Ethyl Acetate Fraction Research Articles

Mango peel extracts and mangiferin chromatographic Fourier-transform infrared correlation with antioxidant, antidiabetic, and advanced glycation end product inhibitory potentials using in silico modeling and in vitro assays.

Mangifera indica peels are a rich source of diverse flavonoids and xanthonoids; however, generally these are discarded. Computational studies revealed that mangiferin significantly interacts with amino acid residues of transcriptional regulators 1IK3, 3TOP, and 4f5S. The methanolic extract of Langra variety of mangoes contained the least phenol concentrations (22.6 ± 0.32 mg/gGAE [gallic acid equivalent]) compared to the chloroform (214.8 ± 0.12 mg/gGAE) and ethyl acetate fractions (195.6 ± 0.14 mg/gGAE). Similarly, the methanolic extract of Sindhri variety contained lower phenol concentrations (42.3 ± 0.13 mg/gRUE [relative utilization efficiency]) compared with the chloroform (85.6 ± 0.15 mg/gGAE) and ethyl acetate (76.1 ± 0.32 mg/gGAE) fractions. Langra extract exhibited significant α-glucosidase inhibition (IC50 0.06 mg/mL), whereas the ethyl acetate fraction was highly active (IC50 0.12 mg/mL) in Sindhri variety. Mangiferin exhibited significant inhibition (IC50 0.026 mg/mL). A moderate inhibition of 15-LOX was observed in all samples, whereas mangiferin was least active. In advanced glycation end product inhibition assay, the chloroform fraction of Langra variety exhibited significant inhibition in nonoxidative (IC50 64.4μg/mL) and oxidative modes (IC50 54.7μg/mL). It was concluded that both Langra and Sindhri peel extracts and fractions possess significant antidiabetic activities. The results suggest the potential use of peel waste in the management and complications of diabetes.

Therapeutic potential of Garcinia kola against experimental toxoplasmosis in rats.

Cerebral toxoplasmosis, the most common opportunistic infection in immunocompromised individuals, is increasingly reported in immunocompetent individuals due to mutant strains of Toxoplasma gondii, which, furthermore, are reported to be resistant to available treatments. We assessed the therapeutic potential of Garcinia kola, a medicinal plant reported to have antiplasmodial and neuroprotective properties, against experimental toxoplasmosis in rats. Severe toxoplasmosis was induced in male Wistar rats (156.7 ± 4.1 g) by injecting them with 10 million tachyzoites in suspension in 500 µl of saline (intraperitoneal), and exclusive feeding with a low-protein diet [7% protein (weight by weight)]. Then, animals were treated with hexane, dichloromethane, and ethyl acetate fractions of Garcinia kola. Footprints were analysed and open-field and elevated plus maze ethological tests were performed when symptoms of severe disease were observed in the infected controls. After sacrifice, blood samples were processed for Giemsa staining, organs were processed for haematoxylin and eosin staining, and brains were processed for Nissl staining and cell counting. Compared with non-infected animals, the infected control animals had significantly lower body weights (30.27%↓, P = 0.001), higher body temperatures (P = 0.033) during the sacrifice, together with signs of cognitive impairment and neurologic deficits such as lower open-field arena centre entries (P < 0.001), elevated plus maze open-arm time (P = 0.029) and decreased stride lengths and step widths (P < 0.001), as well as neuronal loss in various brain areas. The ethyl acetate fraction of Garcinia kola prevented or mitigated most of these signs. Our data suggest that the ethyl acetate fraction of Garcinia kola has therapeutic potential against cerebral toxoplasmosis.

