Ethyl Acetate Research Articles

A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF EXTRACTION OPTIMIZATION, ANTIOXIDANT POTENTIAL, AND FATTY ACID COMPOSITION OF CUCUMI S ATIVUS AND CUCUMIS MELO

Background: Cucumis plants are being frequently used to treat metabolic disorders such as obesity and diabetes, in traditional medicinal system. Objectives: The current study sought to assess the impact of several solvents with varying polarity for the extraction of polyphenolic, and flavonoid components. Further, this study also aims to determine antioxidant activity of fruits and peels of Cucumis melo and Cucumis sativus. Methodology: Methanol, ethyl acetate, chloroform, and n-hexane were chosen for optimal extraction. Extract yields were assessed to determine the optimal solvent solution for extraction. The TPC and TFC contents were determined by Folin–Ciocalteu reagent and AlCl3 method. The antioxidant potential was determined spectrophotometrically using DPPH scavenging and iron chelation assays. The fatty acid contents of methanol extract were determined by gas chromatography (GC-FID). The instrument utilized for this purpose was a Shimadzu GC-14A with a flame ionizer (FID) and a packed glass column, DEXIL-300. The column oven's temperature was kept at 180ºC for 5 minutes and programmed to 250 ºC at the rate of 5ºC/mint. The injection and detector temperature was 250ºC and 230ºC respectively. Results: The results showed that the methanol extract of C. sativus peels exhibited the highest extraction yield, TPC, and TFC 12.72 ± 0.34 mg/mL, 130.13 ± 1.23 mg/mL, and 86.56 ± 0.67 mg/mL, respectively for C. Sativus peels and for C. melo the results were as 8.32. ± 0.34 mg/mL, 68.23.13 ± 1.23 mg/mL and 48.23 ± 0.67 mg/mL, respectively. The C. Sativus peel extract also showed the highest DPPH inhibition and iron chelation activities with IC50 values of 33.34 ± 0.12 µg/mL and 30.34 ± 0.23 µg/mL. The methanol extracts also showed dose-dependent antioxidant activities. The seven fatty acids contents were found from C12 to C20 in peel extract with arachidic acid and linoleic acid in relatively greater amounts. Conclusion: The current study has shown that the methanol extract of C. sativus peel has rich total phenolic, flavonoid content, and has reasonable antioxidant activity in all of the tested methods.

Volatilome changes during black truffle (Tuber melanosporum) ontogeny

The aroma is critical in the reproductive biology of truffles and in their commercial quality. However, previous research has almost exclusively focused on characterizing ripe ascocarps. We characterized the volatilome of the highly-prized black truffle (Tuber melanosporum) ascocarps from July, in an early development stage, to March, in the late harvesting season, and investigated the relationships among aroma, ascocarp growth and morphogenetic development. The aroma profile was analyzed using a head space gas chromatography technique coupled with mass spectrometer. Seventy-one volatile compounds were identified and three development stages were clearly distinguished according to the volatile profile. In unripe ascocarps of July-September, the profile was dominated by methanethiol (19 %), 4-penten-2-ol (11 %) and acetone (11 %), the monthly mean weight of ascocarps ranged 2–20 g, and morphogenetic stages 4-6a were prevalent. In unripe ascocarps of October-December, the most abundant volatiles were 4-penten-2-ol (21 %), methanethiol (20 %) and ethanol (13 %), the monthly mean ascocarp weight ranged 28–43 g, and morphogenetic stages 6a, 6b-c were prevalent. In ripe ascocarps (December-March), the most abundant volatiles were 4-penten-2-ol (17 %), dimethyl sulfide (16 %) and ethanol (10 %), ascocarp weight did not increase significantly, and 6b-c was practically the sole morphogenetic stage. Thirty volatiles were associated to one of these three development stages. Amongst those with higher occurrence, 4-penten-2-ol, dimethyl sulfide, ethyl acetate, 2-pentanol and 2-butanone were associated to ripe truffles, whereas methanethiol, isobutyl isobutyrate, butanedione and 3-methylanisole were associated to unripe truffles.

Cytotoxic and Anti-HSV-1 Effects of Caulerpin Derivatives.

