Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid Research Articles

Metabolic Characterization of Sarin, Cyclosarin, and Novichoks (A-230, A-232) in Human Liver Microsomes.

We have assessed the human liver microsomal (HLM) metabolism of the chemical warfare nerve agents' sarin (GB), cyclosarin (GF), and the Novichok agents A-230 and A-232. In HLM, GB showed drastically decreased stability (t1/2 = 1.4 h). The addition of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), which inhibits paraoxonase-1 (PON1), reduced the metabolism of GB in HLM suggesting at least a partial role in its metabolism (t1/2 = 2.6 h). The absence of NADPH (a requirement for CYP activity) had a major impact on metabolism, suggesting a role of likely CYP-mediated metabolism, which was rescued with the later addition of NADPH at 4 h. GF was also metabolized readily in HLM (Control t1/2 = 9.7 h; HLM t1/2 = 0.5 h), and this metabolism was mitigated by the addition of EDTA (t1/2 (fast) = 0.7 h, t1/2 (slow) = 4.0 h), suggesting a PON1 role in the metabolism of GF. GF in HLMs also showed a reduced metabolism without NADPH, suggesting a CYP-mediated role. We have described for the first time the clearance of A-230 in HLM (t1/2 (fast) = 0.9 h, t1/2 (slow) = 26.5 h), with a significantly decreased stability from the control (t1/2 = 48.3 h) and with the formation of the A-230 acid as the major metabolite. EDTA also reduced the metabolism of A-230 in HLMs (t1/2 (fast) = 0.8 h, t1/2 (slow) = 62 h). A-232 metabolism was also HLM-dependent (t1/2 (fast) = 1.2 h, t1/2 (slow) = 1190 h), although overall it was dramatically more stable in the control (t1/2 = 2,300 h). The metabolism of A-232 in HLMs also showed some inhibition by EDTA (t1/2 (fast) = 0.5 h, t1/2 (slow) = 1480 h).

Mechanism of copper activation and adsorption in marmatite enhanced via dissolution of iron and zinc by ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid complexation

ABSTRACT In this study, the impact of disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA-2Na) as a potent complexing agent on the enhanced activation flotation of marmatite was investigated through a series of characterization. Micro-flotation tests demonstrated a significant improvement in the recovery of marmatite upon the addition of EDTA-2Na. Furthermore, XPS analysis showed that under the EDTA-2Na activation system, the formation of copper – sulfur (Cu-S) products on the marmatite surface increased, thereby indicating enhanced Cu adsorption. The results of ICP-OES and UV-vis spectroscopy indicated that compared with the conventional Cu activation systems, the enhanced EDTA-2Na activation system facilitated the increased dissolution of zinc and iron. Additionally, it increased Cu adsorption on mineral surfaces, thereby promoting the efficiency of xanthate adsorption and collection. Conclusively, the combination of the strengthened activation of Cu ions via metal ions complexation and the improvement of xanthate efficiency enhanced the flotation recovery ability of marmatite. Thus, this study offered a novel sustainable strategy to enhance the marmatite flotation recovery rate.

Geochemical signatures and contamination levels of rare earth elements in soil profiles controlled by parent rock and soil properties.

Rare earth elements (REEs) are emerging contaminants rendering potential risks in soils to environmental quality and human health. The causation between their geochemical signatures and contamination levels with parent rocks and soil properties are critical for REEs risk assessments, which are urgently needed globally. Thus, this study aimed to elucidate cause-and-effect among hydrofluoric-acid-digested total and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid extracted bioavailable soil REEs and their contamination degree evaluated by pollution indices in 268 soil layer (horizon) samples from 50 soil profiles derived from felsic, intermediate, mafic, ultramafic, and sedimentary rocks in Taiwan. The total REEs was 133 ± 61.9mg/kg and all individual REEs were classified as minimal contamination by the enrichment factor. The highest total soil REEs was from granite, followed by sandstone and shale, mafic rocks, andesite, and ultramafic rocks. All soils were ranked as significantly pollution risk by the pollution loading index. Furthermore, REEs were accumulated in all subsoils due to the co-translocation with soil colloids during the intensive leaching, corresponding with their higher geoaccumulation index value than those in surface soils. The contamination degree and bioavailable REEs significantly increased with the increasing total REEs. However, the stronger sequestration of clay and free Fe oxides for heavy REEs (HREEs) over light REEs (LREEs) mitigated their bioavailability, especially in the highly weathered soils like Ultisols and Oxisols. This study highlighted the dominance of soil properties in REEs fractionation, where the preferential fixation of soil colloids for HREEs throughout soil profiles reduced their uptake risk for biome even under the rising contamination potential.