Phytochemical screening and anti-inflammatory activities of different fractions from Citrullus lanatus leaves: A comprehensive study

Inflammation, a protective immune response, can contribute to maintaining homeostasis but can also cause harm when chronic or excessive. Citrullus lanatus has been suggested to possess antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities that may aid in preventing and treating oxidative stress and inflammation. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the levels of phytochemicals, as well as the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of Citrullus lanatus leaves extract. The ethyl acetate, hexane, butanol fraction and aqueous methanol extract were subjected to various standard quantitative phytochemical analysis, while the hexane fraction and aqueous methanol extract were subjected to standard in vitro anti-inflammatory assays. Spectrophotometric and gravimetric methods were used in this study. The in vitro anti-denaturation (stabilization) assay was used for detecting a wide range of antioxidant compounds. The ethyl acetate fraction had the highest flavonoid and polyphenol levels, followed by hexane, butanol, and aqueous methanol extract, respectively. Quantitative phytochemical analysis showed the levels of flavonoids, polyphenols, tannins, alkaloids and saponins present in the different fractions of C. lanatus. The human erythrocyte membrane stabilization assay showed that extracts were able to stabilize human red blood cell membrane against hypotonic-induced hemolysis in five different samples. The extract of Citrullus lanatus was found to have the highest antioxidant activity. This study has shown that the leaves of Citrullus lanatus can be used in ethnomedicine for the prevention and treatment of ailments caused by oxidative stress and inflammation-related diseases.

Phytochemical screening and antibacterial properties of Sungkai (Peronema canescens Jack.) leaf extract and fraction

Abstract Sungkai (Peronema canescens Jack.) is a natural ingredient used as a traditional treatment for diarrhea, fever, toothache, mouthwash, and antiseptics. The objective of the study was to assess the antibacterial properties of Sungkai leaf extracts and fractions against pathogenic bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Salmonella thypimurium) and to identify chemical compounds with antibacterial properties. The investigation starts with extraction and then continues with liquid-liquid fractionation with n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, n-butanol, and water as solvents. Extracts and various fractions of Sungkai leaf were analyzed using phytochemical screening. The antibacterial property assay used the microdilution and paper disc method. The active component of the extract or fraction was determined by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The phytochemical screening results indicated that the ethanol extract included flavonoids, alkaloids, and steroids. Both the n-hexane fraction and chloroform fraction consist of alkaloid and steroid compounds. The ethyl acetate fraction contains phenolic compounds, while the n-butanol and water fractions contain flavonoid compounds. The microdilution method revealed that the chloroform fraction had the highest performance, with a Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) value of 1000 µg/ml against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. However, the paper disc approach demonstrated that both the extract and the fraction did not produce an inhibitory zone against the four tested bacteria. The GC-MS analysis identified 17-Octadecynoic acid in the chloroform fraction as the most effective chemical compound against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The chloroform fraction of Sungkai leaf contains active compounds that have the potential for antibacterial activity.

Fatty Acid Esters and Acyclic Monoterpenoid from Justicia insularis Leaf Fractions Attenuated Malaria Pathogenesis Through Docking with Plasmodium falciparum Serine Hydroxymethyl Transferase and Plasmodium falciparum Erythrocyte Membrane Protein 1 Proteins

Background Justicia insularis (Acanthaceae) T. Anderson is ethnopharmacologically used in Nigeria for the treatment of diseases including malaria. Therefore, this study was designed to investigate in vivo antiplasmodial effect of J. insularis leaf in Plasmodium berghei-infected mice, characterize its constituents, and carryout in silico studies of its compounds. Methods Standard protocols were followed in the processing of the plant leaves, extraction, fractionation, isolation, and characterization, evaluation of in vivo antiplasmodial assay, retrieval of Plasmodium falciparum serine hydroxymethyl transferase (PfSHMT) and Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1 (PfEMP-1) proteins, absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADMET), and docking studies. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was employed to isolate and characterize the compounds; SWISSADME and ADMET lab 2 enhanced the evaluation of pharmacokinetic properties, PyRx for docking analysis; Biovia discovery studio for 2D visualization, and PyMol software for 3D visualization of the ligand-protein interactions. Results The dichloromethane (61.59%) and ethyl acetate (73.15%) fractions had the best therapeutic indices and compared favorably with chloroquine (81.58%) in the curative antiplasmodial assay. The GC-MS analysis revealed 20 already reported antiplasmodial compounds with hexanoic acid 1,1-dimethylethyl ester, octadecanoic acid docosyl ester, and trans-β-ocimene as the lead compounds based on their binding affinities, permeation of the blood-brain-barrier, non-inhibition of metabolizing enzymes, ease of excretion, non-carcinogenicity, as well as non-violation of Lipinski's criteria. Conclusion Octadecanoic acid docosyl ester and hexanoic acid 1,1-dimethylethyl ester bonded the tetrahydrofolate-binding sites of PfSHMT, caused inhibition of DNA synthesis, and apoptosis, whereas trans-β-ocimene inhibited PfEMP-1, reversed the attachment of parasitized red blood cells to micro-vascular endothelium as their mechanism of action for parasitemia clearance. Moreover, these lead compounds reported for the first time in the dichloromethane and EtoAc fractions of this plant are responsible for the remarkable antiplasmodial activity observed in this study.