Marine organisms represent a potential source of secondary metabolites with various therapeutic properties. However, the pharmaceutical industry still needs to explore the algological resource. The species Caulerpa lamouroux Forssk presents confirmed biological activities associated with its major compound caulerpin, such as antinociceptive, spasmolytic, antiviral, antimicrobial, insecticidal, and cytotoxic. Considering that caulerpin is still limited, such as low solubility or chemical instability, it was subjected to a structural modifications test to establish which molecular regions could accept structural modification and to elucidate the cytotoxic bioactive structure in Vero cells (African green monkey kidney cells, Cercopithecus aethiops; ATCC, Manassas, VA, USA) and antiviral to Herpes simplex virus type 1. Substitution reactions in the N-indolic position with mono- and di-substituted alkyl, benzyl, allyl, propargyl, and ethyl acetate groups were performed, in addition to conversion to their acidic derivatives. The obtained analogs were submitted to cytotoxicity and antiviral activity screening against Herpes simplex virus type 1 by the tetrazolium microculture method. From the semi-synthesis, 14 analogs were obtained, and 12 are new. The cytotoxicity assay showed that caulerpin acid and N-ethyl-substituted acid presented cytotoxic concentrations referring to 50% of the maximum effect of 1035.0 µM and 1004.0 µM, respectively, values significantly higher than caulerpin. The antiviral screening of the analogs revealed that the N-substituted acids with methyl and ethyl groups inhibited Herpes simplex virus type 1-induced cytotoxicity by levels similar to the positive control acyclovir.

Iris setosa Pall. ex Link Extract Reveals Amoebicidal Activity against Acanthamoeba castellanii and Acanthamoeba polyphaga with Low Toxicity to Human Corneal Cells.

Acanthamoeba keratitis (AK) is a sight-threatening and difficult-to-treat ocular infection. The significant side effects of current AK treatments highlight the urgent need to develop a safe and effective AK medication. In this study, the amoebicidal activity of Iris setosa Pall. ex Link extract (ISE) against Acanthamoeba was examined and its specific amoebicidal mechanism was explored. ISE induced significant morphological changes in Acanthamoeba trophozoites and exhibited amoebicidal activity against A. castellanii and A. polyphaga. ISE was further fractionated into five subfractions by sequential extraction with n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, n-butanol, and water, and their amoebicidal activities and underlying amoebicidal mechanisms were investigated. The n-butanol subfraction of ISE (ISE-BuOH) displayed selective amoebicidal activity against the Acanthamoeba species with minimal cytotoxicity in human corneal cells (HCE-2). ISE-BuOH triggered apoptosis-like programmed cell death (PCD) in amoebae, characterized by DNA fragmentation, increased ROS production, and caspase-3 activity elevation. ISE-BuOH also demonstrated a partial cysticidal effect against the amoeba species. ISE-BuOH could be a promising candidate in the development of therapeutic drugs for AK.

Extraction of anti-hyperglycaemic bioactive compounds from Phyllanthus niruri L. through solvent mixture design: In vitro and in vivo evaluation

BackgroundSpecies within Phyllanthus genus exhibit a diverse range of experimentally validated pharmacological activities. Notably, Phyllanthus niruri Linneo(Phyllanthaceae), commonly referred to as stonebreaker, is a native Central and South American species with a rich history of use in traditional ethnomedicine for treating gastrointestinal and renal disorders. PurposeThe aim of this study was to investigate the application of various solvent mixtures to optimize the extraction of anti-hyperglycemic secondary metabolites from P. niruri. MethodsTo optimize the extraction of anti-hyperglycemic compounds from P. niruri, a solvent mixture design strategy was employed. The optimized extracts were subjected to chemical characterization using spectrophotometric methods and HPLC-DAD analysis. Also, the influence of edaphoclimatic conditions on the composition of extracts was investigated. The anti-hyperglycaemic potential of the extracts was evaluated through both in vitro and in vivo assays. The in vitro studies included enzyme inhibition assays targeting α-glucosidase from two sources (yeast and pig). For in vivo studies, a rat model with oral starch overload was used to confirm the anti-hyperglycaemic activity of the extracts. ResultsAn optimal solvent mixture (70 % methanol and 30 % ethyl acetate) was found as effective for extracting compounds with anti-hyperglycemic potential from P. niruri. All the extracts obtained using this solvent inhibited both, yeast and pig α-glucosidase, with greater selectivity for inhibiting the yeast-derived enzyme. Extracts from aerial parts (AP) exhibited the strongest inhibitory activity. These extracts contained phenolic compounds, specifically flavonoids, but no condensed tannins were detected. Chromatographic analysis of profile revealed a major peak consistent with corilagin. In vivo studies using a dose of 500 mg kg-1 demonstrated that this extract significantly reduced blood sugar levels after starch overload in rats. ConclusionThis study demonstrates the importance of selecting appropriate solvent mixtures to extract bioactive compounds with anti-hyperglycemic properties from P. niruri. Our findings support the traditional use of this plant as a anti-hyperglycaemic agent in ethnomedicine.

