Ethyl Hydrogen Succinate Research Articles

Application of a pilot-scale solar still for wine lees management: characterization of by-products and valorization potential

Wine lees is a heavily contaminated by-product of wine making process. A pilot-scale solar still, equipped with an underfloor heating system, was used for dewatering the wine lees and recovering the evaporated water. Two solar distillation experiments were conducted, and the average distillate productivity rate ranged between 1.43 L/d·m2 and 3.86 L/d·m2. The higher productivity was observed at Experiment B when the daily maximum wine lees temperature in the still was 34.3 °C. The collected distillates were characterized by acidic pH and low conductivity while the average concentrations of COD and total phenols were ranged up to 82.5 g/L and 10.7 mg/L, respectively. UPLC-QToF-MS analysis revealed the existence of eighteen and five bioactive compounds in the wine lees and produced distillate, respectively, at concentrations up to 183 mg/kg and 12 mg/L for ethyl hydrogen succinate. Target screening analysis of the solid residuals allowed the quantification of seven bioactive compounds while four extra substances were identified via suspect screening. Ethyl hydrogen succinate was measured at the highest concentration (10.8 mg/kg) while the highest recovery was observed for 4-hydroxy-benzaldehyde (23.8%). The calorific values of the solid residuals exceeded 28 MJ/kg indicating their potential use as solid biofuels. Batch experiments showed that Chlorella sorokiniana can be grown in diluted distillates of the still. The higher average biomass productivity was observed for a dilution factor of 1:5 and it was equal to 31.4 mg/L per day. Analysis of the collected biomass indicated high lipid and starch content ranging up to 38.8% and 56.9%, respectively.

Novelty of Italian Grape Ale (IGA) beer: Influence of the addition of Gamay macerated grape must or dehydrated Aleatico grape pomace on the aromatic profile

A new category of fruit style beer resulting from the addition of grape matrices is named Italian Grape Ale (IGA). In this paper, we report data on an experimental work to produce IGA beers, adding macerated (CO2 or N2) red Gamay grape must or Aleatico grape pomace resulting from a grape dehydration process. Our hypothesis, that these wine processes can produce volatile organic compounds (VOCs) to characterize these IGA beers which was confirmed by chemical, sensory and aromatic results. IGA beers especially the one with gas-macerated grape musts (IGA-C and IGA-N) showed higher alcohol content than ALE beer (Control) and a higher polyphenol content and antioxidant activity. As regards VOCS, IGA beers increased the concentration of some classes (i.e., alcohols, esters, norisoprenoids) and IGA-N was better characterized by specific compounds such as isobutyric acid, phenylacetate, tyrosol, ethyl hydrogen succinate. Finally, E-nose and sensory evaluation discriminated significantly all the IGA beers.

Qualitative Changes and Flavour Profile of Banana (Musa spp) Wine during Ageing

Background: Banana is a commercial fruit of many tropical and sub-tropical nations. India is the largest producer of banana in the world. The fruit is a valuable source of carbohydrates, phenolics compounds, minerals and dietary fibre. Due to bumper production, seasonality and market gluts, huge post-harvest losses are recurring phenomena in many banana growing states in India. Hence, the present study was undertaken to evaluate the suitability of some commercial banana cultivars in the development of wine and to evaluate the qualitative changes during ageing. Methods: Wine was prepared from banana varieties (Poovan, Grand Naine, Yangambi (KM-5), Karpooravalli and Palyankodan) in 1:1 and 1:2 dilutions of pulp and water. The TSS content of the substrate was raised to 20°Brix, followed by addition of yeast @ 1.25 g/l. The must was treated with Potassium Metabisulphite (KMS) @ 0.05 g/L to inhibit the growth of other microorganisms. Fermentation was carried out for 15 days, followed by clarification and subjected to ageing for 2 months. Result: During ageing of wine, the pH and alcohol content showed an increasing trend whereas titratable acidity, total soluble solids, ascorbic acid and phenols showed a decreasing trend. The flavour profile analysis of wine revealed that ethanol, ethyl hydrogen succinate and glycerin were the major flavour compounds in banana wine. After the completion of ageing, alcohol content of banana wine ranged from 8.40 to 9.64%, phenols were in the range of 40.50 to 56.25 mg 100 g-1 and total soluble solids varied between 3.6 and 4.5° Brix. Wine prepared from the Poovan variety had the highest overall acceptability score throughout the ageing period.