Aktivitas Senyawa Antioksidan Daun Labu Kuning (Cucurbita maxima Duch.)

This study aimed to determine the activity and class of antioxidant compounds in pumpkin leaves. The research methods carried out were refining pumpkin leaves simplicia, extraction, fractionation, antioxidant activity test with TLC plate, purification, determination of compound class, and antioxidant activity test using the Difenilpikril Hidrazil Hidrat (DPPH) method. The results showed that the active fraction of pumpkin leaves is the ethyl acetate fraction, and the n-hexane fraction, column chromatography on the active fraction obtained six pure eluates that have antioxidant activity, namely N1, N2, E1, E2, and E3. Groups of compounds N1, N2, E1 are terpenoids, group E2 eluates compounds are flavonoids, while E3 eluates are included in the tannin group. The pure eluate antioxidant activity test with the DPPH method obtained IC50 values of N1 are 25.02 ppm, N2 36.27 ppm and E1 40.04 ppm, E2 68.10 ppm and E3 105.38 ppm.

A Test of the effectiveness of the ethyl acetate fraction of dayak onion bulbs (eleutherine bulbosa (mill.) urb) as an antihypertensive

A Test of the effectiveness of the ethyl acetate fraction of dayak onion bulbs (eleutherine bulbosa (mill.) urb) as an antihypertensive

In Vivo Study: Acute Toxicity and Hypnotic-Sedative Activity of the Ethyl Acetate Fraction of Polypodium feei

In Vivo Study: Acute Toxicity and Hypnotic-Sedative Activity of the Ethyl Acetate Fraction of Polypodium feei

Phytochemical analysis, in-vitro and in-silico study of antiproliferative activity of ethyl acetate fraction of Launaea cornuta (Hochst. ex Oliv. & Hiern) C. Jeffrey against human cervical cancer cell line.

Introduction: Cervical cancer is one of the leading causes of death among women globally due to the limitation of current treatment methods and their associated adverse side effects. Launaea cornuta is used as traditional medicine for the treatment of a variety of diseases including cancer. However, there is no scientific validation on the antiproliferative activity of L. cornuta against cervical cancer. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the selective antiproliferative, cytotoxic and antimigratory effects of L. cornuta and to explore its therapeutical mechanisms in human cervical cancer cell lines (HeLa-229) through a network analysis approach. Materials and methods: The cytotoxic effect of L. cornuta ethyl acetate fraction on the proliferation of cervical cancer cells was evaluated by 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) bioassay and the antimigratory effect was assessed by wound healing assays. Compounds were analysed using the qualitative colour method and gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). Subsequently, bioinformatic analyses, including the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis, Gene Ontology (GO), and Kyoto Encyclopaedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis, were performed to screen for potential anticervical cancer therapeutic target genes of L. cornuta. Molecular docking (MD) was performed to predict and understand the molecular interactions of the ligands against cervical cancer. Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was performed to validate the network analysis results. Results: L. cornuta ethyl acetate fraction exhibited a remarkable cytotoxic effect on HeLa-229 proliferation (IC50 of 20.56 ± 2.83μg/mL) with a selectivity index (SI) of 2.36 with minimal cytotoxicity on non-cancerous cells (Vero-CCL 81 (IC50 of 48.83 ± 23.02). The preliminary screening revealed the presence of glycosides, phenols, saponins, terpenoids, quinones, and tannins. Thirteen compounds were also identified by GC-MS analysis. 124 potential target genes associated with the effect of L. cornuta ethyl acetate fraction on human cervical cancer were obtained, including AKT1, MDM2, CDK2, MCL1 and MTOR were identified among the top hub genes and PI3K/Akt1, Ras/MAPK, FoxO and EGFR signalling pathways were identified as the significantly enriched pathways. Molecular docking results showed that stigmasteryl methyl ether had a good binding affinity against CDK2, ATK1, BCL2, MDM2, and Casp9, with binding energy ranging from -7.0 to -12.6kcal/mol. Tremulone showed a good binding affinity against TP53 and P21 with -7.0 and -8.0kcal/mol, respectively. This suggests a stable molecular interaction of the ethyl acetate fraction of L. cornuta compounds with the selected target genes for cervical cancer. Furthermore, RT-qPCR analysis revealed that CDK2, MDM2 and BCL2 were downregulated, and Casp9 and P21 were upregulated in HeLa-229 cells treated with L. cornuta compared to the negative control (DMSO 0.2%). Conclusion: The findings indicate that L. cornuta ethyl acetate fraction phytochemicals modulates various molecular targets and pathways to exhibit selective antiproliferative and cytotoxic effects against HeLa-229 cells. This study lays a foundation for further research to develop innovative clinical anticervical cancer agents.

