO2 nanocomposite and GC–MS analysis was exerted to identify and quantify simulant destruction products. It was clarified that Pb-MCM-41/ZnNiO2 nanocomposite gains a high capacity and potential for the effective decontamination of CEPS.

Decontamination of chemical warfare sulfur mustard agent simulant by ZnO nanoparticles

In this study, zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) have been surveyed to decontaminate the chloroethyl phenyl sulfide as a sulfur mustard agent simulant. Prior to the reaction, ZnO NPs were successfully prepared through sol–gel method in the absence and presence of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). PVA was utilized as a capping agent to control the agglomeration of the nanoparticles. The formation, morphology, elemental component, and crystalline size of nanoscale ZnO were certified and characterized by SEM/EDX, XRD, and FT-IR techniques. The decontamination (adsorption and destruction) was tracked by the GC–FID analysis, in which the effects of polarity of the media, such as isopropanol, acetone and n-hexane, reaction time intervals from 1 up to 18 h, and different temperatures, including 25, 35, 45, and 55 °C, on the catalytic/decontaminative capability of the surface of ZnO NPs/PVA were investigated and discussed, respectively. Results demonstrated that maximum decontamination (100 %) occurred in n-hexane solvent at 55 °C after 1 h. On the other hand, the obtained results for the acetone and isopropanol solvents were lower than expected. GC–MS chromatograms confirmed the formation of hydroxyl ethyl phenyl sulfide and phenyl vinyl sulfide as the destruction reaction products. Furthermore, these chromatograms proved the role of hydrolysis and elimination mechanisms on the catalyst considering its surface Bronsted and Lewis acid sites. A non-polar solvent aids material transfer to the reactive surface acid sites without blocking these sites.

Zinc oxide nanocubes as a destructive nanoadsorbent for the neutralization chemistry of 2-chloroethyl phenyl sulfide: A sulfur mustard simulant

Zinc oxide nanocubes were surveyed for their destructive turn-over to decontaminate 2-chloro ethyl phenyl sulfide, a sulfur mustard simulant. Prior to the reaction, nanocubes were prepared through sol-gel method using monoethanolamine, diethylene glycol, and anhydrous citric acid as the stabilizing, cross linking/structure directing agents, respectively. The formation of nanoscale ZnO, the cubic morphology, crystalline structure, and chemical-adsorptive characteristics were certified by FESEM-EDS, TEM-SAED, XRD, FTIR, BET-BJH, H2-TPR, and ESR techniques. Adsorption and destruction reactions were tracked by GC-FID analysis in which the effects of polarity of the media, reaction time, and temperature on the destructive capability of the surface of nanocubes were investigated and discussed. Results demonstrated that maximum neutralization occurred in n-heptane solvent after 1/2h at 55°C. Kinetic study construed that the neutralization reaction followed the pseudo-second order model with a squared correlation coefficient and rate constant of 0.9904 and 0.00004gmg−1s−1, respectively. Furthermore, GC-MS measurement confirmed the formation of 2-hydroxy ethyl phenyl sulfide (2-HEPS) and phenyl vinyl sulfide (PVS) as neutralization products that together with Bronsted and Lewis acid/base approaches exemplify the role of hydrolysis and elimination mechanisms on the surface of zinc oxide nanocubes.

Biotransformation of prochiral sulfides into (R)-sulfoxides using immobilized Gordonia terrae IEGM 136 cells

Biotransformation of methyl phenyl sulfide (MPS) into optically active (R)-sulfoxide was optimized using Gordonia terrae IEGM 136 cells immobilized into cryogel of polyvinyl alcohol. Biotransformation time of 0.5g/L MPS was shortened from 144 to 24h in comparison with free cells. Immobilized Gordonia cells were resistant to high (up to 1.5g/L) sulfide concentrations and catalyzed its complete bioconversion into (R)-sulfoxide (95% ee) within 72h. Using a sequential addition method, the total load of MPS reached 4.25g/L. At that, MPS bioconversion was 96.9% and the enantiomeric excess (ee) value of the target (R)-sulfoxide was as high as 96%. Possible reuse of immobilized cells for MPS biotransformation was experimentally proved. The obtained biocatalyst showed a high activity towards ethyl phenyl sulfide, benzyl methyl sulfide, methyl p-tolyl sulfide and formed corresponding (R)-sulfoxides with 77–95% ee. Putative pathways for sulfide oxidation by Gordonia cells were proposed.