A Prototype of Ultrasensitive Time-Resolved Fluoroimmunoassay with Enhanced Fluorescence System for the Trace Determination of Urinary 8-Hydroxy-2`-Deoxyguanosine, the DNA Oxidative Stress Biomarker.

This study presents a new highly sensitive and specific time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay (TRFIA) for the measurement of trace amounts of the urinary 8-hydroxy-2`-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) which is a biomarker for oxidative stress on DNA. The assay relied on a competitive binding approach and a mouse monoclonal antibody which recognized 8-OHdG with high specificity. In this assay, 8-OHdG conjugated with bovine serum albumin protein (8-OHdG-BSA) was employed as a solid phase antigen. The competition occurred between the 8-OHdG present in the sample solutions and the assay plate-coated 8-OHdG-BSA for a limited quantity of the anti-8-OHdG antibody labeled with a chelate of europium of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. The fluorescence signal of the europium chelate-labeled antibody was enhanced by a solution composed of thenoyltrifluoroacetone, trioctylphosphine oxide, and Triton X-100. The validation demonstrated a working range of 10-600 pg mL-1 and a limit of quantitation of 10 pg mL-1. When applied to urine samples, the assay exhibited satisfactory accuracy and precision in quantifying 8-OHdG. In summary, this study introduces the first TRFIA capable of detecting urinary levels of 8-OHdG at picogram levels. The assay outperforms existing analytical techniques for 8-OHdG in terms of sensitivity, convenience, and analysis throughput.

Evaluating the bioavailability of rare earth elements in paddy soils and their uptake in rice grains for human health risk.

Rare earth elements (REEs) are a critical global focus due to their increasing use, raising concerns about their environmental distribution and human exposure, both vital to food safety and human health. Surface soil (0-30cm) and corresponding rice grain samples (n = 85) were collected from paddy fields in Taiwan. This study investigated the total REE contents in soil through aqua regia digestion, as well as their labile forms extracted using 0.05M ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), 0.10M hydrogen chloride (HCl), and 0.01M calcium chloride (CaCl2). The REE concentrations in the rice grains (Oryza sativa L.) were also analyzed. The estimated daily intake (EDI) of REEs through rice consumption for males was 1.3 times higher than that for females. Children under 12years of age, regardless of gender, had the highest EDI of REEs compared to other age groups. High rice consumption and a high proportion of children are potentially at higher risk for elevated REE exposure. The transport of REEs from soil to rice demonstrated their shift of fractionation by the lower ratio of light REEs and heavy REEs in rice grain compared to soil and their upper continental crust (UCC)-normalized patterns. Empirical equations were developed to estimate the concentrations of REEs in rice grains based on soil pH, clay content, organic carbon, cation exchange capacity, dithionite-citrate-bicarbonate extractable iron, and labile REEs. This study provides critical insights into the health risks of REEs, clarifying their human exposure and the bioavailability from paddy soil to rice.

Plasmodium falciparum histidine-rich protein 2 exhibits cell penetration and cytotoxicity with autophagy dysfunction.