Trichilia catigua against Helicobacter pylori: An in vitro, molecular and in silico approach

Helicobacter pylori is a bacterium that is present in the stomach of about 50% of the global population and is associated with several gastric disorders, including cancer. Natural products with antimicrobial activity have been tested against H. pylori, among them Trichilia catigua (catuaba), which is widely distributed in Brazil. This study aimed to evaluate extracts of T. catigua bark against H. pylori via determination of the minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations (MIC and MBC); evaluation of virulence factors by real-time PCR, synergism with standard antimicrobials and morphology by scanning electron microscopy and simulations of the mechanism of action by molecular docking. The ethyl acetate fraction provided the best results, with an MIC50 of 250 μg/mL and a 42.34% reduction in urease activity, along with reduced expression of the CagA and VacA genes, which encode for the main virulence factors. This fraction presented synergistic activity with clarithromycin, reducing the MIC of the drug by four-fold. Docking simulations suggested that the extracts inhibit fatty acid synthesis by the FAS-II system, causing damage to the cell membrane. Therefore, T. catigua extracts have potential as an adjuvant to treatment and are promising for the development of new anti-H. pylori drugs.

Evaluation of antiulcer potential of tambulin and ombuin isolated from Zanthoxylum armatum

ObjectivesZanthoxulym armatum fruit is traditionally used as carminative, anthelmintic, stomachic, and to relieve gastritis. It is commonly found in Nepal, Uttarakhand, and the Himalayan region of India. Tribal peoples used this fruit for various purposes and also as a spice ingredient. The present study aims to investigate the antiulcer potential of the fruit extract, and its isolated compounds. Materials and methodsFruits were extracted with successive extraction methods with hexane, ethyl acetate, and butanol. All the fractions were evaluated for phytochemical investigations. Further, the ethyl acetate fraction, tambulin, and ombuin were tested for antiulcer activity induced by ethanol and pylorus ligation-induced methods. The IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6 cytokines were also studied followed by histopathology. ResultsIt has been demonstrated that the ethyl acetate fraction possesses a major class of secondary metabolites. No acute toxicity was observed, as all the organs (heart, kidney, lung, stomach, and liver) were found in normal range and no significant weight variation was found. The antiulcer activity was performed at two different doses of all samples. Tambulin possesses the most significant activity at the dose of 50 mg/kg. Ulcer index and percent ulcer inhibition of tambulin were found to be 2.8 ± 0.6 mm2 and 69.5 ± 0.18 % in pylorus –ligated model whereas 5.2 ± 0.7 mm2 and 70.2 ± 0.15 in the ethanol-induced model. Histopathology results also support the above-mentioned data. ConclusionTambulin, a flavonoidal compound isolated from fruits of Z. armatum was found to be useful in the management of ulcers. Ethylacetate extract and ombuin also possess dose-dependent activity.