Prophylactic efficacy of S-2(2-aminoethylamino)ethyl phenyl sulfide (DRDE-07) against sulfur mustard induced lung toxicity in mice

Objective: The present study was planned to investigate the prophylactic efficacy of S-2(2-aminoethylamino)ethyl phenyl sulfide (DRDE-07), against topically applied SM induced pulmonary toxicity in mouse. Materials and methods: Animals were pretreated with S-2(2-aminoethylamino)ethyl phenyl sulfide (DRDE-07) (249.4 mg/kg by oral gavage) 30 minutes before SM exposure. The SM (6.48 mg/kg) was applied on hair clipped dorsocaudal region (percutaneous) of the animal. The animals were sacrificed on day 1, 3, 5 and 7. The biochemical changes those were observed in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid and lung tissue included protein, LDH, MPO, β-glucuronidase, MMP-2, MMP-9, activated macrophages, reduced glutathione and lipid peroxidation level. Results and discussion: Pretreatment with DRDE-07 (0.2 LD50) attenuated SM-induced changes at all time point tested. BAL fluid biochemical endpoints indicated epithelial and endothelial cell damages as evidenced by increase in BAL protein, LDH level and increased number of activated macrophages. The increased myeloperoxidase activity and β-glucuronidase level exhibited the degranulation of neutrophils due to SM toxicity in lung. The zymogrphy analysis of BAL fluid showed a significant increase in matrix metalloproteases (MMP) activity due to inflammatory cells accumulation. Conclusion: Thirty minutes pretreatment with DRDE-07 decreased vascular permeability reduced the inflammation and oxidative stress, hence may be recommended as a potential prophylactic agent for SM intoxication.

Mutagenicity and antimutagenicity studies of DRDE-07 and its analogs against sulfur mustard in the in vitro Ames Salmonella/microsome assay

Sulfur mustard (bis(2-chloroethyl) sulfide, SM), a chemical warfare agent, is classified as a class I human carcinogen by IARC. No effective antidote against this agent is available. The synthetic aminothiol, amifostine, earlier known as WR-2721, has been extensively used as a chemical radioprotector for normal tissues in cancer radiotherapy and chemotherapy. SM is a radiomimetic agent; this prompted us to evaluate the protective efficacy of amifostine and three of its analogs, DRDE-07 [S-2(2-aminoethylamino) ethyl phenyl sulphide], DRDE-30 [S-2(2-aminoethyl amino) ethyl propyl sulphide] and DRDE-35 [S-2(2-aminoethyl amino) ethyl butyl sulphide], against sulfur mustard-induced mutagenicity in the Ames Salmonella/microsome assay. The antidotes were also evaluated for possible mutagenic activity. DRDE-07 was mutagenic in strain TA104 in the absence of S9; DRDE-30 was mutagenic in strain TA100; amifostine and DRDE-35 did not show mutagenic activity in any of the five tester strains used. SM is mutagenic in strains TA97a and TA102, with or without S9 activation. In the antimutagenicity studies, DRDE-07 and DRDE-35 showed promising antimutagenic activity against SM in the absence of S9, in comparison to amifostine. DRDE-07 and DRDE-35 are promising protective agents against SM-induced mutagenicity.