Neuroprotective Effects of Phenolic Constituents from Drynariae Rhizoma.

This study aimed to provide scientific data on the anti-Alzheimer's disease (AD) effects of phenolic compounds from Drynariae Rhizoma (DR) extract using a multi-component approach. Screening of DR extracts, fractions, and the ten phenolic compounds isolated from DR against the key AD-related enzymes acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), β-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1), and monoamine oxidase-B (MAO-B) confirmed their significant inhibitory activities. The DR extract was confirmed to have BACE1-inhibitory activity, and the ethyl acetate and butanol fractions were found to inhibit all AD-related enzymes, including BACE1, AChE, BChE, and MAO-B. Among the isolated phenolic compounds, compounds (2) caffeic acid 4-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, (6) kaempferol 3-O-rhamnoside 7-O-glucoside, (7) kaempferol 3-o-b-d-glucopyranoside-7-o-a-L-arabinofuranoside, (8) neoeriocitrin, (9) naringin, and (10) hesperidin significantly suppressed AD-related enzymes. Notably, compounds 2 and 8 reduced soluble Amyloid Precursor Protein β (sAPPβ) and β-secretase expression by over 45% at a concentration of 1.0 μM. In the thioflavin T assay, compounds 6 and 7 decreased Aβ aggregation by approximately 40% and 80%, respectively, and degraded preformed Aβ aggregates. This study provides robust evidence regarding the potential of DR as a natural therapeutic agent for AD, highlighting specific compounds that may contribute to its efficacy.

Analysis of different bioactive compounds in the tissue of the epigeic earthworm, Eisenia fetida

BackgroundEisenia fetida is the epigeic earthworm renowned for organic waste management in vermitechnology. The medicinal properties of earthworm biomass is gaining much more importance in extracting various biomolecules. Therefore, the present study was carried out to analyze the bioactive compounds of Eisenia fetida by using gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy analysis of four different solvent extract and highlighting their biological activities.ResultsThe analysis showed the presence of 17, 22, 21 and 18 bioactive compounds in chloroform, ethyl acetate, methanol and distilled water solvent extract, respectively. Each compound were analyzed based on their peak number, R-time and Base m/z values. The molecular formula, molecular weight, compound nature, their structure and biological activities were tabulated.ConclusionThe presence of a wide range of bioactive compounds in the epigeic earthworm, Eisenia fetida, justifies the pharmacological use in curing various diseases.

Bioactivity of silverleaf nightshade (Solanum elaeagnifolium Cav.) berries parts against Galleria mellonella and Erwinia carotovora and LC-MS chemical profile of its potential extract

Natural products received much attention as an environmentally beneficial solution for pest management. Therefore, the extracts of invasive silverleaf nightshade (Solanum elaeagnifolium Cav.) weeds using their berries parts (seeds, peels and mucilage) supported by bioassay-guided fractionation were tested against both the greater wax moth (Galleria mellonella) and Erwinia carotovora pv. carotovora causes of the blackleg of potatoes. The seeds and peels of S. elaeagnifolium were successively extracted by maceration using dichloromethane (DCM), ethyl acetate (EtOAc), and ethanol (EtOH), respectively. While, its mucilage was extracted using EtOAc. The successive EtOH extract of the plant seeds had promising inhibition efficacy and the best minimal inhibition concentration (MIC) of 50 µg/ml against E. Carotovora amongst other extracts (DCM and EtOAc of the plant berries parts). Depending on dose response activity, EtOH extract had G. mellonella larval mortality and pupal duration rates (LC50; 198.30 and LC95; 1294.73 µg/ml), respectively. Additionally, this EtOH extract of seeds was fractionated using preparative TLC to three characteristic bands. The insecticidal and bacterial activities of these isolated bands (SEA, SEB, and SEC) were evaluated at a dose of 100 µg/ml, causing mortality by 48.48, 62.63 and 92.93% (G. mellonella larvae) and inhibition by 15.22, 0.00 and 31.66 mm (E. carotovora), respectively. Moreover, the separated major three bands were tentatively identified using LC-ESI-MS analysis revealing the presence of two phenolic acids; chlorogenic acid (SEA) and dicaffeoyl quinic acid (SEB) in addition to one steroidal saponin (SEC) annotated as borassoside E or yamoscin. Finally, the plant seeds’ successive EtOH extract as well as its active constituents, exhibited potential broad-spectrum activity and the ability to participate in future pest management initiatives. A field study is also recommended to validate its bio-efficacy against selected pests and to develop its formulations.

