Ethyl Ester Research Articles

Comparison of the Catabolic Rates of Linoleic and Oleic Acid Hydroperoxides Using 13CO2 Expired from Mice.

Unsaturated fatty acids, such as oleic and linoleic acids, are easily oxidized by exposure to temperature and light in the presence of air to form unsaturated fatty acid hydroperoxides as primary oxidation products. However, the catabolic rates of unsaturated fatty acid hydroperoxides in the human body remain unknown. In this study, ethyl esters of 13C-labeled linoleic acid (*C18:2-EE) and oleic acid (*C18:1-EE) and their hydroperoxides (*C18:2-EE-OOH and *C18:1-EE-OOH, respectively) prepared by the photo-oxidation of *C18:2-EE and *C18:1-EE, respectively, were administered to mice and their catabolic rates were determined by measuring the expired 13CO2 levels. *C18:2-EE-OOH and *C18:1-EE-OOH were β-oxidized faster than *C18:2-EE and *C18:1-EE, respectively. Notably, rapid β-oxidation of *C18:2-EE-OOH and *C18:1-EE-OOH was similar to that of medium-chain fatty acids, such as octanoic acid. Then, degradation products of C18:2-EE-OOH and C18:1-EE-OOH were analyzed under gastric conditions by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Major decomposition products of C18:2-EE-OOH and C18:1-EE-OOH were medium-chain compounds, such as octanoic acid ethyl ester, 9-oxo-nonanoic acid ethyl ester, and 10-oxo-8-decenoic acid ethyl esters, indicating that C18:2-EE-OOH and C18:1-EE-OOH isomers formed during photo-oxidation were decomposed under acidic conditions. These findings support previous reports that dietary lipid hydroperoxides are not absorbed into the intestine as lipid hydroperoxides but as degradation products. This is the first study to suggest that dietary lipid hydroperoxides decompose during gastric digestion to form medium-chain compounds that are directly absorbed into the liver via the portal vein and rapidly catabolized via β-oxidation.

GC-MS analysis of organic fractions of Chrozophora tinctoria (L.) A.Juss. and their prokinetic propensity in animal models.

Chrozophora tinctoria (L.) A.Juss. is herbaceous, monecious annual plant used traditionally to cure gastrointestinal disorders. The present study was carried out to find the bioactive compounds by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, the acetylcholinesterase inhibitory potential acute toxicity, and emetic activity present in the ethyl acetate fraction of Chrozophora tinctoria (EAFCT) and dichloromethane fraction of Chrozophora tinctoria (DCMFCT). The compounds detected in both fractions were mostly fatty acids, with about seven compounds in EAFCT and 10 in DCMFCT. These included pharmacologically active compounds such as imipramine, used to treat depression, or hexadecanoic acid methyl ester, an antioxidant, nematicide, pesticide, hypocholesterolemic, 9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic acid, ethyl ester, (Z,Z,Z)- is used as a cancer preventive, antiarthritic, antihistaminic, hepatoprotective, insectifuge, nematicide, Pentadecanoic acid, 14-methyl-, methyl ester have antifungal, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities, 10-Octadecanoic acid, methyl ester have the property to decrease blood cholesterol, Antioxidant and antimicrobial, 1-Eicosanol is used as an antibacterial, 1-Hexadecene has antibacterial, antioxidant, and antifungal activities. Both DCMFCT and EAFCT fractions inhibited acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity with IC50 values of 10 µg and 130 µg, respectively. Both the fractions were found to be toxic in a dose-dependent manner, inducing emesis at 0.5g onward and lethargy and mortality from 3-5 g upwards. Both the fractions combined with distilled water showed highly emetic activity. The significant increase in the number of vomits was shown by EAFCT plus distilled water which are 7.50±1.29, 7.25±3.10, and 11.75±2.22 number of vomits at 1g, 2g, and 3g/kg concentration respectively, while DCMFCT plus distilled water showed 5.25±2.22, 7.50±2.52 and 10.25±2.22 number of vomits at 1g, 2, and 3g/kg correspondingly. The antiemetic standard drug metoclopramide has a higher impact against the emesis induced by both the fractions than dimenhydrinate. Metoclopramide decreases the number of vomits caused by EAFCT to 1.00±0.00, 2.00±0.00, 4.00±1.00 at 1g, 2, and 3g/kg sequentially, while dimenhydrinate decreases the number of vomits to 1.33±0.58, 2.33±1.15, 4.33±0.58 at 1g, 2, and 3g respectively. In the same way, Metochloprimide decreases the number of emesis caused by DcmCt from 5.25±2.22, 7.50±2.52, 10.25±2.22 to 1.33±0.58, 2.33±1.1, 4.33±0.58 at 1g, 2, and 3g/kg concentrations. The present study is the first documented report that scientifically validates the folkloric use of Chrozophora tinctoria as an emetic agent.

PHARMACOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION OF ANCHOMANES DIFFORMIS FOR ITS ANTIANAEMIC ACTIVITIES.

ABSTRACTS: Aim: Easy access to functional food may reduce the menace and help to reduce mortality rate due to malnutrition, hence, the reason for this research. This is because Anchomanes difformis is one vegetable that can be easily found in the wild. The anti-anaemic properties of the plant was investigated coupled with its proximate, mineral and phytochemicals contents. Methods: Thirty–six female wistar rats were selected for in-vivo anaemia evaluation. They were induced with cyclophosphamide for a period of five days, in order to induced bleeding into them before commencement of treatment with 200mg/kg and 300mg/kg of Anchomanes difformis methanolic leaf extracts for twelve days. Results: The results shows that the extracts compete favorably with the group that was treated with Cobalamin and the plant contains high mineral composition with sodium being the highest with 150. 30 ± 0.10 ppm. Other minerals very high in the extract are potassium (412.40 ± 1.10 ppm), Calcium (295 ppm), and Phosphorous (71 ppm) which are essential for pregnant women, In addition, Anchomanes difformis was rich in carbohydrate. The following phytochemicals were at peak in the GCMS analysis- hexadecanoic acid, ethyl ester, Indole, Hexanamide and Adonite. Conclusion: The methanol leaf extracts of Anchomanes difformis possess anti-anaemic properties due to its ability to reverse all the negative effects caused by cyclophosphamide and it is recommended for pregnant women and anaemic children.

Polycondensations and cyclization of poly(l-lactide) ethyl esters in the solid state

The usefulness of seven different tin catalysts, bismuth subsalicylate and titan tetra(ethoxide) for the polycondensation of ethyl l-lactate (ELA) was examined at 150 °C for 6 d.

The Enrichment of Docosahexaenoic Acid from Microalgal Oil by Urea Complexation via Rotary-evaporation Crystallization.

Urea complexation is a widely used method for enriching polyunsaturated fatty acids, and cooling is the traditional approach for urea crystallization. This study aimed to investigate the potential of rotary-evaporation under vacuum as an alternative method for urea crystallization in urea complexation to enrich docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). DHA-containing microalgal oil was converted to ethyl esters (EE) as the raw material. In comparison to cooling, rotary-evaporation crystallization, as a post-treatment method for urea complexation, led to higher DHA contents in the non-urea included fractions. The ratios of urea to EE converted from DHA-containing microalgal oil was found to be the primary factors influencing urea complexation when using rotary-evaporation crystallization. Through an orthogonal test, optimal process conditions were determined, including a urea/EE ratio of 2, an ethanol/urea ratio of 7, and a rotary-evaporation temperature of 75℃. Under these conditions, a concentrate containing more than 90% DHA could be obtained.

One-pot synthesis of N-sulfonylamidines from N-acylsulfonamides enabled by a metal triflate-mediated nonhydrolytic N-deacylation.

A triflate salt-catalyzed nonhydrolytic method for the deacylation of N-acylsulfonamides and subsequent one-pot condensation of the newly formed sulfonamides with N,N-dimethylformamide dimethyl acetal to provide N-sulfonylamidines is presented. A range of aliphatic and aromatic N-acylsulfonamides bearing various N-acyl groups such as acetyl, propionyl, butyrl, isobutyryl, octanoyl, benzoyl, 2-phenylacetyl, and sterically hindered pivaloyl are readily transformed into the corresponding N-sulfonylamidines in good to excellent yields. A variety of functional groups including halogeno, keto, nitro, cyano, hydroxyl, ether, and carboxylic ester are tolerated intact.