Attenuation of sulfur mustard toxicity by S-2(2-aminoethylamino)ethyl phenyl sulfide (DRDE-07) in mouse liver

Sulfur mustard (SM) (bis-(2-chloroethyl) sulfide) is a chemical warfare agent. Evaluation of toxicity and protective effect of DRDE-07 (S-2(2-aminoethylamino)ethyl phenyl sulfide) was studied in mouse liver after SM challenging. Female mice were given orally 0.2 LD50 of DRDE-07 (249 mg/kg body weight) and exposed percutaneously with 1.0 LD50 of SM (8.1 mg/kg body weight). Gene expression profiles were determined using global genome microarray analysis at 3 days post-exposure. DRDE-07 alone treated animal showed significant upregulation to metabolism of xenobiotics by cytochrome P450 pathways. Genes related to cell adhesion molecules (CAMs), were downregulated. DRDE-07 pretreated SM exposed animals showed upregulation of xenobiotic cytochrome P450 pathway genes. Antigen presenting, cell adhesion molecules, cytokine, cytokine receptor metabolism, fatty acid metabolism, glutathione metabolism, cell cycle signaling pathway genes showed downregulation. The present study showed that SM-induced toxicity in mouse liver was attenuated by the pretreatment with DRDE-07.

Ameliorative effect of DRDE 07 and its analogues on the systemic toxicity of sulphur mustard and nitrogen mustard in rabbit

Despite extensive research efforts, there is no unanimous approval of any animal model to evaluate the toxicity of sulphur mustard [SM; bis (2-chloroethyl) sulphide] or nitrogen mustard [HN-3; tris-(2-chloroethyl) amine] and screening of various prophylactic and therapeutic agents against them. In this study, differential toxicity of mustard agents in higher animal model that is male rabbit was determined. Protective efficacy of DRDE 07 [S-2(2-aminoethylamino) ethyl phenyl sulphide] and its analogues were also evaluated against SM and HN-3 toxicity. Differential toxicity study of SM and HN-3 reveals that both the compounds were more toxic by percutaneous route as compared to subcutaneous route. Till date, there is no recommended drug to counteract SM induced toxicity or mortality in vivo. However, DRDE 07 (an amifostine analogue) and its analogues are found to be very effective protective agents against percutaneously exposed SM in rabbits. The present experiments also showed that SM does not cause skin injury alone but also can cause systemic toxicity as well. DRDE 07 and many of its analogues may prove as prototype compounds for the development of better prophylactic and therapeutic drugs to counter the toxicity of SM or HN-3. In conclusion, rodents and rabbits can be used for the screening of drugs against the blistering agents.

Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of amifostine, DRDE-07, and their analogs, in mice.

Objectives:To find out the analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity, if any, of Amifostine [S-2(3 amino propyl amino) ethyl phosphorothioate], DRDE-07 [S-2(3 amino ethyl amino) ethyl phenyl sulphide] and their analogs DRDE-30 and DRDE-35, the probable prophylactic agent for sulphur mustard (SM).Materials and Methods:In order to find out the analgesic activities of the compounds two methods were employed, namely, acetic acid-induced writhing test and formalin-induced paw licking. The persistent pain model of formalin-induced hind paw licking was carried out to test the effect of the compounds on neurogenic pain or early phase (0 to 5 minutes) and on the peripheral pain or the late phase (15 to 30 minutes). To test the effect of the compound in acute inflammation, carrageenan-induced hind paw edema was carried out. This model of inflammation involves a variety of mediators of inflammation.Results:DRDE-07 (81.7%) and DRDE-30 (79.4%) showed significant reduction in the acetic acid-induced writhing test. DRDE-07 (93.1%), DRDE-30 (82%), and DRDE-35 (61.3%) showed significant reduction in the second or late phase of formalin-induced paw licking. All the analogs (more than 60%) including amifostine (43.9%) showed significant reduction of paw edema in the carrageenan-induced paw edema in mice.Conclusion:The analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of the antidotes were comparable with aspirin.

