Ethyl Butyl Acrylate Research Articles

Linear and Nonlinear Rheology Combined with Dielectric Spectroscopy of Hybrid Polymer Nanocomposites for Semiconductive Applications.

The linear and nonlinear oscillatory shear, extensional and combined rheology-dielectric spectroscopy of hybrid polymer nanocomposites for semiconductive applications were investigated in this study. The main focus was the influence of processing conditions on percolated poly(ethylene-butyl acrylate) (EBA) nanocomposite hybrids containing graphite nanoplatelets (GnP) and carbon black (CB). The rheological response of the samples was interpreted in terms of dispersion properties, filler distortion from processing, filler percolation, as well as the filler orientation and distribution dynamics inside the matrix. Evidence of the influence of dispersion properties was found in linear viscoelastic dynamic frequency sweeps, while the percolation of the nanocomposites was detected in nonlinearities developed in dynamic strain sweeps. Using extensional rheology, hybrid samples with better dispersion properties lead to a more pronounced strain hardening behavior, while samples with a higher volume percentage of fillers caused a drastic reduction in strain hardening. The rheo-dielectric time-dependent response showed that in the case of nanocomposites containing only GnP, the orientation dynamics leads to non-conductive samples. However, in the case of hybrids, the orientation of the GnP could be offset by the dispersing of the CB to bridge the nanoplatelets. The results were interpreted in the framework of a dual PE-BA model, where the fillers would be concentrated mainly in the BA regions. Furthermore, better dispersed hybrids obtained using mixing screws at the expense of filler distortion via extrusion processing history were emphasized through the rheo-dielectric tests.

Surface modification of poly(ethylene-butyl acrylate) copolymers by microwave methodology and functionalization with 4-dimethylamino-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1,8-naphthalimide for acidity sensing

A new procedure was developed for functionalization in the solid phase by using microwave irradiation. Heterogeneous chemical modification of poly(ethylene-butyl acrylate) copolymer (EBA), hydrolysis, chlorination, and Schotten–Baumann reactions were monitored by attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy. EBA was superficially functionalized by a previously synthesized fluorescent dye, 4-dimethylamino-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1,8-naphthalimide, and the depth profile of the functionalized polymer was determined by confocal Raman spectroscopy. The new functionalized materials were also evaluated as an acidic pH sensor by determining the change in the spectroscopic properties of absorption and fluorescence with pH of the solution and vapor phases. To improve the wettability of the EBA surface, oxygen plasma treatment was used and the response time of the solid sensor was analyzed.

Understanding of intermolecular interaction in PVDF/PTW blends: Crystallization behavior, thermal, and dynamic mechanical properties

ABSTRACTPoly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF)/ poly(ethylene–butylacrylate–glycidyl methacrylate) (PTW) blends were directly prepared by melt blending and the interaction and properties of PVDF/PTW blends were explored systematically. The crystallization behavior, thermal stability, dynamic mechanical property, and morphological features of PVDF/PTW blends with different ratios have been studied by XRD, attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimeter analysis (DSC), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), dynamic mechanical analysis, and polarized optical microscopy (POM). The results showed that the crystalline structure of neat PVDF was dominantly α‐phase crystalline and the incorporation of PTW had no effect on the crystalline structure of PVDF in the PVDF/PTW blends. And Tg of PVDF in PVDF/PTW blends shifted to higher temperature compared with that of neat PVDF, indicating the weak interaction between PVDF and PTW, which was corresponding to DSC and TGA results. An increase in the coarseness and ring‐band spacing observed from POM further substantiated the weak interaction between PVDF and PTW. This work provided a way for preparing improved properties of PVDF/PTW blends for the coating material. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43908.

New blends of ethylene-butyl acrylate copolymers with thermoplastic starch. Characterization and bacterial biodegradation

Ethylene-butyl acrylate copolymer (EBA) with 13% of butyl acrylate content was used to produce blends with 10, 30 and 60% of thermoplastic starch (TPS) plasticized with glycerol. Ethylene-acrylic acid copolymer (EAA) was used as compatibilizer at 20% content with respect to EBA. The blends were characterized by X-ray diffraction, ATR-Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), water-Contact Angle measurements (CA), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Stress–strain mechanical tests. Initiated autoxidation of the polymer blends was studied by chemiluminescence (CL) confirming that the presence of the polyolefin-TPS interphase did not substantially affect the oxidative thermostability of the materials. Three bacterial species have been isolated from the blend films buried in soil and identified as Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus borstelensis and Bacillus licheniformis. Biodegradation of the blends (28days at 45°C) was evaluated by carbon dioxide measurement using the indirect impedance technique.