Features of the 4-dimethylaminobenzoylhydrazone ethyl ester of 2.4-dioxopentanoic acid

The composition and structure of 4-dimethylaminobenzoylhydrazone ethyl ester of 2,4-dioxopentanoic acid (I) were established by elemental analysis, IR and 1H-NMR spectroscopy. The resulting ligand single crystals were studied by X-ray diffraction analysis. Thus, as a result of IR, NMR-1Н, and X-ray studies, it was found that the compound I in the solid state is in the pyrazoline ring IC. In the crystal structure, the organic molecules are linked with the intermolecular O–H···O, C–H···O hydrogen bonds as well as C–H··· π and π−π interactions which form 3D crystal structures and ensure the lattice stability. Hirshfeld surface analysis indicates that the most important contributions to the crystal packing stem from H…H (58.2%), H…O/O…H (19.5%) and H…C/C…H (14.9%) interactions. Energy framework calculations reveal a significant contribution of dispersion energy. The calculated highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy gap is 4.522 eV.

Binding modes of the metabolites docosahexaenoic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, and eicosapentaenoic acid ethyl ester from Caulerpa racemosa as COX-2 inhibitors revealed via metabolomics and molecular dynamics

A total of 116 metabolites of Caulerpa racemosa were identified. However, only three (DHA, EPA, and EPAS) were found to have high anti-inflammatory potential, with Pa scores ranging from 0.764 to 0,827. The inhibition constant (Ki) and binding energy interactions with COX-2 revealed by DHA (−8.83 kcal/mol: 0.338 μM), EPA (−8.35 kcal/mol: 0.763 μM), EPAS (−8.05 kcal/mol: 1.25 μM). They were used to bind to the fundamental residues of COX-2 (TYR 348, VAL 349, LEU 384, TYR 385, and TRP 387). The result of molecular dynamics showed that DHA, EPA, and EPAS had high stability while interacting with COX-2 in 310 K. The stabilities were 1.8 Å for DHA from 60 Ns to 200 Ns, 2.0 Å for EPA from 75 Ns to 200 Ns, and 2.2 Å for EPAS from 100 Ns to 200 Ns. Additionally, the potential energy of DHA (−1.069.250 eV) was higher compared with that of EPA (−1.069.247 eV) and EPAS (−1.069.220 eV). This data shows that DHA, EPA, and EPAS could stably inhibit COX-2 by blocking the transcriptional regulation of COX-2 via TYR348, VAL349, LEU384, TYR385, and TRP387.

Comparative characteristics of different methods for electrophoretic determination of mono- and disaccarides using derivatization

The following variants of electrophoretic determination of sugars with prior derivatization are considered in the article: reductive amination using p-aminobenzoic acid ethyl ester (ABEE) and condensation with 1-phenyl-3-methyl-5-pyrazolone (PMP). Derivatization products were separated using capillary electrophoresis in both zone and micellar modes, and comparative estimate characteristics were obtained. The best efficiency (ca. 650 thousand theoretical plates), selectivity (2.1–2.4), and LOD (0.8–2.9 μg/mL) was observed for the separation of reductive amination products using micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC). Optimization of derivatization conditions was performed for the reductive amination using the central composite experiment design. Additionally, LOD was lowered by the sample intracapillary concentration in sweeping mode, and sample enhancement factors (SEF) of 13–19 were achieved. A proof-of-concept possibility of the intracapillary reductive amination ensuring electrophoretic mobility of the derivatization reagent using detergent micelles as carrying agents was demonstrated. Both derivatization methods were applied for the analysis of baby food.

Low molar mass cyclic poly(L-lactide)s: separate transesterification reactions of cycles and linear chains in the solid state.