Chemical and Biological Profiling of Derris Scandens (Roxb.) Benth

Plants have been a valuable source of bioactive phytochemicals since ancient times, providing mankind with important compounds that can be utilized in the development of innovative therapeutics for various diseases. Chemical investigation of Derris scandens (Roxb.) Benth., a plant with a long history of traditional use, led to the identification of two flavonoids such as Scandenone and Lupalbigenin. The 1H NMR spectroscopic analysis along with comparison to similar compounds in the literature, helped to elucidate the structures of these compounds. The crude methanol extract was fractionated, and different fractions were evaluated for their antioxidant, cytotoxic, and thrombolytic activities. Among the fractions, the ethyl acetate and chloroform soluble fractions showed the highest DPPH free radical scavenging activity, while the chloroform soluble fraction demonstrated significant lethality in the brine shrimp lethality bioassay. The petroleum ether soluble fraction exhibited substantial thrombolytic activity. The extraction of these important phytochemicals from the plant has brought new insights into the field of drug discovery, potentially facilitating the development and exploration of novel therapeutics. However, additional investigations are advised to gain a comprehensive understanding of their precise molecular mechanisms and potential toxicological effects. Bangladesh J. Bot. 53(2): 227-233, 2024 (June)

Uncovering the anti-breast cancer activity potential of east Kalimantan propolis by In vitro and bioinformatics analysis

Numerous side effects of breast cancer drugs have prompted researchers to explore more into new therapeutic approaches derived from natural substances. In this context, our study focused on uncovering the potential of East Kalimantan propolis from Trigona apicalis for breast cancer treatment including the underlying mechanisms through bioinformatics approached. We conducted integrated in vitro and bioinformatics analysis of network pharmacology, molecular docking, molecular dynamics and MM-GBSA analysis. Initially, in vitro cytotoxic assay demonstrated the anti-breast cancer activity potential of ethanol extract of East Kalimantan propolis, particularly its ethyl acetate fraction, which exhibited similar activity to doxorubicin, as indicated by their IC50 value. This study revealed eight propolis compounds, consisting of flavonoids and phenolic acids, in East Kalimantan propolis. By integrating microarray datasets (GSE29431, GSE36295, and GSE42568) analysis with potential targets derived from propolis compounds, 39 shared target genes were identified. Subsequently, GO and KEGG pathway, protein–protein interaction (PPI) network, core hub genes and gene expression analysis revealed three major targets, namely, PTGS2, CXCL2, and MMP9. Among them, only MMP9 was highly expressed in breast cancer than normal. Moreover, molecular docking revealed the six of propolis compounds which exhibited pronounced binding affinity towards MMP-9, better than marimastat as control drug. Dynamic simulation confirmed the stability of chrysin and quercetin as best compounds. Additionally, MM-GBSA analysis revealed a relative binding energy for chrysin (−25.6403 kcal/mol) that was comparable to marimastat (−27.3827 kcal/mol). In conclusion, this study reveals how East Kalimantan Propolis affect breast cancer and emphasizes MMP9 as a key target for future therapeutics.

Pharmacognostic Evaluation, Chemical Characterization, and Antibacterial Activity of Bassia indica (Wight) A.J. Scott.

Bassia indica (Wight) A.J. Scott is an Indian origin plant with documented medicinal and nutritional value, but has not been fully characterized yet. The present study was designed to establish pharmacognostic standards for the proper identification of the B. indica plant and its chemical characterization. The plant was standardized with World Health Organization (WHO) standardization tools and chemically characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) analysis. Antibacterial potential was assessed by the zone of inhibition and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and molecular docking studies were also performed. Pharmacognostic evaluation established the macroscopic and microscopic parameters for the identification of whole plant and its powder. Physicochemical parameters were also set forth while quantitative phytochemical analysis showed that the ethyl acetate fraction had the highest quantity of phenols, flavonoids, and tannins. FTIR analysis showed several functional groups such as phenols, alkanes, and alcohols while 55 phytochemicals were identified in the GC-MS analysis of the crude fraction. The crude extract and other fractions showed marked antibacterial activity, while the ethyl acetate fraction showed the least MIC (1.95-31.25 mg/mL). Phytochemicals identified in the GC-MS showed good molecular docking interactions against the DNA gyrase subunit B of bacteria with binding energies ranging from -4.2 to -9.4 kcal/mol. The current study describes the pharmacognostic characterization and phytochemical profiling of B. indica and provides scientific evidence to support its use in infections.