Plasmodium falciparum is a major cause of severe malaria. This protozoan infects human red blood cells and secretes large quantities of histidine-rich protein 2 (PfHRP2) into the bloodstream, making it a well-known diagnostic marker. Here, however, we identified PfHRP2 as a pathogenic factor produced by P. falciparum. PfHRP2 showed cell penetration and cytotoxicity against various human cells. PfHRP2 also exhibited significant cytotoxicity at concentrations found in P. falciparum-infected patients' blood (90-100nM). We also showed that PfHRP2 binds to Ca2+ ions, localizes to intracellular lysosomes, increases lysosomal Ca2+ levels, and inhibits the basal level of autophagy by preventing autolysosome formation. Furthermore, the Ca2+-dependent cytotoxicity of PfHRP2 was suppressed by the metal ion chelator ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. In summary, our findings suggest PfHRP2 as a crucial pathogenic factor produced by P. falciparum and its mode of action. Overall, this study provides preliminary insights into P. falciparum malaria pathogenesis.

In vitro cytotoxicity evaluation of endodontic irrigants combined with cationic peptide

Abstract Aim: The aim of this study was to assess the cytotoxicity of endodontic irrigants 2% chlorhexidine (CHX) and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) combined with cationic peptide DJK-5 on L929 mouse subcutaneous fibroblast cells. Subjects and Methods: L929 cells were cultured and treated with 2% CHX, 2% CHX + DJK-5, 8.5% EDTA, 8.5% EDTA + DJK-5, and DJK-5 alone (DJK-5 peptide concentration–10 μg/mL) for 24 and 48 h. The cytotoxicity of the endodontic irrigants was determined using methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium assay and Live/Dead assay using acridine orange and ethidium bromide dual fluorescence staining. Statistical Analysis Used: The Shapiro–Wilk test was used to verify the normality of the data within each group at two different time points. Parametric tests were used for the comparison. Paired sample t-test was used for the comparison of the cytotoxicity of irrigants over time. One-way ANOVA was employed for the comparison of the cytotoxicity of irrigants. Tukey’s test was used for pairwise comparison between groups. SPSS software version 27 was used for the data analyses. Results: CHX exhibited slight cytotoxicity at 24 h and higher cytotoxicity at 48 h (P < 0.05). EDTA showed better cell viability than CHX at both time points. In combination groups, the EDTA + DJK-5 group showed lower cytotoxicity at both time points (P > 0.05). The combination of CHX with DJK-5 reduced the cytotoxicity of CHX (P < 0.05). Conclusions: The cytotoxicity of endodontic irrigants was found to be time dependent. CHX was found to be highly cytotoxic at 2% concentration. DJK-5 was found to have the least cytotoxicity, and it significantly reduced the cytotoxicity of CHX and EDTA.

Enhancing efficiency and control in DNA hydrogel synthesis: A dual rolling circle amplification approach and parameter optimization study.

DNA hydrogels are a focus of current research in the realm of cutting-edge functional biomaterials. Rolling circle amplification (RCA) technology has surfaced as a flexible approach for producing functional DNA hydrogels in a one-pot manner, owing to its effectiveness and ease of use. This study introduces a simple dual RCA approach for producing DNA hydrogels. Our research delves into the impacts of different reaction parameters, such as reaction buffer, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) concentration, base pair types and ratios, circular DNA template concentration, and RCA temperature, on the yield, morphology, and rheological characteristics of the resulting DNA hydrogels. Our findings demonstrate that DNA hydrogels prepared with TE buffer containing 1mM EDTA, higher concentrations of circular DNA templates, and an RCA reaction temperature of 30°C exhibited improved morphological characteristics and favorable mechanical properties. Furthermore, while G-C base pairs significantly enhance the mechanical properties of the hydrogel at lower concentrations, their excessive presence may negatively impact both the formation and mechanical integrity of the hydrogel. The findings from this study are crucial for boosting the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of DNA hydrogel synthesis, enhancing their quality, and broadening their range of applications.

C2O42--templated [Ln2Ni] heterometallic compounds for enhanced magnetocaloric effects at low fields.