Exploring the potential mechanisms of the ethyl acetate fraction of Hippophae rhamnoides L. seeds as a natural healing agent for wound repair

Ethnopharmacological relevanceSea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) has been designated a "medicine food homology" fruit by the National Health Commission of China due to its nutritional value. In traditional Chinese ethnomedicine, Hippophae rhamnoides L. is commonly used to treat nonhealing wounds such as burns, sores, and gastric ulcers. The aim of this study was to explore the healing effects of the ethyl acetate extract of sea buckthorn seeds (SBS-EF) on burn wounds. Aim of the studyThe primary objectives of this research were to determine the most effective medicinal site of action for treating burns with sea buckthorn seeds (SBS) and to investigate the underlying material basis and mechanisms of their therapeutic effects. Materials and methodsThe effects of different components of SBS-EF on the proliferation and migration of human skin fibroblasts (HSFs) were evaluated via MTT assays, scratch assays, transwell assays, and hydroxyproline secretion analysis. SBS-EF displayed the greatest activity amongst the extracts. Subsequent analyses included network pharmacology methodology, molecular docking studies, ultraperformance liquid chromatography UPLC-Orbitrap-Exploris-120-MS and a severe second-degree burn rat model to investigate the chemical constituents and potential therapeutic mechanisms of the SBS-EF. ResultsIn vitro studies demonstrated the efficacy of SBS-EF in promoting HSF growth and migration. UPLC-Orbitrap-Exploris-120-MS analysis revealed that SBS-EF had ten major constituents, with flavonoids being the predominant compounds, especially catechin, quercetin, and kaempferol derivatives. Network pharmacology and molecular docking analyses indicated that SBS-EF may exert its healing effects by modulating the Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathway. Subsequent in vivo experiments demonstrated that SBS-EF accelerated burn wound healing in rats, increased hydroxyproline expression in skin tissue, facilitated skin structure repair, and enhanced collagen production and organisation over a 21 d period. Additionally, exposure to SBS-EF upregulated WNT3a and β-catenin while downregulating GSK-3β levels in rat skin tissue. ConclusionsThe wound healing properties of SBS-EF were attributed to its ability to enhance HSF growth and migration, increase hydroxyproline levels in the skin, promote collagen accumulation, reduce scarring, and decrease the skin water content. SBS-EF may also provide therapeutic benefits for burns by modulating the Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathway, as evidenced by its effective site and likely mechanism of action in the treatment of burned rats.

Deciphering the effects of different types of high-temperature Daqu on the fermentation process and flavor profiles of sauce-flavor Baijiu

The fermentation of sauce-flavor Baijiu requires high-temperature Daqu as the starter, which is classified into three types: white, yellow, and black. Recent studies highlighted the variability of the microbiota and metabolome profiles of these three types of Daqu, however, what functions they precisely provide in the sauce-flavor Baijiu brewing process remains unclear. In this study, white, yellow, and black Daqu in five different proportions were utilized as starters in field-scale Baijiu fermentation, with the control group lacking Daqu inoculation. Fermented grains inoculated with 100% white Daqu (47.7 °C) had the highest temperature during stacking fermentation, while 100% black Daqu and control groups were lower than 45 °C. Lactic acid (12.6–22.0 mg/g) was the most abundant organic acid, followed by acetic acid (0.7–5.0 mg/g). qPCR analysis revealed that bacterial biomass decreased during fermentation, while fungal biomass increased. A comparison with the control revealed that Daqu contributed high-temperature resistant microorganisms to the stacking fermentation process, primarily Kroppenstedtia, Virgibacillus, Byssochlamys, Thermoascus, and Thermomyces. Meanwhile, stacking fermentation promoted the enrichment of Acetobacter, Kazachstania, and Leiothecium. Mantel test and co-occurrence network analysis revealed that utilizing different fermentation starters could vary the biotic and abiotic factors that drive microbial community succession. We investigated the flavor of Baijiu further, and found that fermentation with white Daqu enhanced the accumulation of ethyl acetate, isoamyl alcohol, and isobutanol, whereas black Daqu increased the accumulation of ethyl lactate, lactic acid, and furfural. This study contributes to the rational usage of different types of Daqu in the manufacturing of Baijiu.

