Ethyl Butyl Acrylate Research Articles

Effect and mechanism analysis of matrix resin type on thermal aging characteristics of semi‐conductive shielding material for high voltage cable

AbstractThe type of matrix resin of the semi‐conductive shielding layer directly affects the thermal aging characteristics of the semi‐conductive shielding layer and the high‐voltage cable. In this paper, ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA), ethylene ethyl acrylate (EEA), and ethylene butyl acrylate (EBA) resins were used as matrix to prepare carbon black (CB) + EVA, CB + EEA, and CB + EBA shielding materials. The law of physicochemical, electrical, and mechanical properties of different matrix resin shielding materials with aging time was studied, and the influence mechanism of matrix resin on the aging characteristics of shielding materials was analyzed. The results show: with the increase of aging time, the crystallization area and the number of functional groups of the three shielding materials decreased to varying degrees. The number of functional groups in CB + EBA shielding materials decreased evenly with aging time, but that of CB + EVA and CB + EEA shielding materials changed significantly after 7 days of aging. After 60 days of aging, the crystallization area of CB + EBA shielding material changed slightly, but that of CB + EVA and CB + EEA shielding material decrease significantly. The electrical properties of the three shielding materials showed different decreasing trend with aging time. When the aging time is 7 days, the positive temperature coefficient (PTC) effect of CB + EEA shielding material decreases obviously. When the aging time is 30 days, the resistivity of CB + EVA and CB + EEA shielding material increases slowly (9 Ω cm–12 Ω cm) with the increase of temperature. When the aging time is 60 days, the resistivity of CB + EBA shielding material decreases obviously, and the PTC effect weakens obviously. Taking the mechanical properties of the shielding material as reference, the rapid deterioration stage of the mechanical properties of the three shielding materials is different. The CB + EVA and CB + EEA shielding material rapid deterioration time is 0–7 days, and the tensile strength and elongation of the shielding material are greatly reduced. The rapid deterioration stage of CB + EBA shielding material is 7–30 days, and the tensile strength and elongation decrease from 24.38 MPa and 499.5% to 14 MPa and 155.7%, respectively. This work can provide data support for the selection of matrix resin of shielding material and the fault analysis of shielding layer of high voltage cable.

Effect of matrix resin components on properties of the semi‐conductive shielding material for high‐voltage cable

AbstractThe semi‐conductive shielding layer is an important part of the high‐voltage cable, playing a role in uniform electric field and reducing the air gap at the interface. The overall performance of the cable is affected by the semi‐conductive shielding layer with different base resin composition. The matrix resins of ethylene‐vinyl acetate (EVA), ethylene‐ethyl acrylate (EEA) and ethylene‐butyl acrylate (EBA) were used to prepare the semi‐conductive shielding materials of CB/EVA, CB/EEA and CB/EBA. The influences of different matrix resins on the chemical, electrical, thermal and mechanical properties of the shielding materials were investigated. The results show that CB has the best dispersion in EBA resin and the worst dispersion in EEA resin. The temperature inflection points of CB/EVA, CB/EEA and CB/EBA shielding materials are 90°C, 100°C and 110°C, respectively, and the CB/EBA shielding material has the lowest resistivity and the weakest positive temperature coefficient effect at room temperature. The thermal conductivity of all three matrix resins is smaller than that of the shielding material, the thermal conductivity of CB/EVA and CB/EBA shielding materials show a slow increase with temperature, and the CB/EEA shielding material is the least affected by the temperature. The mechanical properties of the three matrix resins and the three shielding materials are EBA > EVA > EEA, among them the stress of CB/EBA shielding material is 31.0 MPa and the strain is 570%. This work has important reference significance for the selection of shielding layer matrix resin and material formulation in engineering applications.

Laser processing of carbon black reinforced ethylene‐butyl acrylate copolymer

AbstractInterest in the phenomenon of laser ablation (LA) has gained significant attention in recent years due to its potential for machining, high‐precision drilling, and cutting materials, such as metals, semiconductors, and dielectrics. Here, LA of ethylene‐butyl acrylate (EBA) filled with different volume fractions (4%, 8%, and 20%) of CB particles is studied. Upon irradiation with the second harmonics (532 nm) of the nanosecond pulsed Nd:YAG laser, a structuration is evidenced at the sample surface in a restricted range of fluence and at high pulse number (PN) (500 pulses, 1 Hz). The laser‐ablated surface is analyzed by microtopography, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and x‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Collectively, our data show a lowering in ablation threshold and depth for CB volume fractions larger than the conduction threshold (8%), indicating that visible radiation primarily induces photothermal effects. After redeposition of the ablation products at the surface, XPS indicates that high CB content in the EBA matrix induces high oxidation level of the composite surface. Furthermore, our results reveal that LA produces a significant proportion of amorphous carbon. Several parameters which affect heat accumulation and CB particle shielding are discussed. Such parameters include laser fluence and repetition rate, and CB content.