In the history of magnetochemistry development, lanthanide-transition (3d-4f) heterometallic compounds have been considered an attractive candidate for magnetic refrigerants. Herein, a series of heterometallic compounds have been designed and templated by C2O42- anions, that is, {[Ln2Ni(L)(C2O4)2(H2O)2]·H2O}n [Ln = GdIII (abbr. Gd2Ni) = SmIII (abbr. Sm2Ni) = TbIII (abbr. Tb2Ni), H2C2O4 = oxalic acid; H4L = ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid]. The structural analysis reveals that Ln2Ni compounds feature a C2O42--templated wavy-shaped two-dimensional layer. Then, adjacent wavy-shaped layers are further aggregated by C2O42- anions, resulting in an innovative three-dimensional metal-organic framework. Magnetization analysis revealed that Gd2Ni exhibits a favorable -ΔSmaxm of 38.0 J kg-1 K-1 at 2.0 K for 7.0 T. In addition, the effect of weak ferromagnetic exchange interactions in Gd2Ni contributes to a decent magnetocaloric effect at low fields (-ΔSm = 25.1 J kg-1 K-1 at 2.0 T for 2.0 K and -ΔSm = 14.5 J kg-1 K-1 at 1.0 T for 2.0 K), outperforming most 3d-4f heterometallic compounds reported previously.

Unraveling the mechanisms of post-treatment to enhance humification and Cd remediation in compost through EDTA-Fenton-Like systems.

This study aimed to enhance humification and cadmium (Cd) remediation in compost by investigating the effects of three post-treatments: ultrapure water, citric acid, and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium (EDTA). The results revealed that the EDTA post-treatment significantly enhanced humification by facilitating an EDTA-Fenton-like system within compost comprising rice straw and river sediment to remediate Cd-contaminated sediment. EDTA post-treatment not only promoted humic substances and humic acid concentrations of up to 66.30g/kg and 30.40g/kg, respectively, but also led to a reduction in the Cd content and bioavailability factor by 75.02% and 9.76%, respectively. In addition, parallel factor analysis revealed two distinct components, while two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy showed that the polysaccharides and carboxyl groups in humic acid were preferentially bound to Cd. Overall, this study proposes a promising approach for enhancing humification and Cd remediation in compost by the EDTA post-treatment.

Improvement in Tensile Performance of Ultra-high-performance Alkali-activated Concrete Using Surface-treated Steel Fiber

In this study, the tensile-performance enhancement of ultra-high-performance alkali-activated concrete (UHPAAC) was investigated by applying ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)-treated steel fibers with increased surface roughness. Direct tensile tests and digital image correlation image analyses were conducted to evaluate its crack behavior. When EDTA-treated steel fibers were used in UHPAAC, the tensile strength and maximum tensile strain of the latter improved by approximately 70% and 1.5 times, respectively, compared with those of S13 steel fibers, with a strain energy density increase of approximately 2.8 times. Additionally, EDTA-treated fibers effectively reduced the average and maximum crack widths across all strain levels and facilitated the formation of approximately 1.5 times more microcracks, thus demonstrating excellent crack-width control and strain-hardening behavior. These results confirm that EDTA-treated steel fibers are effective in improving the tensile performance and microcrack behavior of UHPAAC.

Evaluation of triglycerides, total cholesterol and high density lipoprotein-cholesterol stability in human whole blood and plasma samples

Lipid tests are routinely performed in the laboratory for early diagnosis of lipid disorders and prevention of cardiovascular diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate the stability of triglycerides (TGs), total cholesterol (TC), and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) in human whole blood (WB) and plasma samples stored at different temperature conditions in order to improve the quality of lipid testing. This cross-sectional study was conducted at Buon Ma Thuot Medical Testing Center. Ten mL of WB collected from 10 healthy volunteers from 18 to 60 years old were anticoagulated with dipotassium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. Five mL of WB were centrifuged to separate plasma. WB and plasma samples were stored at 20°C–25°C and 2°C–8°C. The concentrations of TGs, TC, and HDL-C in WB (WB-TGs, WB-TC, WB-HDL-C) and in plasma samples (P-TGs, P-TC, P-HDL-C) at each time point were determined simultaneously on Erba XL670 system. TGs, TC, and HDL-C were considered stable when the difference between concentrations at the later time point and baseline was not statistically significant. At 20°C–25°C, the concentrations of WB-TGs, WB-TC, P-TGs, and P-TC were stable for less than 4 hours, while the concentrations of WB-HDL-C and P-HDL-C were stable for less than 12 hours. At 2°C–8°C, the concentrations of WB-TGs, WB-TC, WB-HDL-C, and P-HDL-C were stable for up to 48 hours, while the concentrations of P-TGs and P-TC were stable for up to 24 hours. The stability of TGs, TC, and HDL-C in WB and plasma samples was not the same at different temperatures.