Profiling of antioxidant properties and identification of potential analgesic inhibitory activities of Allophylus villosus and Mycetia sinensis employing in vivo, in vitro, and computational techniques

Ethnopharmacological relevanceThe traditional use of plants for medicinal purposes, called phytomedicine, has been known to provide relief from pain. In Bangladesh, the Chakma indigenous community has been using Allophylus villosus and Mycetia sinensis to treat various types of pain and inflammation. Aim of the studyThe object of this research is to evaluate the effectiveness of these plants in relieving pain and their antioxidant properties using various approaches such as in vitro, in vivo, and computational techniques. Additionally, the investigation will also analyse the phytochemicals present in these plants. Materials and methodsWe conducted in vivo analgesic experiment on Swiss albino mice and in-silico inhibitory activities on COX-2 & 15-LOX-2 enzymes. Assessment of DPPH, Anti Radical Activities (ARA), FRAP, H2O2 Free Radical Scavenging, Reducing the power of both plants performed significant % inhibition with tolerable IC50. Qualitative screening of functional groups of phytochemicals was précised by FTIR and GC-MS analysis demonstrated phytochemical investigations. ResultsThe ethyl acetate (EtOAc) fractioned Mycetia sinensis extract as well as the ethanoic extract and all fractioned extracts of Allophylus villosus have reported a significant percentage (%) of writhing inhibition (p < 0.05) with the concentrated doses 250 mg as well as 500 mg among the Swiss albino mice for writhing observation of analgesic effect. In the silico observation, a molecular-docking investigation has performed according to GC-MS generated 43 phyto-compounds of both plants to screen their binding affinity by targeting COX-2 and 15-LOX-2 enzymes. Consequently, in order to assess and ascertain the effectiveness of the sorted phytocompounds, ADMET (Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion, and Toxicity) investigation, DFT (Density-functional theory) by QM (Quantum mechanics), and MDS (Molecular dynamics simulation) were carried out. As the outcome, compounds like 5-(2,4-ditert-butylphenoxy)-5-oxopentanoic acid; 2,4-ditert-butylphenyl 5-hydroxypentanoate; 3,3-diphenyl-5-methyl-3H-pyrazole; 2-O-(6-methylheptan-2-yl) 1-O-octyl benzene-1,2-dicarboxylate and dioctan-3-yl benzene-1,2-dicarboxylate derived from the ethnic plant A. villosus and another ethnic plant M. sinensis extracts enchants magnificent analgesic inhibitions and performed more significant drug like activities with the targeted enzymes. ConclusionsPhytocompounds from A. villosus &M. sinensis exhibited potential antagonist activity against human 15-lipoxygenase-2 and cyclooxygenase-2 proteins. The effective ester compounds from these plants performed more potential anti-nociceptive activity which could be used as a drug in future.

Studies of TLC-Chromatographic Quantification of Astaxanthin in Dietary Supplements and Its Antioxidant Activity

Astaxanthin is a red carotenoid pigment known for its strong antioxidant and immune-supporting properties, which are higher than other carotenoids. The aim of this study was the qualitative and quantitative evaluation of dietary supplements containing astaxanthin. First, optimal conditions for conducting analyses using the TLC technique with densitometric detection were developed. The mobile phase consisting of methanol: ethyl acetate: 1,4-dioxane (1:3:6 v/v/v) was selected, while the stationary phase consisted of Silica gel 60 F254. Densitometric detection was performed at 460 nm. Next, the validation process of the developed method was carried out according to the guidelines of the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH). The range of linearity tested was 0.0026–0.0100 µg/spot, and the determined LOD and LOQ values were 0.85 and 2.57 ng/μL, respectively. The variation coefficient at the level of 4.75% proves good precision. The percentage of recovery was in the range of 95.25–104.94%. The obtained results confirmed the good accuracy of the method. Subsequently, quantitative analyses of the preparations were carried out. Analysis of dietary supplements showed significant deviations from the declared astaxanthin content. Astaxanthin solutions were stable in alkaline environments and when exposed to light and oxidizing substances; however, the substance degraded in acidic environments. The performed antioxidant capacity tests confirmed the high antioxidant activity of astaxanthin.