The photostability and peel strength of ethylene butyl acrylate copolymer blends for use in conservation of cultural heritage

Materials, both natural and synthetic, are used as adhesives or consolidants during the conservation of cultural objects. However, few adhesives have been formulated specifically for the needs of cultural heritage. This article describes a study of the stability of ethylene butyl acrylate copolymers as well as blends of these polymers with low molecular weight resins, which may be used as consolidating adhesives for flaking and fragile paint layers. The materials were aged under simulated museum conditions. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and size exclusion chromatography were used to analyze changes in chemical structure and molecular weight distribution, respectively. The degree of degradation was found to be dependent on the specific blend composition. With the addition of a hindered amine light stabilizer, minimal changes occurred in the molecular weight distribution and no loss in polymer solubility were noted. Therefore, it is suggested to incorporate a stabilizer into ethylene butyl acrylate polymer blends to extend their life and safe use in cultural heritage. Differential scanning calorimetry was employed to investigate the miscibility of the binary blends and the temperature window of their application. Furthermore, adhesive peel strength for the individual components and the binary mixtures revealed values comparable to that of Paraloid™ B-72, a frequently used consolidant. Consolidation tests on the blends were done by professional conservators on mock up and dummy paintings.

Green Highly Clay-Filled Polyethylene Composites as Coating Materials for Cable Industry-A New Application Route of Non-Organophilised Natural Montmorillonites in Polymeric Materials.

In order to develop flame retardant and relatively green cable coating materials, polyethylene (PE) was melt blended with 5, 7.5, or 10 wt. % of a natural calcium montmorillonite (C–Ca) pre-dispersed in EBA (ethylene-butyl acrylate copolymer), EVA (ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer), or mEVA (EVA modified with maleic anhydride). For comparison, an organophilised montmorillonite (CW9) was tested. The main study of composites containing EBA/C–Ca, EVA/C–Ca, and mEVA/CW9 pre-dispersions revealed that both clays were not fully exfoliated in the matrix, however, C–Ca (7.5 wt. %) markedly increased limited oxygen index (LOI) from 18% O2 (PE) up to 22.0% O2. An insignificantly higher LOI value (22.2% O2) was noted for a sample with 10 wt. % of CW9. The fillers did not affect hardness, but spectacularly increased Young’s modulus of the compression-moulded samples (tensile strength and elongation at break values were reduced). Thermal features of the matrix were not unpredictably changed by the clays. Generally, all the tests revealed that PE filled with the chemically untreated natural C–Ca reached similar or better mechanical and thermal features than materials containing the ammonium salt-modified montmorillonite.

Effect of Ethylene–Butylacrylate–Glycidyl Methacrylate on Compatibility Properties of Poly (butylene terephthalate)/ Thermoplastic Polyurethane Blends

Effect of Ethylene–Butylacrylate–Glycidyl Methacrylate on Compatibility Properties of Poly (butylene terephthalate)/ Thermoplastic Polyurethane Blends

Investigating the compatibility of thermoplastic polyester elastomer/high-density polyethylene blends and its effect on the horizontal flame propagation

ABSTRACTThis paper explores the use of a terpolymer, composed of ethylene–butyl acrylate–glycidyl methacrylate (PE–BA–GMA) as a compatibiliser for blending thermoplastic polyester elastomer (Hytrel) and high-density polyethylene. We have studied the effect of adding this terpolymer on the morphology of the blends, and as a result, its effect on the mechanical properties. These properties have been further corroborated with X-Ray Diffraction Spectroscopy (XRD) and Dynamic Rheology of the blends. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) has been used to study the mode of compatibilisation, while rheology has proved useful to correlate the phase morphology with SEM. We have also studied the effect of compatibilisation of this blend on Limiting Oxygen Index (LOI) and horizontal flame velocity.

Thermo-mechanical recycling effects on morphology and properties of ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer/olive husk flour composites

The effects of thermo-mechanical recycling through repeated extrusion cycles on morphology and properties of neat ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and EVA/olive husk flour (OHF) composites (70/30 w/w) with and without ethylene–butyl acrylate–glycidyl methacrylate (EBAGMA) compatibilizer were investigated in a single screw extruder machine up to five repeated cycles. The study showed that no significant modifications in the properties of the virgin EVA/OHF composite were observed along the recycling and this stability was further enhanced in the presence of EBAGMA. Indeed after five repeated extrusion cycles, the chemical structure and properties of both uncompatibilized and compatibilized composites remained unchanged compared to the neat polymer, which was subjected likely to cross-linking, in the fifth cycle. Furthermore, SEM analysis showed a better dispersion of OHF particles in EVA matrix and a good filler–polymer interfacial adhesion, being, however, more pronounced for the compatibilized composite.