Oil spill cleanup using EDTA-coated magnetite magnetic nanoparticles

As a result of the critical importance of crude oil in modern industrial society, oil spills, specifically those involving crude oil, generate substantial environmental and ecological difficulties. In contrast to conventional treatment approaches, nanotechnology has demonstrated its efficacy in remedying oil spills This type of pollution could occur during oil investigation, transit, or storage. This study adopted a straightforward and economical method utilizing iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles for oil spills cleanup. Magnetite Fe3O4 MNPs were synthesized using the co-precipitation technique, which involved combining ferric and ferrous ions in an alkaline solution at 80°C and a pH of 14. MNPs were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). To improve their stability and efficacy, MNPs were coated with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). Three samples of crude oil with different APIs (23, 28.4, and 40.3) were used to study the ability of coated MNPs for oil spill cleanup. Removal experiments were conducted at 25°C with a mass range of adsorbent (0.02-0.06 g). A neodymium magnet was utilized to extract the oil-contaminated magnetic nanoparticles from the water. The gravimetric oil removal (GOR) for APIs 23, 28.4, and 40.3 were 11.4 - 3.35, 7.19- 2.15, and 4.81 to 1.16 g/g, respectively. Experimental results demonstrated an inverse relationship between GOR and the API value, indicating that as the API value decreased, GOR increased, and vice versa. Furthermore, as the mass of the adsorbent material increased (0.02-0.06g), the GOR value decreased.

Simultaneous Copper and EDTA Ligands Recovery from Electroless Effluent with Metallic Copper and Formaldehyde.

The traditional treatment of toxic and refractory copper(II)-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid chelate (Cu(II)-EDTA) in electroless effluents often generates hazardous waste and secondary nitrogen-containing pollutants without maximizing the resource recovery. This study demonstrates a facile strategy to simultaneously recover Cu and EDTA ligands from Cu(II)-EDTA electroless effluent with commercially available metallic Cu and formaldehyde. In this strategy, metallic Cu is used to activate formaldehyde, a prevalent yet often overlooked cocontaminant in Cu(II)-EDTA effluents, to produce highly reductive hydrogen radical (•H), which in situ decomplex Cu(II)-EDTA, reduces the central Cu(II) into metallic Cu, and release EDTA ligand. Impressively, this strategy can recover 99.9% of Cu from a real Cu(II)-EDTA effluent (∼2000 mg/L) as a high-purity Cu powder without further treatment, and 99.2% of EDTA from a real Cu(II)-EDTA effluent using a precipitation-acidification post-treatment procedure, earning a net profit of US $72.38 per ton. The proposed approach offers a "pollution-curing-pollution" solution to transform chelated metal waste into valuable resources.