Comparative Investigation of Large-Scale Cells of Supercapacitors Using Low-Temperature Electrolytes

The implementation of the concept of sustainable development for humanity, the advancement of alternative energy, hybrid and electric transport, and backup power supply systems, necessitate the creation of efficient energy storage devices. Such systems include lithium-ion, nickel-metal hydride, and redox flow batteries, where Faraday processes play a crucial role in energy storage mechanisms. One notable advantage of double-layer supercapacitors (SCs) as energy storage devices is the absence of Faraday processes during charge and discharge [1,2]. Moreover, the absence of Faraday processes, the rate of which sharply decreases with decreasing temperature, makes SC cells practically the only devices where power and energy features can potentially be maintained at a sufficient level at extremely low temperatures, down to minus 70-80°C [3]. The demand for developing energy storage systems capable of operating at extreme temperatures without extensive thermal control, such as space avionics systems, electric aircraft, uncrewed aerial vehicles, and electric and hybrid electric vehicles, is growing.Various methods have been adopted today to improve the performance of supercapacitors at low temperatures [4,5]. The central aspect in this direction is electrolytes, which have the most critical impact on the supercapacitor performance at these temperatures. While many investigations have been conducted on laboratory cells, a comparative analysis of the electrochemical characteristics of cells based on the developed electrolytes (non-aqueous electrolytes) was carried out to understand the correlation between laboratory and large-scale manufactured SC cells.The electrolyte mixture was prepared using organic substances: acetonitrile (AN), ethyl acetate (EA), toluene (TL), diethyl ether (DE), and vinylene carbonate (VC). A 1.2 M solution of salt TEMA TFB was used to prepare the electrolyte. Test electrolyte mixtures were prepared by adding the test additive in the amount of 5, 10, 15, and 20 vol% for DE and TL and 0.1, 1, 3, and 5 vol% for VC to the AN: EA (3:1 by volume %) mixture. These co-solvents were chosen due to their low melting point, relatively low viscosity, and moderate dielectric constant values.A comprehensive investigation of the physical-chemical and electrochemical properties demonstrates that additives to the electrolyte mixture can extend the lower boundary of the operating temperature range down to −68°C, providing good electrochemical characteristics of the cells: capacitance and stability during long-term cycling [6].To understand the behavior of developed electrolytes in large-scale SC cells, manufactured large-scale SC cells (LSC) with a standard initial capacitance of 1500F were used. Figure 1a shows the capacitance change of large-scale SC cells based on electrolyte mixture AN: EA (3:1), AN: EA (3:1) +3%VC, AN: EA (3:1) +10%DE, and AN: EA (3:1) +10%TL at +25°C. It is evident that the capacitance of LSC-based SC is nearly maintained for more than 1000 charge-discharge cycles at a temperature of +25°C, demonstrating better performance than laboratory cells. Equivalent measurements were also carried out on the self-discharge of LSC-based SC cells (Fig. 1d), showing only a slight voltage drop for just over 2 days.This behaviour indicates high resistance to various electrochemical processes, such as electrochemical decomposition of the activated electrode material and electrolyte compound,corrosion of the current-collector material,undesirable Faraday redox processes. Notably, the leakage current for large-scale cells is lower than for small (laboratory) cells, enhancing the capacitance retention ability for large-scale cells. Figure 1. Cycle-life stability (a, b, c) and self-discharge behavior (d) of the LSC cells based on electrolyte mixtures at temperatures of 25 °C (a, d), -60 (b) and -65 (c).For all samples, an increase in capacitance is observed as the number of charge-discharge cycles increases (Fig.1). This is likely due to the high current value (50A) used for large-scale cells, causing Joule heating in the cell structures, and increasing the temperature of the electrolyte mixture by several degrees.Tests of the developed electrolytes as part of laboratory SC cells and large-scale industrially produced SC cells confirmed their high resource stability during 10,000 cycles of continuous charge-discharge at a current density of 1.5 A/g, including at a temperature corresponding to the upper limit of the operating temperature range. Additionally, the resistance of SCs with these electrolytes to self-discharge was demonstrated, showcasing the possibility of a "cold start" of SC elements at a temperature of –60 °C.

Anticandidal Properties of Launaea sarmentosa among the Salt Marsh Plants Collected from Palk Bay and the Gulf of Mannar Coast, Southeastern India.