Antioxidant activities and volatile compounds in longan (Dimocarpus longan Lour.) wine produced by incorporating longan seeds

The seeds of dried longan, one of the major processed fruits in Thailand, contain several bioactive compounds. In this study, we developed longan wine by incorporating its seeds during juice preparation and evaluated the antioxidant activities and volatile compounds in different conditions. The results suggested that Saccharomyces cerevisiae EC-1118 was suitable for fermentation of longan juice supplemented with 50% seed and 20% initial soluble solids at an optimal temperature of 30 °C. Different yeast strains showed various extents of antioxidant activities; however, the fermentation temperature and initial soluble solids of longan juice had little effect on the inhibition of reactive species. Antioxidant activities were significantly increased with increasing seed content. Dominant volatile compounds, which were independent of the winemaking conditions, were found to be phenethyl alcohol, 2,3-butylene glycol, 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furaldehyde, ethyl hydrogen succinate, and 4-hydroxyphenethyl alcohol. These compounds highly influenced the antioxidant activities of longan wine produced by incorporating the seeds.

Volatile Profile Characterization of Croatian Commercial Sparkling Wines.

Commercial sparkling wine production represents a relatively low but important part of the Croatian wine production, especially in the Zagreb county. This study presents the results of volatile aroma compounds profile and organic acid composition of commercial sparkling wine samples from three vine-growing regions in Zagreb county. In total, 174 volatile aroma compounds were identified, separated between their chemical classes (aldehydes, higher alcohols, volatile phenols, terpenes, C13-norisoprenoids, lactones, esters, fatty acids, sulfur compounds, other compounds, other alcohols). Higher alcohols such as phenylethyl and isoamyl alcohol as well as 2-methyl-1-butanol, and esters such as diethyl succinate, ethyl hydrogensuccinate, and ethyl lactate had the strongest impact on the volatile compounds profile of Zagreb county sparkling wine. The presence of diethyl glutarate and diethyl malonate, compounds whose concentrations are influenced by yeast autolysis or caused by chemical esterification during the ageing process, was also noted. The influence of every single volatile aroma compound was evaluated by discriminant analysis using forward stepwise model. The volatile profiles of traditional sparkling wines from Croatia were presented for the first time. It is hoped the results will contribute to better understanding the quality potential and to evaluate possible differences on the bases of detected aroma concentrations and multivariate analysis.

Analisis GC-MS ekstrak tanaman terfermentasi (ETT) dari kulit buah jengkol (Pithecellobium jiringa Prain)

Analysis of active compounds in fermented plant extract (FPE) from the ngapi nut peel using Effective Microorganism-4 (EM-4) has been done by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS). There were 88 compounds found in fermented plant extract, the major content with the area above 1% were 7 compounds such as succinic acid; ethyl hydrogen succinate; 1,2,3-benzetriol; 3,3-dimethylhexanal; L-proline, 1-methyl-5-oxo-methyl ester; 3-methoxycinnamic acid and hexadecanoic acid. Based GC-MS analysis, fermented plant extract indicated that several compounds that have potential as biopesticides.

꾸지뽕 열매 발효식초와 시판식초의 휘발성 향기성분 조성 비교

The ripe fruits of Maclura tricuspidata (formerly Cudrania tricuspidata) are bright red in color and are edible with a floral aroma and sweet taste. They have traditionally been used to prepare fresh juice, jam, wine, vinegar and alcoholic beverages in Korea. This study was carried out to characterize the volatile aroma components of wine and vinegar prepared from M. tricuspidata fruit by yeast (Fermivin) and Acetobacter pasterianus YJ17. Its volatile aroma components were also compared with those of six commercial vinegars (three domestic vinegars and three foreign balsamic vinegar products). Volatile compounds were separated by solid-phase extraction (SPE) using Amberlite XAD-2 as a sorbent. Fifty-seven compounds, including 15 alcohols, 15 esters, 12 aldehydes and ketones, 7 acids and 8 miscellaneous compounds were identified by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses in the seven vinegars and the M. tricuspidata wine sample. The newly prepared M. tricuspidata fruit vinegar (MTFV) contained 47 of them. Among all the identified compounds, ethyl hydrogen succinate, phenylacetic acid, p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol, p-hydroxybenzaldehyde, p-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, tyrosol (p-hydroxyphenylethyl alcohol), dihydroactinidiolide, 3-hydroxy-β-ionone and tryptophol were only detected in the MTFV. p-Hydroxybenzyl alcohol, p-hydroxybenzaldehyde, p-hydroxyphenylacetic acid and tyrosol have been reported to have various biological activities. Therefore, their exclusive presence in the MTFV may contribute to its health benefits.