Enhancing the electrical conductivity of carbon black/graphite nanoplatelets: Poly(ethylene‐butyl acrylate) composites by melt extrusion

ABSTRACTThe influence of processing parameters such as screw geometry, temperature profile, and screw speed on the electrical properties of hybrid composites consisting of graphite nanoplatelets and carbon black in ethyl butyl acrylate was studied. Two different screws were used to compound the hybrid composites at two different temperatures and two different screw speeds. A beneficial effect was noted with regard to the electrical properties when adding nanoplatelets to the filler system. The cause could be a synergistic effect due to the difference in particle shape of the two fillers. Lower percolation thresholds were obtained with the conventional screw due to less breakage of the graphite nanoplatelets compared to the barrier screw. No significant changes of the electrical properties were observed when changing the temperature profiles or the screw speeds. Furthermore, the melt viscosity of the compounds was not appreciably affected at the rather low filler contents used here. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 42897.

Accelerated short-term ageing effects on the rheological properties of modified bitumens with similar high PG grades

The main purpose of the study was to evaluate the effects of rolling thin-film oven (RTFO) ageing on some rheological properties of modified bitumens. They are graded as PG 76-xx and were obtained from a 50/70 bitumen graded as PG 64-xx. Three types of polymers – polyethylene (PE), styrene–butadiene–styrene (SBS) copolymer and ethylene butylacrylate glycidylmethacrylate (Elvaloy®) terpolymer – and polyphosphoric acid (PPA) were selected. Ageing mainly increased the complex modulus (G*) and decreased the phase angle (δ) of the bitumens, thereby increasing their stiffness and elasticity. The existence of plateau regions in the master curves of δ for the bitumen+Elvaloy+PPA and the bitumen+SBS can be explained by the distinctive characteristics of the modifiers, since these plateaus were not observed for the other bitumens. The bitumen+SBS and the bitumen+PE showed very high sensitivity to ageing from the point of view of G* and δ, and the opposite is observed for the conventional properties.

Influences of ethylene–butylacrylate–glycidyl methacrylate on morphology and mechanical properties of poly(butylene terephthalate)/polyolefin elastomer blends

ABSTRACTElastomer ethylene–butylacrylate–glycidyl methacrylate (PTW) containing epoxy groups were chosen as toughening modifier for poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT)/polyolefin elastomer (POE) blend. The morphology, thermal, and mechanical properties of the PBT/POE/PTW blend were studied. The infrared spectra of the blends proved that small parts of epoxy groups of PTW reacted with carboxylic acid or hydroxyl groups in PBT during melt blending, resulting in a grafted structure which tended to increase the viscosity and interfere with the crystallization process of the blend. The morphology observed by scanning electron microscopy revealed the dispersed POE particles were well distributed and the interaction between POE and PBT increased in the PBT/POE/PTW blends. Mechanical properties showed the addition of PTW could lead to a remarkable increase about 10‐times in impact strength with a small reduction in tensile strength of PBT/POE blends. Differential scanning calorimetry results showed with increasing PTW, the crystallization temperature (Tc) and crystallinity (Xc) decreased while the melting point (Tm) slightly increased. Dynamic mechanical thermal analysis spectra indicated that the presence of PTW could improve the compatibility of PBT/POE blends. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40660.