Novel thermoplastic vulcanizates by selectively dynamic cross-linking based on PVDF/PTW blends: structure and property

ABSTRACTA novel thermoplastic vulcanizate (TPV) based on poly (vinylidene fluoride)/poly (ethylene–butylacrylate–glycidyl methacrylate) (PVDF/PTW) (30/70 w/w) blends has been fabricated by dynamic vulcanization due to selective cross-linking of PTW by adding small amount of 3-(2-Aminoethylamino) propyldimethoxymethylsilane (KH602). The blends with KH602 had the solid-like behavior at low frequency and enhanced viscosities and dynamic modulus. The TPV exhibited a quasi co-continuous morphology with PVDF dispersed in PTW matrix, which was different from that of PVDF/PTW blend, exhibiting phase-separated morphology with PVDF dispersed in unvulcanized PTW matrix. The resulted TPVs displayed excellent mechanical properties, and excellent strain recovery, which will be a promising coating material, especially wire and cable applications.

Crosslinked ethylene butyl acrylate copolymer foams with different cellular structure interconnectivity and tortuosity: Microstructure and physical properties

ABSTRACTIn this work, the cellular structure, physical properties, and the structure–property relationship of several novel crosslinked ethylene butyl acrylate (EBA) foams with different cellular structure interconnectivity (low tortuosity and high tortuosity) have been analyzed and compared to that of closed cell EBA foams and to that of an open‐cell polyurethane foam. The results have shown that these materials present interesting properties highly dependent on the tortuosity of the cellular structure. In particular, it has been proved that reducing the tortuosity allows enhancing the acoustic absorption, the oil uptake, and the cushioning behavior. On the other hand, increasing tortuosity allows improving the impact behavior. In addition, the new open‐cell materials present an enhanced damping factor for low‐frequency vibrations. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 48161.

Preparation and properties of biodegradable poly (lactic acid)/ethylene butyl acrylate glycidyl methacrylate blends via novel vane extruder

ABSTRACTIn this work, poly (lactic acid) (PLA) and elastomer ethylene-butyl acrylate-glycidyl methacrylate terpolymer (EBA-GMA) containing epoxy groups were melt-blended using a novel vane extruder. The solid-state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectra (13C-NMR) and the Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy proved that epoxy groups of EBA-GMA reacted with the carboxylic acid or hydroxyl groups of PLA during melt blending, resulting in a grafted structure which improved the interfacial adhesion of PLA/EBA-GMA blends. The phase morphology, mechanical and thermal properties were investigated to identify the effect of EBA-GMA weight fraction on the properties of PLA/EBA-GMA blends. Thermogravimetric analysis revealed that the incorporation of EBA-GMA improved the thermal stability of PLA. The impact strength of the annealed PLA80/20EBA-GMA binary blend increased up to ten times compared without annealing process.

Rheological behavior and morphological and interfacial properties of PLA/TPE blends

ABSTRACTRheological and interfacial tension data were employed to predict the morphology and thermal and mechanical properties of noncompatibilized and compatibilized poly(lactic acid) (PLA)/thermoplastic elastomer (TPE) blends. PLA was melt blended with thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) and ethylene elastomer (EE) and compatibilized by ethylene–butyl acrylate–glycidyl methacrylate (EBG) in an internal mixer chamber. Both TPU and EE TPEs have higher viscosities than PLA, and the interfacial properties evaluated have revealed better adhesion between domains of PLA–TPU. The efficiency of the compatibilizer agent EBG depended on the TPE type inferred by modifications in the scanning electron microscopy images of PLA/TPE blends and by the Izod impact strength (improved by 23%). The EBG was more effective in the PLA/TPU blend. The TPEs and EBG did not affect the PLA thermal stability, and no thermal event was observed in the usual PLA extrusion and injection temperature range. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47962.