The GC MS Studies of One Ayurvedic Medicine, Amritarishtam

The knowledge of the types of biomolecules present in Ayurvedic medicines can help in understanding the underlying mechanism of action of such medicines. This type of study is very pertinent and being sought after in the present day medical scenario, which needs newer and better approaches of treatment. The present study deals with the GC MS analysis of one such Ayurvedic medicine, Amritarishtam, which is used for the treatment of all types of fevers. The medicines was procured from standard Ayurvedic vendor at Chennai and subjected to GC MS analysis after following proper procedures. The GC MS profile indicated the presence of 12 biomolecules, such as, Phenylethyl Alcohol, Ethyl Hydrogen Succinate, 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural, Thymol, Ethanone, 1-(2hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-, Hexadecanoic acid, 2-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl)ethyl ester and Ocatadecanoic acid, 2, 3-dihyroxypropyl ester which have medicinal values relating to that of Amritarishtam. Further work to isolate the molecules and understand their role is in process.

The GC MS Study of one Ayurvedic Medicine, Vasakadyaristam

The present study deals with the GC MS analysis of one Ayurvedic prepaation, Vasakadyarishtam, which is a mucolytic medicine used for the treatment of cough, cold, chest congestion asthma and related diseases like bronchitis, inflammation and hemoptysis. The most important constituent of this medicine is Vasaka or Adhatoda vesika plant, which is known for its anti-cough and cold usage in Ayurveda. This study was to understand the main biomolecules present in this medicine by GC MS analysis. The results indicted the presence of some important molecules such as Eucalyptol, Phenylethyl alcohol, Camphor, Ethyl hydrogen succinate, Succinic acid, cyclobutyl ethyl ester, 3-Cyclohexen-1-ol, 4-methyl-(1-methylethyl)-(R)-,. alpha.-Terineol, 5-Hydroxymethyl furfural, p-Anisic acid, 4-nitrophenyl ester, 2-Propen-1-0l, 3-phenyl, Benzeneethanol, 4-hydroxy-Propiophenone, 2‘-(trimethylsioxy)-, Hexadecanoic acid, 2-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl)ethyl ester and Octadecanoic acid and 2, 3-dyhydroxypropyl ester. These molecules are known for their various medicinal properties which indicate their roles in this formulation.

The GC MS Study of one Ayurvedic Medicine, Aragwadharishtam

Aragwadharishtam is an Ayurvedic preparation used mainly to detoxify the body. Its main use is in the cure of skin diseases, ulcers and piles. The present study deals with the GC MS analysis of Aragwadharishtam to know the presence of phytochemicals present in this medicine. The GC MS profile indicated the presence of some very important molecules such as Phnylethyl alcohol, Ethyl hydrogen succinate, Butanedioic acid diethyl ester, 4Ethyl-2-hydroxycyclopent-2-en-1-one, Eugenol, Ethyl gallate, 1, 2, 3-Benzenetriol, Benzeethanol, 4-hydroxy-, Hexadecanoic acid, 2-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl) ethyl ester and Octadecanoic acid, 2, 3-hydroxypropyl ester etc. These molecules have a number of important medicinal roles which could substantiate their participation towards the medicinal activity of Aragwadharishtam as a detoxifying formula as claimed by Ayurveda. However, further work in this direction is warranted to prove the medicinal efficacy of the medicine.

Insight into the Chemical Diversity of Late/Ice Harvest Gewürztraminer Wine.

Late harvest (LHW) and ice harvest (IHW) Gewürztraminer wine samples from Croatia (Ilok) were investigated. Their technological parameters, chromaticity coordinates, total phenols content, and antioxidant capacity were determined. 5-(Hydroxymethyl)furfural, xanthine, and trans-caftaric acid were analyzed in the samples by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC-DAD). Headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) followed by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis revealed isoamyl alcohol as predominant compound (21.25-60.30%). Diethyl succinate, 2-phenylethanol, and benzaldehyde were also abundant. Ethyl octanoate (1.48-5.70%) and ethyl caprate (0.48-4.83%) decreased significantly in LHW, being the lowest in IHW. Two solvents were applied for the samples extraction (solvent A - pentane/diethyl ether 1:2 (v/v) and solvent B - dichloromethane), and the extracts were analyzed by GC/MS. Ethyl hydrogen succinate (solvent A: 27.30-52.04%; solvent B: 28.04-46.69%) and diethyl succinate (solvent A: 5.21-18.2%; solvent B: 2.66-7.72%) were predominant in IHW and LHW. Aromatic alcohols were also found: 2-phenylethanol (solvent A: 7.07-21.09%; solvent B: 5.50-11.82%), 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol (solvent A: 1.45-6.68%; solvent B: 2.47-12.16%) and benzyl alcohol (solvent A: 0.10-0.77%). The obtained results complement a previous study on IHW (Gewürztraminer) from Croatia providing new features and indicating great chemical diversity among the samples.