Citric acid is more effective than sodium thiosulfate in chelating calcium in a dissolution model of calcinosis

Calcinosis cutis affects 20–40% of patients with systemic sclerosis. This study tests the hypothesis that calcium-chelating polycarboxylic acids can induce calcium dissolution without skin toxicity or irritancy. We compared citric acid (CA) and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) to sodium thiosulfate (STS) for their ability to chelate calcium in vitro using a pharmaceutical dissolution model of calcinosis (hydroxyapatite (HAp) tablet), prior to evaluation of toxicity and irritancy in 2D in vitro skin models. Resultant data was used to predict therapeutic concentrations for application in a validated 3D skin irritation model (SkinEthic™; EpiSkin SA) and to assay maximal percutaneous absorption. Dissolution performance was further assessed via ability to dissolve a calcified matrix laid down in vitro. Pharmacological dissolution studies identified that polycarboxylic acids were superior to STS in dissolving HAp tablets. In vitro, compounds had little effect on cell numbers at concentrations of < 10 mM. When applied topically to 3D models as near-saturated solutions, chelators were not irritant nor did they impact model structure histologically. CA was the most efficient chelator of calcium salts. This study highlights polycarboxylic acids, particularly CA, as potential therapies to target calcinosis cutis: these should now be investigated in human studies.

Equivalence of plasma and serum for clinical measurement of p-tau217: comparative analyses of four blood-based assays.

Phosphorylated tau (p-tau) 217 is a promising blood biomarker for Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, most p-tau217 assays have been validated solely in ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) plasma, leaving the clinical applicability of serum p-tau217 largely unexplored despite serum being a preferred matrix in many clinical laboratories. To address this gap, we compared p-tau217 concentrations and diagnostic performances in matched plasma and serum samples using four research-use-only assays, including three from commercial sources i.e., Lumipulse, ALZpath, NULISA, and one from University of Pittsburgh. Paired plasma and serum samples were processed from the same venipuncture collection and assessed with the four p-tau217 assays following manufacturer-recommended procedures in two research cohorts (N=84). Plasma and serum p-tau217 levels varied across assays; the ALZpath, Pittsburgh, and NULISA methods showed significantly lower p-tau217 levels in serum compared with plasma (p<0.0001), while Lumipulse showed higher or non-significant differences in serum. Yet, strong correlations (rho >0.8) were observed between plasma and serum p-tau217 pairs. Both plasma and serum p-tau217 demonstrated strong classification accuracies to differentiate clinical AD from normal controls, with high AUC (up to 0.963) for all methods. The exception was the Pittsburgh assay, where plasma p-tau217 had superior AUC than serum p-tau217 (plasma: 0.912, serum: 0.844). The rest of the assays had equivalent accuracies in both matrices. Serum p-tau217 performs equivalently as plasma p-tau217 for most assessed assays. Serum can therefore be used in place of plasma for p-tau217 assessment for research and clinical purposes.

Preparation of a Novel ACS/CS/EDTA Composite from Sugarcane Bagasse for Enhanced Adsorption of Carbon Dioxide

This study presents a simple method for the production of activated carbon (ACS) from sugarcane bagasse. To increase the CO2 adsorption efficiency, the ACS/CS/EDTA composite was prepared by modifying ACS with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and chitosan (CS). The as-prepared materials were characterized by X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FE-SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS), High Resolution – Transmission Electron Microscope (HR-TEM), Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FT-IR), and N2 adsorption/desorption isotherms. The obtained ACS is an amorphous and porous material and contains both micropores and mesopores. The micropore volume, mesopore volume, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area and average pore width of the ACS are 0.112 cm3/g, 0.193 cm3/g, 354.8 m2/g and 55.7 Å, respectively. The dispersion of EDTA and CS on the activated carbon leads to a deterioration of the structural properties while it increases the aggregation of the ACS/CS/EDTA composite. The performance of the materials was evaluated by CO2 adsorption at ambient pressure. The effects of EDTA, adsorption temperature and gas composition were also investigated in detail. In addition, the durability of the composite was evaluated through the adsorption and desorption cycle. Copyright © 2024 by Authors, Published by BCREC Publishing Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).

Nose-to-brain delivery of lithium via a sprayable in situ-forming hydrogel composed of chelating starch nanoparticles.