In vitro Biological Activities and Fatty Acid Composition Analysis of Musa paradisiaca L. Inflorescence

Musa paradisiaca L. is native to tropical climate. Inflorescences of this herb are used as a treatment of digestive distresses. This study involved analysis of the fatty acid contents and some in-vitro pharmacological activities of the inflorescence. Modified Kupchan method was used for extraction in solvents of varying polarity. Fatty acid content analysis was conducted on n-hexane extract; Palmitoleic acid was found to be the highest in proportion in both bound (34.40%) and free (37.80%) forms. n-hexane and dichloromethane extracts exhibited cytotoxicity against carcinoma cell (HeLa cell line). Ethyl acetate extract possessed significant amount of free radical (DPPH) scavenging capability (IC50 = 66.92±0.3065 μg/ml). The n-Hexane extract was found to be rich in phenolics (26.40 ± 0.033 mg GE/g) and flavonoids (83.40± 0.099 mg QE/g). Dichloromethane fraction exhibited the highest zone of inhibition (15 mm) against the bacterium Shigella dysenteriae. Ethyl acetate fraction showed blood clot lysis activity of 29.35% (standard streptokinase 63.05%). Presence of potent bioactivities imply the prospects of this sample as a source of lead compounds for effective formulations against chronic digestive diseases. Dhaka Univ. J. Pharm. Sci. 23(1): 69-76, 2024 (June)

Study of Total Phenols, Flavonoids, Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activities from Dioscorea hispida Tubers

The tubers of Dioscorea hispida Dennst., a Dioscoreaceae plant, contain flavonoid molecules and plant secondary metabolites that are antioxidants and antibacterials. In this study, the total phenolic content and flavonoids from the ethanol extract and fraction (n-hexane and ethyl acetate) of Dioscorea tuber were investigated for their antioxidant and antibacterial properties. Fractionation with n-hexane and ethyl acetate followed by diffusion with 96% ethanol. The Folin-Ciocalteau reagent measured total phenol at 765 nm, and the AlCl3 method measured total flavonoid at 440 nm using a visible spectrophotometer. The DPPH assessed the antioxidant activity, whereas the antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli was determined using agar diffusion on paper discs. The extract, n-hexane fraction, and ethyl acetate exhibited total phenolic content of 33.02, 5.95, and 156.33 mg GAE/g extract, respectively. Similarly, the total flavonoid content was measured at 20.26, 14.31, and 74.02 mg QE/g extract. The extract, n-hexane fraction, and ethyl acetate of the Dioscorea tuber exhibited minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 8.25, 7.76, and 10.30 mg/mL against S. aureus and 8.51, 8.31, and 12.05, against E. coli, respectively. The findings of this study indicate that the ethanol extract and n-hexane fraction derived from Dioscorea tubers exhibited comparatively diminished antioxidant and antibacterial properties in comparison to the ethyl acetate fraction. Furthermore, the ethyl acetate fraction exhibited elevated concentrations of total phenols and total flavonoids in comparison to the remaining fractions.

The Impact of Azadirachta Indica Extract on the Expression Profile of Esp Gene in Treated Enterococcus faecalis

Background and Objectives Enterococcus faecalis is a bacterium often associated with persistent endodontic infections, posing challenges for effective root canal disinfection and treatment outcomes due to its resilience in adverse root canal conditions and resistance to antimicrobial therapies. This study aimed to investigate the effects of Azadirachtaindica's active plant compounds at subinhibitory concentrations on the expression of the virulence gene (esp) in Enterococcus faecalis strains (ATCC 29212). Materials and Methods Azadirachta indica (neem) specimens were obtained in Erbil, Northern Iraq, and the active compounds from the dried plant samples were extracted. Dry extracts were dissolved in Dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO) until reaching 100 mg/ml. Bacterial samples were treated with the extracted plant material and incubated. The assessment of relative esp gene expression in treated Enterococcus faecalis strains (ATCC 29212) began with total RNA extraction using the RNXplus kit, followed by a Quantitative RT-PCR assay. Results The minimum concentration of Azadirachta indica's ethyl acetate fraction 3 (30 mg/ml) inhibited the growth of the targeted bacteria. In contrast, the highest concentration inhibiting the target bacteria was 50 mg/ml of fraction 6 (Azadirachta indica-water). All fractions of Azadirachta indica decreased the expression of the target gene, with fraction 5 (ethyl alcohol) showing the highest fold change. Conclusion The ethyl alcohol extraction of Azadirachta indica inhibited the expression of the virulence gene (esp) by 2.84-fold, suggesting a potential decrease in (esp) gene expression, which could be considered as an alternative to classical irrigants.