Use of Polymers/ Waste Rubber in Road Network Development in Uttarakhand State

Proper utilization of industrial polymer/waste tyre rubber are a major threat to environment specially in developing countries where poverty, population and lack of proper waste management have catalyzed this problem. Use of waste polymer like waste tyres in road construction has potential for utilization and disposal these waste polymers instead of non-environment friendly methods like burning and landfills. In this paper we have highlighted the use of polymeric material in scientific as well as eco-friendly point of new. The main focus of this paper is to review and discuss the feasibility for using polymer modified bitumen (PMB) for developing high performance road network in uttarakhand. The experimental results reported in this paper are taken from the test sections of polymer modified bituminous (PMB) road laid at delhi-yamanotri marg near Herbertpur under a joint project of Indian Institute Of Petroleum (CSIR-IIP) and central road research institute (CRRI). This polymer modified bituminous road in the state is first of its kind. Three commercially available modified binders crumb rubber modifier (CRM) styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS) and ethylene butyl acrylate (EBA) were used for construction of test sections; which were compared for their performance. Various physical tests like elastic recovery, softening point, penetration, viscosity and fail temperatures were carried out on modified binders and post construction evaluation tests like unevenness index measurement and Benkelman Beam Deflection tests were carried out on test sections. The results show the improvement in engineering properties like marshall stability, retained stability of road compared to unmodified bituminous road in terms of traffic and weather conditions of Uttarakhand. The findings of this research can serve as the base for the use of other wastes from the industries in roads making technology on which the research is already in progress at CSIR-Indian Institute of Petroleum and CSIR-Central Road Research Institute.

Photostabilization study of ethylene-butyl acrylate copolymers functionalized in the molten state with hindered amine light stabilizers (HALS)

Hindered Amine Light Stabilizers (HALS), N-methylated and O-alkylhydroxylamine, were successfully anchored onto an ethylene-co-butyl acrylate (BA) by a transesterification reaction in the molten state. The content of HALS bonded to the EBA was calculated from the atomic ratio (N/C) determined by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS). After reaction times of 5–30 min in the molten state the content of bonded HALS attained values from 0.17 to 0.63%. The modified EBA with HALS were studied by Chemiluminescence emission and the photostabilization effect was evaluated under accelerated ageing in the presence of pesticides. The antioxidant effect of HALS bonded to EBA was evaluated by determination of Carbonyl Index (CI) and retention of elongation at break as a function of exposure time and pesticide treatment. The stability of the EBA with anchored HALS exhibited higher performance as shown by low CI-values and correlated with the content of bound HALS and the thermal history of the materials. Also, mechanical properties correlated well with the CI results and the photostabilization of bound HALS was effective until 3150 h of exposure time using pesticides.

Rheological properties of bitumen modified with ethylene butylacrylate glycidylmethacrylate

This article presents experimental results related to rheological viscoelastic properties of polymer modified bitumens, PmBs. Experiments were performed by a dynamical shear rheometer before and after thermo-oxidative aging. Two types of bitumens with different asphaltene contents were modified by the addition of two types of reactive ethylene terpolymers, Elvaloy AM, and Elvaloy 4170, with a different percentage of reactive functional group, glycidylmethacrylate, GMA. Results of the investigation indicate that the degree of reactive polymer modification is a function of bitumen type, bitumen-polymer compatibility, and polymer concentration. Polymer modification improves the following physical properties of the base bitumen: penetration, softening point, temperature susceptibility, and elastic recovery. Reactive polymers are effective binder modifiers that improve the susceptibility to high temperature of asphalt mixes, and also their rutting resistance, contribute to their good storage stability and make them less sensitive to aging. This is a result of the formation of a chemical bond between the polymer and molecules of asphaltenes. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 54:1056–1065, 2014. © 2013 Society of Plastics Engineers

Influence of polymer types on bitumen engineering properties

In order to achievement new engineering properties, bitumen is mixed with polymers, thereby obtained blends that can have different physical or chemical structures, depending on the composition of the added polymer. The addition of polymers influences the rheological properties of polymer modified bitumens (PMBs), resistance to permanent deformation, PMBs stability under stress and temperature. Along theses lines, the PMBs blends with non-reactive polymers, elastomer styrene–butadiene–styrene with linear and radial structure, thermoplastic polymer ethylene-vinyl acetate and reactive polymer ethylene–butylacrylate–glycidylmethacrylate (Elvaloy), were prepared. Their rheological properties are characterised using dynamic shear rheometer, over wide ranges of temperatures at a fixed traffic frequency of 10 rad s−1 both before and after thermooxidative aging. The aim was to established the influence of the polymer type on the bitumen engineering properties and evaluation of the polymer modifier effectiveness.