L-Lactide (LA) was polymerized with neat tin(II) 2-ethylhexanoate (SnOct2) in toluene at 115 °C at low concentration with variation of the LA/Cat ratio. Cyclic polylactides (cPLAs) with number average molecular weights (Mn) between 7000 and 17 000 were obtained. MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry also revealed the formation of a few percent of linear chains. Crystalline cPLAs with Mn around 9000 and 14 000 were annealed at 140 °C in the presence of ScOct2 or dibutyl-2-stanna-1,3-dithiolane (DSTL). Simultaneously, crystallites of extended linear chains and crystallites of extended cycles were formed regardless of the catalyst, indicating that transesterification reaction proceeded different for linear chains and for cycles, governed by thermodynamic control. The formation of extended chain crystallites with low dispersity indicates the existence of symproportionation of short and long chains. A complementary experiment was carried out with a PLA ethyl ester composed mainly of linear chains with a small fraction of cycles.

Regulating and controlling the stepwise ESDPT channel of BP(OH)2DCEt2 using the strategy of solvent polarity and external electric field.

Excited state double proton transfer (ESDPT) has attracted great scientific interest because of its excellent luminescent properties. However, the complex process of ESDPT has plagued theoretical and experimental scientists for a long time and has become a hot issue. In this work, the ESDPT process of 2,2'-bipyridine-3,3'-diol-5,5'-dicarboxylic acid ethyl ester (BP(OH)2DCEt2) is systematically studied and the regulation of the ESDPT process is further realized. The potential energy curves indicate that BP(OH)2DCEt2 shows the characteristics of stepwise ESDPT in different polar solvents. The increase in solvent polarity will be beneficial to the stepwise ESDPT reaction. Regrettably, it is not possible to distinguish the specific stepwise transfer path of the BP(OH)2DCEt2 molecule due to the symmetry of the potential energy surface along the diagonal. On this basis, we proposed a method to control and regulate the stepwise ESDPT path using an external electric field. The results show that the increase of external electric field intensity is favorable to stepwise ESDPT. It is interesting to note that applying an external electric field in a specific direction will effectively distinguish stepwise ESDPT reaction paths. Therefore, this work not only helps to understand the mechanism of ESDPT, but also contributes to regulation and design of new luminescent materials with excellent luminescent properties.

Effects of omega-3, omega-6, and total dietary polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation in patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background: Uncertainty exists about the link between omega-3 fatty acid, omega-6 fatty acid, and total polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) intake and mortality in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) patients, and no meta-analyses summarize the relationship between these various types of PUFAs and ASCVD. Methods: Web of Science, PubMed, EBSCO and Cochrane Library up to November 30, 2022 were searched for prospective randomized controlled studies investigating the relationships among omega-3, omega-6, and PUFA intake and mortality and cardiovascular events in ASCVD patients. This study has been registered at PROSPERO (No. CRD42023407566). Results: This meta-analysis included 21 publications from 17 studies involving 40 861 participants published between 1965 and 2022. In ASCVD patients, omega-3 may lower all-cause mortality (RR: 0.90, 95% CI [0.83, 0.98], I2 = 8%), CVD mortality (RR: 0.82, 95% CI [0.73, 0.91], I2 = 34%) and CVD events (RR: 0.90, 95% CI [0.86, 0.93], I2 = 79%). Subgroup analyses showed that EPA or EPA ethyl ester supplementation reduced CVD events, while the mixture of EPA and DHA had no significant impact. Long-chain omega-3 consumption of 1.0-4.0 g per d reduced death risk by 3.5% for each 1 g per d increase. Omega-6 and PUFA had no significant effect on mortality or CVD events, with low-quality evidence and significant heterogeneity. Conclusions: omega-3 intake is associated with a reduced risk of all-cause mortality, CVD mortality, and CVD events in ASCVD patients, while omega-6 or total PUFA intake showed no significant association. Increasing the omega-3 intake by 1 g per d resulted in a 3.5% decrease in the risk of death. These findings support the recommendation of supplements with omega-3 fatty acids for the secondary prevention of ASCVD.

The epigenetic signatures of opioid addiction and physical dependence are prevented by D-cysteine ethyl ester and betaine.