While bipolar disorder patients can benefit from lithium therapy, high levels of lithium in the serum can induce undesirable systemic side effects. Intranasal (IN) lithium delivery offers a potential solution to this challenge given its potential to facilitate improved lithium transport to brain when delivered to the olfactory mucosa. Herein, a sprayable, in situ forming nanoparticle network hydrogel (NNH) based on Schiff base interactions between chelator-functionalized oxidized starch nanoparticles (SNPs) and carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCh) is reported that can be deployed within the nasal cavity to release ultra-small penetrative SNPs over time. Chelating functional groups including citrate, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, and pentetic acid are shown to bind a variety of cations including lithium, magnesium, and calcium, with chelation directly linked to enhancements in the gel mechanics even for monovalent lithium. The hydrogels show high in vitro cytocompatibility with mouse striatal neuron and human primary nasal cell lines. Effective IN delivery of lithium to the brain is demonstrated for the first time, with both solution-based and hydrogel-loaded lithium showing in vivo efficacy in an amphetamine-induced pre-clinical rat bipolar manic phase model; specifically, IN-delivered NNHs can maintain successful attenuation of locomotor activity for up to 6 h while all other tested treatments (drug-only IN or conventional intraperitoneal delivery) failed to retain attenuation for more than two hours at the same lithium dose. As such, in situ-gelling and ion-chelating NNHs represent a new material that can effectively enable metal ion management in biomedical applications.

Comparative evaluation of smear layer removal and dentin wettability using 1% phytic acid with and without 0.2% chitosan nanoparticles: An in vitro study

Abstract Introduction: The success of endodontic treatment depends on the complete removal of the smear layer from the root canal and the enhanced wettability of the irrigants employed during treatment. However, none of the irrigants efficiently accomplish this; thus, the purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the elimination of the smear layer and wettability of root dentin using the combination of 0.2% Chitosan nanoparticles(CSN) with 1% phytic acid (PA). Materials and Methods: About 100 extracted single-rooted human premolar teeth were decoronated and standardized to 13 mm root length. Fifty specimens were tested for smear layer removal and another half for wettability (n = 50) after final irrigation in five groups: Group 1 – normal saline (control), Group 2 – 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), Group 3 – 17% EDTA with 0.2% CSN, Group 4 – 1% PA, and Group 5 – 1% PA with 0.2% CSN. After root canal instrumentation and final irrigation, the specimens were observed under scanning electron microscope for the smear layer. Wettability was determined using dentin blocks obtained (n = 50) by resecting the apical third of each specimen, treated with irrigants in aforementioned groups, and the contact angle was measured using a goniometer. Statistical analysis was done using one-way analysis of variance and post hoc Tukey tests (P &lt; 0.05). Results: A combination of 1% PA with 0.2% CSN showed higher smear layer removal and increased wettability. Conclusions: The incorporation of 0.2% CSN to 1% PA was effective in removing the smear layer and increased the dentinal wettability.

Addressing of Aluminum Anode Based Battery Challenges: Electrochemical Effect of Zn-Mn Electrodeposition

Aluminum (Al) has emerged to become one of the potential anode materials candidates in metal-based batteries due to its abundant resource, inexpensive cost, good safeness and high theoretical energy density. However, thoughtful challenges have been barrier towards huge progress, including easy aluminum hydroxide formation, low practical voltage, and high corrosion rate. To approach those problems, this article proposes to enhance the electrochemical performance of anode side through electrodeposition of Zn-Mn on aluminum surface. The deposition of Zn-Mn consists of citrate and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) as complexing agent to control the process rate. The effect of various deposition time, 0, 10, and 30 minutes, will be investigated by linear polarization, linear sweep voltammetry, cyclic voltammetry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements. The electrochemical measurement exhibits the deposition effect, minimized the impedance of Al surface and improved the electrochemical reactions. Moreover, the appearance of Zn-Mn layer has prolonged the discharge performance with battery analyzer measurements. Therefore, energy density increased from 1270.52 to 3327.68 mWh g-1Al and the specific capacity enhances from 2779.908 to 7291.651 mAh g-1. All the measurements applied 3.5% sodium chloride (NaCl). These results pose the electrical performance enhancement from the anode side, but the development of other sides is also necessary.