Effect of polymer modifiers on the properties of bitumen

This article presents an investigation about the polymer-modified bitumens (PMBs) containing styrene–butadiene–styrene (SBS) block copolymers with different structures, linear (SBS-L) and radial (SBS-R), semicrystalline copolymer ethylene–vinyl acetate (EVA), and terpolymer ethylene–butyl acrylate–glycidyl methacrylate, Elvaloy AM and Elvaloy 4170. The aim of the study was to establish the influence of the polymer type and content on the properties of PMBs for engineering applications and to evaluate the effectiveness of polymer modifiers. The results indicated that the polymer modification improved the rheological properties of bitumen, increased critical temperature, that is better resistance to permanent deformation was achieved as well as a wider temperature range in service. The degree of improvement generally increased with the polymer content but varied with the polymer type.

Statistical investigation on physical–mechanical properties of base and polymer modified bitumen using Artificial Neural Network

Improving bitumen properties by using polymeric materials such as ethylene butyl acrylate, styrene–ethylene–butylene–styrene, ethylene vinyl acetate and styrene–butadiene–styrene has been reported by the researchers. To avoid practical measuring difficulties, Artificial Neural Network has been employed to predict the properties. The presented study, by employing practical data obtained by the researchers and using MATLAB program, has suggested models to predict physical–mechanical properties of modified bitumen. In the process, an appropriate architecture has been obtained to predict each of desirable properties by using try and error method. Comparing the model results with experimental data showed the high acceptability of the suggested models.

Electrical conductivity studies on carbon black loaded ethylene butylacrylate polymer composites

In this work we studied the electrical properties of carbon black mixed into ethylene butylacrylate copolymer, using impedance spectroscopy, in the frequency range from 100Hz to 100kHz and over the temperature range from 150 to 360K. A series of samples was prepared with several filler contents, below and above the percolation threshold, which was calculated using direct current conductivity measurements. For concentrations below the critical concentration the negative temperature coefficient in resistivity effect is observed, and for concentrations above that threshold the positive temperature coefficient in resistivity effect is present. The dielectric response was analyzed using complex permittivity or modulus formalisms, depending on the concentration of filler in the polymer matrix. Havriliak–Negami model was used to fit the experimental results.

The Wear Mechanism of a Polyphenylene Sulfide (PPS) Composite Mixed with Ethylene Butyl Acrylate (EBA)

Friction and wear of polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) mixed with ethylene butyl acrylate (EBA) were studied using a block-on-ring tribotester. Results showed that the friction coefficient decreases with an increase in the EBA content due to the reduced surface contact area occupied by the PPS. The PPS/EBA composite showed higher threshold temperatures for viscoelastic behavior and the wear rate was significantly decreased after mixing with EBA due to a radical reduction in transfer films. The wear mechanism of the composite changed from an adhesive wear mode to an abrasive wear mode upon the addition of EBA, which supports the wear debris morphology and the wear map suggested by Lancaster (Proc Inst Mech Eng 183:98–106, 1968).

Nanocomposite films with enhanced radiometric properties for greenhouse covering applications

Nanocomposite films for covering applications were developed. Mechanical, radiometric and ultraviolet stability properties of the films were characterized. Nanocomposites were obtained by incorporating nanoadditives to a thermoplastic polymer matrix by melt-mixing in a corotating twin screw extruder. Three common polymers in cover applications were used as matrix: low-density polyethylene, linear low-density polyethylene and ethylene–butyl acrylate. Three different nanoparticles were used as fillers (2 wt%): titanium dioxide (rutile), silicon oxide and zinc oxide. All nanocomposites were processed in a blown film extrusion line, producing 200 µm thick films. The mechanical properties of the nanocomposite films were found to be slightly different than those of the neat films, whereby the optical and radiothermal properties changed dramatically. Titania nanocomposite containing films had high ultraviolet shielding, however, significantly reduced transparency. Zinc oxide introduced high ultraviolet-shielding capability preserving transparency. High infrared efficiency has been found in silica nanocomposite films, exhibiting efficiency values greater than 79%, and an increment greater than 100% for linear low-density polyethylene and low-density polyethylene nanocomposite films. The extent of ultraviolet degradation of the films was determined by elongation at break tests. Zinc oxide/low-density polyethylene film underwent less degradation than neat low-density polyethylene film after photoaging. Thus, zinc oxide–filled polymer nanocomposite films are suitable for transparent ultraviolet-shielding applications and present low degradation rates. Silica incorporation highly improves polyethylene infrared efficiency, rendering a low-cost high-thermicity transparent film.