Identification of Volatile Compounds in Coconut Toddy by GC-MS - Assisted With Different Solvent System

Thirty one Volatile compounds from fermented coconut toddy were isolated by extracting with three different organic solvents viz., Diethyl ether, Dichloromethane and Chloroform simultaneously and analyzed by GC-MS. Eleven Distinct flavor compounds were extracted using diethyl ether in which greater quantity constitutes hydroquinone, ethyl hydrogen succinate, 2,4,6,8 – tetraazabicyclo [3.3.0] octon-3-one, 7-nitroimino, Phenylethyl alcohol is followed by oleic acid, hexanoic acid, squalene and n-Hexadecanoic acid in moderate level. 1, 2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, mono (2-ethylhexyl) ester, Dibutyl phthalate and n-Decanoic acids were found to be very trace amount. Dichloromethane was able to find out another set of twelve compounds including ethyl hydrogen succinate, Di-n-octyl phthalate, Pentanoic acid (10-undecenyl ester) and nonanoic acid as a major compounds followed by 3-Pentanol, 2, 3-dimethyl, 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid (butyl octyl ester and diheptyl ester) in moderate level and lower levels of dichloroacetic acid, 3,4-Hexanediol and 2-Buten-1-ol propanoate. Another set of extraction using chloroform repeatedly showed the presence of squalene as studied in diethyl ether extraction. It also shows the lupeol in higher level along with lower concentrations of 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, diisooctyl ester, 2,3-Epoxyhexanol, Propanedioic acid, and Aminocyanoacetic acid.

Synthesis of RIA Haptens: 3α,11α-Dihydroxy-5α-pregnan-20-one 11-Hemisuccinate

5α-Pregnane-3α,11α-diol-20-one (XVII) was prepared by hydroxylation of 5α-pregnan-3α-ol-20-one (XVI) by Rhizopus nigricans and by chemical conversion of 11α-hydroxyprogesterone (I). The diol XVII was partially acylated with 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethyl hydrogen succinate and the 11α-succinate XVIII was converted to the target 11α-hemisuccinate XXI.

Improvement of red blood cell deformability by a new anti-plalelet agent, MCI-9042

We investigated the effect of a new antiplatelet agent, MCI-9042 «±)-2-(dimethyl­ amino )-1-[[ o-(m-methoxyphenethyl)phenoxy ]methyl]ethyl hydrogen succinate) on the deformability of red blood cells (RBC deformability). In the ftltration tests with whole blood and washed red blood cell suspension through Nuclepore ftlter, MCI9042 improved filterabilities. Furthermore, MCI-9042 inhibited shear stress­ induced hemolysis in turbulent flow. These results in the three assessment systems on RBC deform ability indicate that MCI-9042 exhibits an improving effect on the deform ability of red blood cells and the efficacy of MCI-9042 is more potent than that of pentoxifylline. From the studies on the mode of action of MCI-9042 on RBC deform ability, we found that this compound reduced the membrane microvis­ cosity of red blood cells. It is therefore considered that MCI-9042 directly affects the membrane of red blood cells reducing their membrane microviscosity and con­ sequently improves RBC deform ability.

Antithrombotic Effect of MCI-9042, a New Antiplatelet Agent on Experimental Thrombosis Models

The antithrombotic effect of MCI-9042, (+-)-2-(dimethyl-amino)-1-((o-(m- methoxyphenethyl)phenoxyl]methyl]ethyl hydrogen succinate hydrochloride was investigated in three different experimental thrombosis models in animals. Simultaneous injection of serotonin and collagen into the tail vein in mice induced acute pulmonary thromboembolic death. MCI-9042 reduced the mortality in a dose dependent manner and its ED50 value was 1.9 mg/kg po. Ticlopidine (TCP) which is a positive reference compound as an antithrombotic drug reduced the mortality at doses of 10 mg/kg po and above. Cyproheptadine (CPH) and ketanserin (KTS) which are S2-serotonergic antagonists were also effective on the reduction of mortality. In mesenteric arterial thrombosis induced by electric stimulation in mice, MCI-9042 prolonged the occlusion time resulted from platelet thrombus formation (PD50: 23 mg/kg po). CPH and KTS prolonged the occlusion time as potent as MCI-9042, but TCP prolonged the occlusion time only at the high doses of 100 mg/kg po and above. In experimental arterial thrombosis which generated in implanted polyethylene tubing, MCI-9042 reduced the incidence of thrombus formation in the tubing and its ED50 value was 18 mg/kg po. TCP was also effective in this model with an ED50 of 170 mg/kg po. The present results lead to the consideration that serotonin plays a more important role in thrombus formation than that conjectured formerly, and suggest that MCI-9042 becomes a new kind of antithrombotic drug with S2-serotonergic receptor antagonism.