We have reported that D,L-thiol esters, including D-cysteine ethyl ester (D-CYSee), are effective at overcoming opioid-induced respiratory depression (OIRD) in rats. Our on-going studies reveal that co-injections of D-CYSee with multi-day morphine injections markedly diminish spontaneous withdrawal that usually occurs after cessation of multiple injections of morphine in rats. Chronically administered opioids are known (1) to alter cellular redox status, thus inducing an oxidative state, and (2) for an overall decrease in DNA methylation, therefore resulting in the transcriptional activation of previously silenced long interspersed elements (LINE-1) retrotransposon genes. The first objective of the present study was to determine whether D-CYSee and the one carbon metabolism with the methyl donor, betaine, would maintain redox control and normal DNA methylation levels in human neuroblastoma cell cultures (SH-SY5Y) under overnight challenge with morphine (100nM). The second objective was to determine whether D-CYSee and/or betaine could diminish the degree of physical dependence to morphine in male Sprague Dawley rats. Our data showed that overnight treatment with morphine reduced cellular GSH levels, induced mitochondrial damage, decreased global DNA methylation, and increased LINE-1 mRNA expression. These adverse effects by morphine, which diminished the reducing capacity and compromised the maintenance of the membrane potential of SH-SY5Y cells, was prevented by concurrent application of D-CYSee (100µM) or betaine (300µM). Furthermore, our data demonstrated that co-injections of D-CYSee (250μmol/kg, IV) and to a lesser extent, betaine (250μmol/kg, IV), markedly diminished the development of physical dependence induced by multi-day morphine injections (escalating daily doses of 10-30mg/kg, IV), as assessed by the lesser number of withdrawal phenomena elicited by the injection of the opioid receptor antagonist, naloxone (1.5mg/kg, IV). These findings provide evidence that D-CYSee and betaine prevent the appearance of redox alterations and epigenetic signatures commonly seen in neural cells involved in opioid physical dependence/addiction, and lessen development of physical dependence to morphine.

Profile of red wine partially dealcoholized with a membrane-based technique and strategies to mitigate the loss of volatile compounds

In recent years, climate change has led to higher grape must sugar content and, consequently, increased alcohol by volume. Evaporative or pertraction is a common method for post-fermentation ethanol removal from wines, but it selectively removes some less polar volatile compounds along with ethanol.To mitigate volatile substance loss, this study investigates blending of the red wine (Marzemino-Cabernet blend) with obtained dealcoholized samples from it by industrial evaporative pertraction system, while maintaining the final product within a two-percentage-point reduction in ethanol. Thus MIX 1 and MIX 2 blends were prepared, reducing the ABV of the initial wine (12.5% alcohol by volume) to 10.5% and 9.5%.Chemical analyses highlighted that most alcohols, acetates, and ethyl esters of fatty acids decreased with alcohol by volume reduction. However, compounds with polar groups (acetoin and acetovanillone), C13-norisoprenoids, and certain lactones showed increasing trends. Sensory analysis indicated high scores for sweetness and smoothness in the blended wines, with a decrease in acidic taste. Floral scents notably increased, particularly in MIX 2, closely resembling the initial wine’s sensory profile.The blending of initial wine with appropriately dealcoholized wine samples has proven to be an effective strategy for preserving bouquet and color of dealcoholized wines. This approach broadens the consumer base by catering to people who prefer low-alcohol options, have dietary restrictions, or are health-conscious, but who still wish to savor wines with aromatic quality rather than a flat taste. This strategy is crucial in the wine industry as it successfully addresses technical challenges and ensures economic viability.

Borylation via iridium catalysed C-H activation: a new concise route to duocarmycin derivatives.

The synthesis of the ethyl ester analogue of the ultrapotent antitumour antibiotic seco-duocarmycin SA has been achieved in eleven linear steps from commercially available starting materials. The DSA alkylation subunit can be made in ten linear steps from the same precursor. The route involves C-H activation at the equivalent of the C7 position on indole leading to a borylated intermediate 9 that is stable enough for peptide coupling reactions but can be easily converted to the free hydroxyl analogue.