Electric Modulus Analysis of Carbon Black/Copolymer Composite Materials

We have investigated the electrical properties of carbon black (CB) loaded in ethylene butylacrylate copolymer composite (EBA) in the frequency range between 102 and 104 Hz and temperature range between 153 and 353 K. The frequency dependence of electrical data that have been analyzed in two frameworks: the electrical modulus formalism with the Kohlrausch-Williams-Watts stretched exponential function (KWW) and the electrical conductivity by using the Jonscher’s power law in the frequency domain. The stretching exponent βKWW and n are found to be temperature independent for all CB fractions and to be decreased when the CB volume concentrations loaded in copolymer matrix increases. It is found that the activation energy obtained by the modulus method is in good agreement with that obtained by the DC conductivity in the power law which is independent on the CB contents that exist in the copolymer matrix, suggesting that these particles do not interact significantly with the chain segments of the macromolecules in the EBA copolymer.

Characterization of Ethylene methyl methacrylate and Ethylene butylacrylate Copolymers with Interactive Liquid Chromatography

AbstractSummary: Copolymers of ethylene with methyl methacrylate (EMMA) and butyl acrylate (EBA), which are of different average chemical composition and block lengths according to NMR analysis, were analyzed by size exclusion chromatography (SEC), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Crystallization Analysis Fractionation (CRYSTAF), and high performance liquid chromatography at high temperature (HT‐HPLC). With CRYSTAF and DSC crystallizing fractions were detected only in some samples. HT‐HPLC fractionated all the samples irrespective of their crystallinity. Homopolymers, PMMA and PE were also found in the copolymer samples of EMMA. EMMA and EBA were separated in HPLC according to the content of polar comonomer. A linear correlation between the MMA content and elution volume could not be established due to the presence of homopolymers as admixtures. In such a case the average chemical composition obtained by NMR does not correspond to the real chemical composition of the copolymers. Unlike EMMA the EBA samples eluted in single peaks, which was used for evaluation of their chemical composition distribution. The comparison of results obtained by fractionation via CRYSTAF and HT‐HPLC clearly demonstrates the advantages of the chromatographic approach to study the chemical heterogeneity of olefin based copolymers.

PTCR effect in carbon black/copolymer composites

Some materials show an abrupt increase in resistivity when the temperature changes only over a few degrees. This phenomenon, known as PTCR effect (positive temperature coefficient of resistivity), has been largely studied in the last few years, due to its potential applications in industry. Particularly, it can be used in auto controlled heaters, temperature sensors, protection circuits and in security systems for power electronic circuits. In this work we present the study of the electrical properties of the percolating system carbon black particles filled with ethylene butylacrylate copolymer composite (EBA), in the temperature range from −100 to 100 °C and in frequencies between 10 Hz and 100 kHz. The PTCR effect was observed at temperatures slightly above the room temperature, for concentrations higher than that of the percolation critical concentration. The mechanism responsible for the change in resistivity, at this stage, is predominantly tunnelling, wherein the conductive filler particles are not in physical contact, and the electrons tunnel through the insulating gap between them. At low temperatures, such as below and close to the glass transition temperature, the DC conductivity obeys the Arrhenius law. The calculated activation energy values are independent of carbon black contents inside the copolymer matrix, suggesting that these particles do not interact significantly with the chain segments of the macromolecules in the EBA copolymer.

Electric modulus-based analysis of the dielectric relaxation in carbon black loaded polymer composites

A thorough investigation of the ac electrical properties of carbon black (CB) mixed into ethylene butylacrylate copolymer has been conducted using ac impedance spectroscopy in the frequency range 10 Hz–100 kHz and over the temperature range of 150 (Tg−48 K)–319 (Tg+121 K) K. For this investigation, a series of eight samples were prepared with various filler contents above the percolation threshold. Using the electric modulus formalism it has been found that the Cole–Cole equation of dielectric relaxation expressed in the electric modulus form is capable of quantitatively describing the experimental data from which we extract the relaxation time and a parameter α which gauges the broadening of the loss spectrum. The small values of α ranging from 0.06 to 0.10 suggest a behavior close to the state of a single relaxation time. Furthermore, the relaxation time as a function of temperature is characterized by an Arrhenius behavior. While the effective activation energy is on the order of 60 meV and is insensitive to CB volume fraction, the Arrhenius prefactor is found to strongly depend on this volume fraction. The observed relaxation mechanism does not result simply from thermally activated dipolar interactions but is a collective cooperative effect of the CB mesostructure.