Tidal wetlands, commonly known as salt marshes, are highly productive ecosystems in temperate regions worldwide. These environments constitute a unique flora composed primarily of salt-tolerant herbs, grasses, and shrubs. This study investigated the therapeutic properties of ten salt marsh plants collected mainly from Palk Bay and Mannar Gulf against Candida disease. This study examined the changes in natural plant products associated with their anti-Candida growth activity during two distinct seasonal changes-monsoon and summer. The potential of the salt marshes to inhibit the growth of five different Candida strains was assessed using four solvents. In phytochemical analysis, the extracts obtained from a Launaea sarmentosa exhibited the highest results compared to the other plant extracts. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy revealed 12 peaks with alkane, aldehyde, amine, aromatic ester, phenol, secondary alcohol, and 1,2,3,4-tetrasubstituted. Gas-chromatography-mass spectrometry detected 30 compounds. Cyclotetracosane, lupeol, β-amyrin, and 12-oleanen-3-yl acetate showed the highest peak range. In particular, plant samples collected during the monsoon season were more effective in preventing Canda growth than the summer plant samples. In the monsoon season, the salt marsh plant extracted with ethyl acetate showed a high anti-Candida growth activity, while in the summer, the acetone extract exhibited a higher anti-Candida growth activity than the other solvents. The hexane extract of L. sarmentosa showed the highest inhibition zone against all Candidal strains. Furthermore, compounds, such as β-amyrin, lupeol, and oxirane, from the hexane extract of L. sarmentosa play a vital role in anti-Candida activity. This paper reports the potential of tidal marsh plant extracts for developing new antifungal agents for Candida infections.

Comparative pharmacokinetic study of Anisodamine Hydrobromide tablets and injection in septic acute lung injury rats.

Aim: We aimed to establish a sensitive LC-MS/MS method to analyze the pharmacokinetics of Ani HBr tablets and injection. Methods: Around 10mmNH4Ac containing 0.1% formic acid and acetonitrile were used as the mobile phase. Acute lung injury in septic and normal rats, respectively, were administered Ani HBr tablets at doses of 12.5, 25 and 50mg/kg and injection at doses of 4, 8 and 16mg/kg, followed by extraction of the drugs from plasma using ethyl acetate for subsequent analysis. Results & conclusion: The method met the requirements for biological analysis. Ani HBr tablets absorbed slowly in rats with disease, tail vein administration was a more promising approach for treating septic acute lung injury.

Antibacterial activity of Monascus-fermented sorghum extracts against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli

Monascus purpureus is one of the few types of edible fungi known for their abundant bioactivity. This research was aimed to investigate the antibacterial activity of Monascusfermented sorghum extract (MFSE). Three different solvents were used for extraction: ethyl acetate, ethanol, and water. Antibacterial activity was assessed by determining minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). The broth microdilution method was used to determine the MIC of the extract against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Additionally, moisture content, color, and biomass of Monascus-fermented sorghum (MFS) were analyzed, along with the pigment and total phenolic content of MFSE. All obtained data were calculated for the mean. Antibacterial activity was observed in MFSE extracted with all three solvents, displaying MIC values of 0.018, 0.216, and 0.794 mg/L against S. aureus and 0.996, 1.205, and 1.138 mg/L against E. coli for ethyl acetate, ethanol, and water extract, respectively. The MFSE extracted with ethyl acetate exhibited the lowest MIC, indicating the highest antibacterial activity.

Stability indicating HPTLC method development and validation of evogliptin in bulk and tablet dosage form by using a QbD approach

This study explains the well-structured development and validation of the HPTLC method and the qualitative evaluation of Evogliptin in both bulk and tablet formulation using the quality by design (QbD) approach. Chromatographic separation was carried out on an aluminium-backed silica gel F254 plate using a mobile phase consisting of ethyl acetate :methanol: triethylamine (6:4:0.1 V/V/V). Densitometry was carried out at a wavelength of 267 nm. The band corresponding to the Evogliptin was obtained at Rf=0.39. The method was found to be linear, with r2=0.9961. The critical analytical attributes (CAAs) for the HPTLC method were identified. The saturation time, band length and solvent front were determined as critical method parameters (CMP) and extensively optimized employing Box-Behnken Design (BBD), with a focus on the retention factor (Rf) value as the CAA. The method described in this study exhibited linearity. The accuracy, precision, linearity, LOD, LOQ and robustness values were within the specified limits. The developed method was validated according to ICH guidelines and the results were found to be within the acceptance criteria. This study effectively demonstrates the value of the QbD approach for creating an incredibly accurate HPTLC method with improved system effectiveness.