Chemical Composition of Extracts and Fractions from Miconia Ibaguensis (Melastomataceae) Leaves and Evaluation of Biological Activities.

The study aimed to assess the chemical composition of Miconia ibaguensis leaves extracts and fractions obtained from the ethanolic extract (EE), along with evaluating their antifungal, antibacterial, antidiabetic, and antioxidant activities. The ethyl acetate fraction (EAF) exhibited potent antifungal activity against Candida spp (1.95-3.90 μg mL-1) and potent antioxidant activity in the DPPH (1.74±0.07 μg mL-1), FRAP (654.01±42.09 μmol ETrolox/gsample), and ORAC (3698.88±37.28 μmol ETrolox/gsample) methods. The EE displayed inhibition against the α-amylase enzyme (8.42±0.05 μg mL-1). Flavonoids, hydrolysable tannins, triterpenoids, and phenolic acids, identified in the EE and fractions via (-)-HPLC-ESI-MS/MS analysis, were found to contribute to the species' biological activity potentially. These findings suggest promising avenues for further research and potential applications in pharmacology and natural products, offering new possibilities in the fight against global health issues.

Ethyl acetate fractionation improved the homogeneity and purity of CAOSA-extracted lignin

Lignin separated from the pulping and bio-refining industry is a cross-linked organic phenolic polymer and the most abundant renewable aromatic resource. However, its wide molecular weight distribution, inhomogeneity and complex functional groups are the factors restricting the application of lignin. The preparation of lignin with simple structures and low dispersity by fractionation is one of the main methods to transform lignin into higher-value materials. In this study, lignin fragments with lower dispersibility (Đ) were separated from CAOSA-extracted bamboo lignin by continuous organic solvent fractionation involving ethyl acetate, ethanol, acetone and dioxane/water (95:5). The lignin fragments extracted by ethyl acetate possessed a lower molecular weight (821 g/mol), lower glass transition temperature (Tg), higher purity and phenolic hydroxyl content (0.370 mmol/g). This method unlocked the versatility of the lignin components and provided a reference for the application of lignin in resin, rubber, antioxidant, asphalt and adhesive.

Evaluation of anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of solvent fraction of the roots of Echinops kebericho Mesfin (Asteraceae) in mice model.

The present study was aimed at investigating the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of the solvent fractions of the roots ofEchinops keberichoMesfin in rodent models of pain and inflammation. Successive maceration was used as a method of extraction using solvents of increasing polarity: methanol and water. Ethyl acetate, chloroform and distilled water were used as solvents of the fraction process. Swiss albino mice models were used in acetic acid induced writhing, hot plate, carrageenan induced paw edema and cotton pellet granuloma to assess the analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities. The test groups received different doses (100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg) of the three fractions (chloroform, ethyl acetate and aqueous). The positive control groups received ASA (150 mg/kg) for the writing test, morphine (10 mg/kg) for the hot plate method, diclofenac Na for carrageenan-induced paw edema, and dexamethasone (10 mg/kg) for granuloma, while the negative control group received distilled water. EA fraction at all test doses employed (100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, and 400 mg/kg) showed statistically significant (p<0.05, p<0.01, p<0.001 respectively) analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities in a dose-dependent manner. The AQ fraction on the other hand produced statistically significant (p<0.05, p<0.012) analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities at the doses of 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg, while the CH fraction exhibited statistically significant (p<0.05) analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity at the dose of 400 mg/kg. In general, the data obtained from the present study elucidated that the solvent fractions of the study plant possessed significant analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities and were recommended for further investigations.