Effect of six month's treatment with omega-3 acid ethyl esters on long-term outcomes after acute myocardial infarction: The OMEGA-REMODEL randomized clinical trial

BackgroundOmega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (O3-FA) have been shown to reduce inflammation and adverse cardiac remodeling after acute myocardial infarction (AMI). However, the impact of O3-FA on long-term clinical outcomes remains uncertain. AimsTo investigate the impact of O3-FA on adverse cardiac events in long-term follow up post AMI in a pilot-study. MethodsConsecutive patients with AMI were randomized 1:1 to receive 6 months of O3-FA (4 g/daily) or placebo in the prospective, multicenter OMEGA-REMODEL trial. Primary endpoint was a composite of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) encompassing all-cause death, heart failure hospitalizations, recurrent acute coronary syndrome, and late coronary artery bypass graft (CABG). ResultsA total of 358 patients (62.8% male; 48.1 ± 16.1 years) were followed for a median of 6.6 (IQR: 5.0–9.1) years. Among those receiving O3-FA (n = 180), MACE occurred in 65 (36.1%) compared to 62 (34.8%) of 178 assigned to placebo. By intention-to-treat analysis, O3-FA treatment assignment did not reduce MACE (HR = 1.014; 95%CI = 0.716–1.436; p = 0.938), or its individual components. However, patients with a positive response to O3-FA treatment (n = 43), defined as an increase in the red blood cell omega-3 index (O3I) ≥5% after 6 months of treatment, had lower annualized MACE rates compared to those without (2.9% (95%CI = 1.2–5.1) vs 7.1% (95%CI = 5.7–8.9); p = 0.001). This treatment benefit persisted after adjustment for baseline characteristics (HRadjusted = 0.460; 95%CI = 0.218–0.970; p = 0.041). ConclusionIn long-term follow-up of the OMEGA-REMODEL randomized trial, O3-FA did not reduce MACE after AMI by intention to treat principle, however, patients who achieved a ≥ 5% increase of O3I subsequent to treatment had favorable outcomes.

Efficient Enzymatic Enrichment of High-purity Nervonic Acid from Malania oleifera Seed Oil.

Nervonic acid (NA) is a monounsaturated fatty acid vital for brain health and is of emerging importance in various industrial applications, including therapeutics, food, and cosmetics. Given the growing demands of the food and pharmaceutical industries, there's a pressing need for high-purity NA. Previously, NA constituents in plant seed oils were chemically transformed into nervonic acid ethyl ester (NAEE) to facilitate extraction from seed oils. In this study, we present an enzymatic approach to convert NA constituents in Malania oleifera seed oil to NAEE. Combined with the utilization of the semi-preparative chromatography, we achieved a remarkable purity of 97.52% NAEE. Compared to conventional chemical preparations characterized by multiple steps, prolonged processing times, and low yields and purities, our enzymatic method stands out as a more efficient and advantageous alternative. On top of that, this innovative approach is environmentally friendly and circumvents health and safety issues associated with chemical processes.

Transformation of poly(l-lactide) crystals composed of linear chains into crystals composed of cycles

A poly(l-lactide) with a trifluoro ethyl ester end group and an average degree of polymerization (DP) of 50 was synthesized by ROP of l-lactide initiated with trifluoroethanol.

Isolation and Structural Elucidation of Antimicrobial Molecules from Crinum ornatum (Aiton) Rhizome of Dutsin-Ma