Facile C–S, S–H, and S–S bond cleavage using a nickel(0) NHC complex

[Ni2(iPr2Im)4(COD)] 1 (iPr2Im = 1,3-di(isopropyl)-imidazol-2-ylidene) reacts at room temperature with the thioethers methyl para-tolyl sulfide, ethyl phenyl sulfide, benzothiophene and dibenzothiophene to afford the C-S bond cleavage products [Ni(iPr2Im)2(4-CH3-C6H4)(SMe)] 2, [Ni(iPr2Im)2(C6H5)(SEt)] 3, [Ni(iPr2Im)2(1,8-benzothiophenylato)] 4 and [Ni(iPr2Im)2(C,S-dibenzothiophenylato)] 5. In contrast to the reaction of thioethers or sulfoxides (reported earlier), no C-S bond cleavage was observed for the reaction of 1 with the sulfones bezothiophene-1,1-dioxide and methyl phenyl sulfone. In those cases the stable compounds [Ni(iPr2Im)2(eta2-2,3-benzothiophene-1,1-dioxide)] 6 and [Ni(iPr2Im)2(eta2-MeSO2C6H5)] 7 with a eta2-coordinated sulfone ligand have been isolated. Compound 6 has been structurally characterized. S-H bond cleavage was observed using 2-methyl-2-propanthiol to afford [Ni(iPr2Im)2(H)(StBu)] 8. The reaction of 1 with disulfides led to the dithiolato complexes [Ni(iPr2Im)2(SR)2] (R = tBu 9, Me 10, Ph 11) by S-S bond scission.

Sulfide oxidation with H 2O 2 catalyzed by manganese complex of N, N′, N″-tris(2-hydroxypropyl)-1,4,7-triazacyclononane

[MnL](ClO 4) 2 (L = N, N′, N″-tris(2-hydroxypropyl)-1,4,7-triazacyclononane) has been tested for catalyzing sulfide oxidation. In the presence of this complex, ethyl phenyl sulfide, butyl sulfide and phenyl sulfide are completely oxidized to the corresponding sulfoxides and sulfones with H 2O 2 as the oxidant. 2-Chloroethyl phenyl sulfide oxidation yield 2-chloroethyl phenyl sulfone and phenyl vinyl sulfone. In ethyl phenyl sulfide oxidation, effects of complex and H 2O 2 concentration and temperature on the reaction rate have been discussed. Through controlling reaction conditions, ethyl phenyl sulfoxide and ethyl phenyl sulfone may be produced selectively. The UV–Vis and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) studies on catalyst solution indicate that metal centre of the complex is transformed from Mn(II) to Mn(IV) after the addition of H 2O 2. At 25 °C, rate constant for ethyl phenyl sulfide oxidation is 4.38 × 10 −3 min −1.

Polymeric decontaminant: N,N‐dichloro poly(styrene‐co‐divinyl benzene) sulfonamide—synthesis, characterization and efficacy against simulant of sulfur mustard

AbstractN,N‐Dichloro poly(styrene‐co‐divinylbenzene) sulfonamide (1) reacts with 2‐chloro ethyl phenyl sulfide (2), a simulant of sulfur mustard (SM), at room temperature, yielding corresponding nontoxic sulfones and sulfoxides in aqueous as well as aprotic medium. The decontamination reaction was monitored by gas chromatography, and products were identified by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. N,N‐dichloro poly(styrene‐co‐divinylbenzene) sulfonamide was synthesized by three steps from a commercial starting material sulfonate cation‐exchange resin and characterized by FTIR, and TGA, and compressive strength by universal testing machine. The positive chlorine content of this polymer was checked by standard iodometry titration. The synthesized positive chlorine compound is observed to be a promising against a simulant of SM, chiefly in the situation where use of aqueous medium is precluded. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007

Polymeric decontaminant 2 (N,N-dichloropolystyrene sulfonamide): Synthesis, characterization, and efficacy against simulant of sulfur mustard

A polymeric decontaminant N,N-dichloropolystyrene sulfonamide was synthesized by different steps from starting material polystyrene and followed by sulfonation, chlorosulfonation, and amidification. Halogeno-sulfonamide was obtained by treatment of sodium hypochlorite with sulfonamide resin. It was characterized by FTIR, solubility, viscosity, DSC, and TGA techniques. Efficiency of this polymer as decontaminant was evaluated by reaction with 2-chloro ethyl phenyl sulfide, a simulant of sulfur mustard (SM) at room temperature. This decontamination reaction was monitored by gas chromatography (GC) and products were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The positive chlorine content of this polymer was checked by standard iodometry titration. The synthesized positive chlorine compound is observed to be a promising decontaminant against simulant of sulfur mustard, chiefly in the situation where use of aqueous medium such as acetonitrile : water (2 : 1) is precluded. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008