Nano‐indentation for probing mechanical properties of nanocomposites based on ethylene butyl acrylate copolymer and carbon black

ABSTRACTMechanical properties of heterogeneous systems based on carbon black (CB) filled semi‐crystalline ethylene butyl acrylate (EBA) copolymer nanocomposites are characterized using nano‐indentation technique. The size effect and CB content dependence on the deformation behavior at room temperature were investigated. The phenomenology for hardness response (H) indicates a typical enhancement of the H when the indentation depth (h) decreases as for the usual elastomeric materials. All H–h curves, fitted according to the Meyer's empirical power law and Franck elasticity model, highlight the so‐called length‐scale‐dependent deformation. Similar trend is observed for the elastic modulus. Furthermore, it is evidenced that the increases of CB content increases the mechanical properties of composites, that is, hardness and elastic modulus. This behavior can be mainly related, on the one hand, to the change of the meso‐structure, formed by the interconnected network of polymer and the aggregates of CB particles and to the nature of the polymer matrix, on the other hand. The mechanical properties characterized from micro and submicron indentations were compared to that characterized at macroscopic scale to highlight the possible correlations between the two scales. This investigation can interest many applications of polymer composites for rubber technology such as tires industry, soft robotic, and adhesives. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47897.

Injection molded biocomposites from polypropylene and lignin: Effect of compatibilizers on interfacial adhesion and performance

This study compares the effect of two compatibilizers on polypropylene (PP)-lignin composites. Two commercial compatibilizers: maleated polypropylene (MAPP) and ethylene butylacrylate glycidylmethacrylate (EBGMA), as well combinations of them, were used to enhance the interfacial adhesion of PP/lignin composites. The main advantage of the use of lignin as a filler in value-added composites is its great natural abundance. Polymer composites were prepared by using reactive extrusion and injection molding techniques in order to examine the effect of interfacial adhesion on the thermo-mechanical properties of PP. The incorporation of MAPP led to improvements in tensile strength, while the incorporation of EBGMA led to improvements in impact strength. The mixture of both compatibilizer type improved both tensile and impact strength. Addition of compatibilizer to the composites also showed an enhancement to the interfacial adhesion, as investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). FTIR analysis revealed an intermolecular reaction between the compatibilizer and lignin via relevant hydroxyl groups. The water absorption decreased by incorporation of the compatibilizer.

Space charge suppression of polyethylene induced by blending with ethylene-butyl acrylate copolymer

High-voltage direct current (HVDC) power cables have been paid more attention due to the big issue concerning the main insulation materials. The residues in the industrial production process will cause space charge generation and accumulation in the materials, which has become one bottleneck to limit the development of power cables up to higher voltage levels. In this paper, the LDPE matrix was modified by three types of ethylene-butyl acrylate (EBA) copolymers (1.0 wt%) with different polarities (BA content) via melt blending to optimize the space charge behavior of the LDPE insulation. The micromorphology and structure of the blends are examined by polarized light microscope and differential scanning calorimetry. The space charge distribution is tested by the pulsed electroacoustic method. The trap level is studied by the thermally stimulated current. The results show that EBA introduces more deep traps and decreases the shallow traps. The medium-polar EBA (16% BA content) can effectively suppress charge accumulation, and have the same suppressed effect on XLPE/EBA blends. This study will provide important insights into the design and development of advanced HVDC power cable applications.

Structure and resultant mechanical and tribological performance of PP/PLA/carbon fiber/ethylene-butyl acrylate composites

The aim of this study is to put forth the synergistic effect of carbon fiber reinforcement and ethylene-butyl acrylate compatibilization on the mechanical and wear performance of polypropylene/poly(lactic acid) blend composites and to find an inspiration about their availability for diverse applications as stronger renewable composites. Crystalline morphologies are greatly affected by these concentrations. Synergistic inclusion of both poly(lactic acid) and ethylene-butyl acrylate copolymer in polypropylene matrix was found to effectively enhance the nucleation of β-crystals which may provide secondary mechanism of reinforcement. Despite the island-sea type immiscible morphology, ethylene-butyl acrylate incorporation offered potential toughening effect for polypropylene/poly(lactic acid) system due to its ethylene molecules which have more flexibility and an elongation than poly(lactic acid). As expected, the increase in carbon fiber concentration in the composites indicated a positive correlation with mechanical test results. However, contrary to ethylene-butyl acrylate compatibilization, high rigidity obtained by carbon fiber contribution was not beneficial from the abrasive wear resistance point of view, due to repeated ploughing effect of the counterpart material.