Phytochemical Analysis and Biological Activities of Different Extracts of Walnut (Juglans regia Linn.) Kernels

The walnut tree (Juglans regia Linn.) is a valuable medicinal plant. Almost all parts of this plant have significant nutritional and curative properties. The walnut fruit has been claimed to possess antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-hypertensive, antimicrobial properties and high nutritional value. The present work is focused on the phytochemical screening and study of antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of Juglans regia kernels extracted from four different solvents; methanol, ethyl acetate, chloroform, and hexane. The highest yield of extract was obtained with methanol. The phytochemical screening showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, phenolic compounds, glycosides, terpenoids, quinones, reducing sugars, and saponins in methanol extract. The total phenolic content was higher in methanolic extract. Methanolic and chloroform extracts possessed more flavonoid content than ethyl acetate and hexane extracts. The DPPH radical scavenging assay showed that the IC50 value of methanolic extract was 78.77 μg/mL with TPC 67.65 mg GAE/g and TFC 391.00 mg QE/g. The IC50 value obtained for ethyl acetate extract was 135.28 μg/mL with TPC 36.56 mg GAE/g and TFC 212.00 mg QE/g. The IC50 value for chloroform extract was 313.72 μg/mL with TPC 13.08 mg GAE/g and TFC 393.73 mg QE/g. The IC50 value of hexane extract was 898.99 μg/mL with TPC 6.26 mg GAE/g and TFC 77.82 mg QE/g. Only methanolic extract showed the antimicrobial activity against Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus.

Potential anti-HIV and antitrypanosomal components revealed in Sorindeia nitidula via LC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS

Sorindeia nitidula (Anacardiaceae) is used by traditional practitioners to treat influenza illnesses with cephalgia and febrile aches. However, the potential active ingredients for its remarkable antioxidant, anti-HIV and antitrypanosomal activities remain unexplored. The present study aims to evaluate the antioxidant, anti-HIV and antitrypanosomal activities of the ethyl acetate extract of S. nitidula (SN) in order to screen out the bioactive compounds and to analyze their possible mechanisms of action. Overall, 21 phenolic compounds were annotated, by using the MS and MS/MS information provided by the QTOF-MS. In vitro assays on the extract revealed potent antioxidant (IC50 = 0.0129 ± 0.0001 mg/mL), anti-HIV (IC50 = 1.736 ± 0.036 µM), antitrypanosomal (IC50 = 1.040 ± 0.010 µM) activities. Furthermore, SN did not present cytotoxic effect on HeLa cancer cell lines. The integrated strategy based on LC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS provided a powerful tool and a multidimensional perspective for further exploration of active ingredients in S. nitidula responsible for the antioxidant, anti-HIV and antitrypanosomal activities.

Evaluation of Antioxidant Potential, Enzyme Inhibition, and Chemical Profiling Through Mass Spectrometry on Bark Extract of Berberis aristata

Berberis aristata, a plant from the Berberidaceae family, is renowned for its medicinal properties. The presence of bioactive metabolites in its bark underscores its importance in traditional medicine and pharmacology. This study primarily focuses on the biological activities of the plant bark extract, specifically its antioxidant properties and alpha-glucosidase inhibition. In addition to these activities, mass spectrometry-based compound annotation was conducted to explore the metabolites present in the plant bark extract. In this study, the bark samples were collected and extracted using the cold percolation method with methanol. Subsequently, an ethyl acetate fraction was obtained from the methanol extract using a separating funnel. The methanol extract of the bark showed a total phenolic content (TPC) of 70.056 ± 2.52 mg GAE/g and a total flavonoid content (TFC) of 11.89 ± 0.16 mg QE/g. To determine the antioxidant activity of the samples, a DPPH assay was used. The ethyl acetate fraction of the bark showed potent antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 188.93 ± 8.35 μg/mL, while the methanol extract of the bark showed radical scavenging activity with an IC50 value of 242.89 ± 4.62 μg/mL. In terms of alpha-glucosidase inhibition, the methanol extract of the bark had low enzyme inhibition activity, but the ethyl acetate fraction exhibited potential inhibition with an IC50 value of 112.99 ± 10.28 µg/mL. These results indicate that the plant bark extract is rich in phenolic content compared to flavonoid content. Additionally, the ethyl acetate fraction of the plant bark exhibits potent radical scavenging activity and inhibition of the digestive enzyme alpha-glucosidase. Mass spectrometric-based identification of metabolites revealed that the methanol extract of the bark contains compounds such as Palmatin, columbamine, and berberal. The presence of these metabolites further supports the medicinal use of this plant bark. These findings enhance the plant's potential in the drug discovery process in the future.