Studies on the Metabolic Fate of (.+-.)-2-(Dimethylamino)-1-((o-(m-methoxyphenethyl)-phenoxy)methyl)ethyl hydrogen succinate hydrochloride (MCI-9042). (III). Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion, Accumulation and Effect on the Hepatic Drug-Metabolizing Enzyme Activities after Repeated Oral Administration to Rats.

The absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and accumulation of MCI-9042 were investigated after repeated oral administration of 14C-MCI-9042 (20mg/kg/day) to male rats for 21 days. The effect of MCI-9042 on the hepatic drug-metabolizing enzyme activities was also investigated after repeated oral administration of MCI-9042 (20 or 100mg/kg/day) to male rats for 21 days. 1. The Tmax and Cmax of radioactivity in the blood after single oral administration to unfasted rats were delayed and decreased compared with those after single administration to fasted rats. Area under the time versus blood concentration curve (AUC0)∞ of radioactivity in unfasted rats was decreased about 18% compared with that in fasted rats. 2. Blood levels of radioactivity at 30 min after each dosing were nearly constant during repeated administration, and those at 24hr after each dosing were increasing up to the 12th day and then after reaching plateau remained constant. The half-life of blood levels of radi oactivity after 21 days repeated oral administration was 10.3hr (t1/2β), which was almost similar to that after single administration. 3.The tissue levels of radioactivity at 24hr after each dosing increased gradually till the 7th or 14th administration, and thereafter remaining at almost same levels. The tissue levels of radioactivity after 21 days repeated administration decreased gradually.4. The excretion rates of radioactivity into the urine and feces were nearly constant during the period of repeated administration of 14C-MCI-9042. Within 96hr after the last dosing, 21.8% and 74.3% of the administered radioactivity were recovered into urine and feces, respecti vely.5. The percentage of unchanged MCI-9042 and its metabolites to total radioactivity present in the plasma, liver, urine and feces after repeated administration were almost same as tho se after a single administration. 6. After repeated administration of MCI-9042 for 21 days, any effect on the hepatic micro somal drug-metabolizing enzyme system was not observed.

Polymer‐linked acycloguanosine

AbstractPolymer‐linked 9‐(2‐hydroxyethoxymethyl)guanine (1) (acycloguanosine, acyclovir®) was prepared. Condensation of 1 with succinic anhydride gave in 77% yield 2‐(9‐guanylmethoxy)‐ethyl hydrogen succinate (2), which was coupled through its carboxylic group either to poly(L‐lysine) (M̄r = 55000) or to N‐(6‐aminohexyl)carbamoylmethylated dextran T80 to yield the polymers 3 and 4 (ligand concentrations in 3: 30 – 48 μmol of 2/g, in 4: 100 – 171 μmol of 2/g). From both polymers the antiviral 1 could be released by controlled saponification; the rate of drug delivery was found to be a function of pH and temperature. The polymeric carrier system 3 was degraded by endo‐dextranase, and the carrier system 4 by trypsin, yielding low‐molecular‐weight derivatives of the pharmacon.

Kinetic Study of the Acid Hydrolysis of Ethyl Hydrogen Succinate in Binary Solvent Mixtures

Abstract The specific rate constants for the acid-catalysed hydrolysis of ethyl hydrogen succinate in water and in a series of acetone-water and dioxane-water mixtures were determined at 30-45 °C. The solvent composition covered the range 0-90% by weight of the organic solvent. The rate was found to decrease to a minimum at about 80% of the organic solvent then to increase again with successive addition of the latter. In dioxane-water medium a slight initial increase in rate on the first addition of dioxane to water was observed and attributed to an increase in the number of "free" water molecules. The activation energy showed only slight dependence on solvent composition. The radius of the activated complex was calculated in the two media. The thermodynamic parameters were evaluated and discussed in terms of solvent composition. The reaction proved to be essentially an ion-dipole rather than an ion-ion interaction. A comparative discussion of the specific solvent effects of the two solvent systems under consideration is presented, based on the respective bond energies as given by the heats of mixing of the solvent components.