Effect of reactive and nonreactive surface modifications and compatibilizer use on mechanical and flame-retardant properties of linear low-density polyethylene filled with huntite and hydromagnesite mineral

In the current study, huntite and hydromagnesite (HH) was used as flame-retardant additive in linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE). The effect of HH amount on the flame-retardant and mechanical properties of the composites was investigated. The compatibilizer (ethylene butyl acrylate) use and the surface modifications with stearic acid and silane coupling agent were used in order to improve the mechanical properties of the composites. The mechanical properties of the composites were studied using tensile test and dynamic mechanical analysis. The fire-retardant properties of the composites were investigated using limiting oxygen index (LOI), mass loss calorimeter, vertical (UL 94 V) and horizontal (UL 94 HB) burning tests. According to the flammability test results, LOI value increased, horizontal burning rate reduced as the added amount of HH increased, whereas UL 94 V rating remained burn to clamp. According to the mechanical test results, the addition of HH reduced the tensile strength and elongation at break values and increased the elastic modulus and the β transition temperature of the LLDPE as the added amount increased. Only the compatibilizer use improved the flammability properties of the composites with improved tensile strength. Both stearic acid and silane modification merely increased the toughness of the composites.

Polyoxymethylene/ethylene butylacrylate copolymer/ethylene‐methyl acrylate‐glycidyl methacrylate ternary blends

Blends of compatibilized polyoxymethylene (POM)/ethylene butylacrylate copolymer (EBA)/ethylene‐methyl acrylate‐glycidyl methacrylate copolymer (EMA‐GMA) and uncompatibilized POM/EBA were investigated. The notched impact strength of the compatibilized blends was higher than that of their uncompatibilized counterparts. The toughness of the POM blends was improved obviously with relatively low loading of EBA. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra of EMA‐GMA, pure POM, and POM/EBA/EMA‐GMA blends indicated that epoxy groups of EMA‐GMA reacted with terminal hydroxyl groups of POM molecular chains. The glass‐transition temperature (Tg) values of the POM matrix and the EBA phase were observed shifted to each other in the presence of EMA‐GMA compatibilizer indicating that the compatibilized blends had better compatibility than their uncompatibilized counterparts. With the addition of EBA to POM, both the compatibilized and uncompatibilized blends showed higher onset degradation temperature (Td) than that of pure POM and the Td values of the compatibilized blends were higher than those of their uncompatibilized counterparts. The scanning electron microscopy showed better EBA particles distribution state in the compatibilized system than in the uncompatibilized one. The compatibilized blend with an obvious rougher impact fracture surface indicated the ductile fracture mode. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 58:1127–1134, 2018. © 2017 Society of Plastics Engineers

Mechanical, thermal and morphological properties of poly(lactic acid)/ethylene-butyl acrylate copolymer nanocomposites

This paper reports a melt blend of poly(lactic acid) (PLA)/ethylene-butyl acrylate copolymer (EBAC) with organoclay content at 3 phr. The mechanical, thermal and morphological properties of PLA/EBAC blends and nanocomposites were investigated. The morphological analysis revealed EBAC phase dispersed as a spherical domain in PLA matrix and the domain size of EBAC dispersed phase increased with increasing EBAC content. The addition of organoclay could improve the miscibility of PLA/EBAC blends due to the decrease of domain size of EBAC dispersed phase. The mechanical properties indicated that the strain at break and impact strength of PLA increased when added EBAC, but Young’s modulus and tensile strength decreased. Storage modulus increased with the addition of organoclay to the PLA/EBAC blends. The thermal properties found that the incorporation of organoclay in the PLA/EBAC blends did not effect on the glass transition temperature and melting temperature values relative to PLA. The degradation temperature of PLA improved with the addition of EBAC. This indicated that EBAC has more thermal stability and degradation temperature than PLA. From X-ray diffraction patterns displayed the characteristic peak in PLA/EBAC/organoclay nanocomposites appeared at the lower angle, which indicated the dispersed clay is intercalated in the polymer matrix. However, second-order diffraction peak appeared at the higher angle indicated that there was partially the conventional composite.

Interfacial Interaction Analysis of Blends of Poly(vinylidene fluoride) and Poly(ethylene–butylacrylate–glycidyl methacrylate) Compatibilized by Poly(butylene succinate): Morphologies, Rheological Behavior, and Mechanical Properties

ABSTRACTPoly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) and poly(ethylene–butylacrylate–glycidyl methacrylate) (PTW) are polymers with weak interfacial adhesion. Blends based on PVDF and PTW (50/50 w/w) with poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) (0, 1, 3, 5, 7 wt%) are obtained by compression molding. The estimation of interfacial interaction among PVDF, PTW, and PBS and the properties of PVDF/PTW blends are investigated. The optimal content of PBS to form a co-continuous morphology in PVDF/PTW blends is proposed, indicating that the beneficial effect of PBS (7 wt%) on interfacial adhesion is observed. Overall, estimating interfacial adhesion is a critical issue for designing PVDF/PTW blend with excellent performance, which has a prospect in coating.