Crinum ornatum is a well-known traditional herb used used traditionally to treat various diseases including wounds, sores, vomiting, ear-aches, urinary tract infection, coughs and cold, renal and hepatic conditions, sexually transmitted diseases and backaches. The rhizomes of C. ornatum were collected, identified, air-dried and pulverized and subjected to cold extraction using hexane, dichloromethane (DCM), ethyl acetate (EtOAc) and methanol (MeOH) respectively. Antimicrobial activity of the extracts was determined using standard antimicrobial tests with Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi, Baccilus subtilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa as test microorganisms. The most active extract was thereafter subjected to Gas chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GCMS) analysis, the Structural elucidation of the isolated molecule was performed using advanced spectroscopic techniques, including nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), Results of the antimicrobial activity test of the extracts showed appreciable antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi (with MIC value ranging from 200 mg/ml to 25 mg/ml). The results demonstrated significant inhibitory effects, highlighting the potential of the compound as an antimicrobial agent. GCMS analysis identified 45 compounds in the most active (DCM) extract. Out of these, eight (8) compounds were most abundant (revealed >5% peak areas on GC chromatogram). These are: n-hexanedecanoic acid, hexadecanoic acid ethyl ester, 9,12-octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z),oleic acid, linoleic acid ethyl ester, ethyl oleate, squalene and tetrapentacontane. Antibacterial activity exhibited by the plant could be ascribed to the presence of the major phytocompounds in the plant and this provides scientific proof of some of ethnomedicinal uses of Crinum ornatum rhizome.

Partial dealcoholization of a Malbec wine through pervaporation with a PDMS membrane: Effect of operation temperature on process economics, volatile aroma composition and sensory properties

In the present work, partial dealcoholization of a Malbec red wine with 14.8% v/v alcohol by pervaporation through a PDMS membrane (polydimethylsiloxane) was addressed. The influence of the process temperature on the economy of the process, the composition of volatile aroma compounds and wine sensory characteristics was deeply analyzed.To do so, partial dealcoholization experiments at lab scale were run with the pervaporation setup operated at a permeate pressure of 0.013 bar and at three different temperatures; i.e. 35, 40 and 45 °C. Two types of runs were carried out: (i) simple runs to build a conceptual model of the process and (ii) repetitions to accumulate an adequate volume of partially dealcoholized wine (10.5%v/v) to allow the sensory analysis of the following Malbec wines: the initial wine, the partially dealcoholized wines and the blends in a 70/30 ratio (13.5% v/v)).From the conceptual modeling stage the required value of the fractional pervaporation advance ηreq of 0.09 was obtained, as well as the average values of permeate overall fluxes at 35, 40 and 45 °C; i.e., 1.02, 1.38 and 1.82 kg m−2 h−1, respectively. For all variants, a permeate product with an alcohol content of 54% v/v was estimated. Experimental values agreed reasonably well with those obtained from the model simulation.The conceptual modeling of the process enabled the scaling-up of the process and the subsequent economic analysis. The best figures corresponded to the design with heat integration at 45 °C when earnings estimated from the sale of the ethanol-rich permeate to the local market was taken into account.Fresh Malbec, partially dealcoholized wines at the selected temperatures, and their corresponding blends were chemical and sensory characterized. Dealcoholized wines showed differences concerning the operating temperature on the volatile and total acidity, fructose, anthocyanins, tannins, total polymers, and CIELAB parameters, except lightness. The total and volatile acidity were affected by the temperature and showed an increase in dealcoholized and blended wines with the respective decrease of the pH. Dealcoholization favored the presence of large polymeric pigments (0.6 in initial wines and an average of 0.96 in blends), which are associated positively with color stability.Volatiles were also affected by the operating temperature, decreasing the concentration of all chemical groups in these wines. A total of thirty-two free volatile organic compounds (VOCs) including higher alcohols (HA), medium chain fatty acid ethyl esters (MCFAEE), higher alcohol acetates (HAA), medium chain fatty acids (MCFA), norisoprenoids (NI) and terpenoids (TP) were identified and quantified.Finally, sensory evaluation demonstrated that partially dealcoholized wines could not be differentiated by the operation temperature. The fullness, astringency, pungency, floral notes, bitterness, color intensity, and sweetness were significant variables that allowed differentiate between initial, partially dealcoholized, and blend wines. Despite the loss of volatile compounds, blended wines showed higher intensity of floral attributes, and in mouth were lesser astringent, bitter, and pungent than the fresh wine.From an overall perspective, pervaporation of fresh wine with a PDMS membrane at 45 °C and the adoption of a dilution ratio of 70/30 for initial wine to partially dealcoholized wine result in a promising strategy to reduce the alcohol content without affecting the sensory quality of the final red wine.