Ethyl Acetate Extract Of Seeds Research Articles

Ameliorative Potentials of Persea americana Mill (Avocado) Seed Extract on Acetaminophen-induced Hepatic Insufficiency in Rats

Aim: The ability of ethylacetate extract of Persea americana Mill (avocado) seed to ameliorate the hepatotoxic effect of acetaminophen in rats was assessed. Methodology: Thirty experimental rats were placed in 6 groups of 5 animals per group. Two animal groups received distilled water and the drug vehicle, dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO). Four other groups received acetaminophen (750 mg/kg bw/day) in DMSO for 3 days with 3 of the 4 groups receiving, after 3 days of acetaminophen administration and for 11 days, Persea americana seed extracts (150-, 350 mg/kg bw) and silymarin (200 mg/kg bw). Animals were sacrificed and both serum and liver tissue analysed for markers of liver integrity (AST, ALT, ALP), liver function (total protein, albumin, total cholesterol, triglyceride), antioxidant status (SOD, Catalase) and liver architecture. Results: The result showed induction of hepatotoxicity by acetaminophen with increased AST, ALT, ALP and decreased SOD and CAT activities. Hepatotoxicity was also observed as increase in total and conjugated bilirubin and decrease in total cholesterol and triglyceride. Administration of Persea americana seed ethylacetate extract reversed the status of the parameters towards normal (except for AST, total protein and albumin). Also the liver architecture which hitherto revealed inflammation, fatty changes and hepatocyte necrosis also reversed to mild inflammation to normal histology. The action of the extract was dose dependent and its effectiveness comparable to silymarin (200 mg/kg bw). Conclusion: The ethylacetate extract of Persia americana showed ameliorative effect against acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity at higher dose, with potentials to reverse disruptions in liver integrity and function, and restore balance in endogenous antioxidant system.

Phytochemical analysis, GC–MS profile and determination of antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant activities of peel and seeds extracts (chloroform and ethyl acetate) of Tamarindus indica L

Tamarindus indica L., is widely used tree in ayurvedic medicine. Here, we aimed to understand the presence of important constituents in seeds and peel of Tamarind fruits and their biological activities. Hence, seeds and peel of Tamarind fruits are used for further extraction process by soxhlet method (chloroform and ethyl acetate solvents). Results suggest that the ethyl acetate extract (seeds) consists of terpenoids (72.29 ± 0.513 mg/g), phenolic content (68.67 ± 2.11 mg/g) and flavonoids (26.36 ± 2.03 mg/g) whereas chloroform extract (seeds) has terpenoids (42.29 ± 0.98 mg/g). Similarly, chloroform extract (peel) has terpenoids (25.96 ± 3.20 mg/g) and flavonoids (46.36 ± 2.03 mg/g) whereas ethyl acetate extract (peel) has terpenoids (62.93 ± 0.987 mg/g). Furthermore, anti-inflammation activity results revealed that the chloroform extract of peel was found to be more effective with IC50 of 226.14 µg/ml by protein denaturation analysis and with IC50 of 245.5 µg/ml on lipoxygenase inhibition activity. Chloroform extract (peel and seeds) shown better antioxidant activity using DPPH than ethyl acetate extract (peel and seeds). Ethyl acetate extract of seeds showed impressive potency by inhibiting the growth of fungus, Candida albicans. Additionally, ethyl acetate extract of seeds showed impressive potency inhibiting the growth of Escherichia coli than Bacillus cereus. GC–MS analysis shown the existence of diverse set of phytochemicals in each extract. Overall, comparative studies highlight the effectiveness of seeds extracts than peel extracts. Moreover, GC–MS results suggest that the seeds and peel extracts (chloroform and ethyl acetate) contains a wide range of compounds (including flavonoids, isovanillic acid, fatty acids and phenolic compounds) which can be utilized for therapeutic purpose.

Evaluating the anti-urolithiasis potential of Ficus religiosa seed GC MS evaluated phytoconstituents based on their in-vitro antioxidant properties and in-silico ADMET and molecular docking studies

BackgroundUrolithiasis, the deposit of stones in the urinary tract is a pertinent clinical issue in daily practice that imposes a burden on the human health system. Ficus religiosa plant has historically been useful in preventing urolithiasis. There is currently no information on phytochemical profiling that specifies the precise phytochemicals in the seed that are active against urolithiasis.MethodsF. religiosa seeds were extracted with different solvents in increasing order of their polarity by Soxhlet extraction. All the extracts were evaluated for their antioxidant potential. GC–MS profiling of the most potent antioxidant F. religiosa seed extract was done to evaluate the phytoconstituents. To evaluate the pharmacokinetics and drug-likeness properties of these compounds in silico ADMET analysis was done. To comprehend the binding potential of the best ADMET evaluated phytochemicals contained in the F. religiosa seed extract against the several protein targets (matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-2, MMP-9), and Human calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR)) and antioxidant enzymes (Glutathione S-transferase (GST), glutathione-disulfide reductase (GR), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), and superoxide dismutase (SOD)) involved in urolithiasis, multi targets based virtual screening tests were done using Autodock Vina tool.ResultsGC–MS profiling revealed the presence of 53 different compounds. Of all these compounds, based on ADMET analysis 2-Methoxy-4-vinylphenol; 3,5-Di-tert-butylphenol; diethyl benzene-1,2-dicarboxylate; 4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxybenzaldehyde; 2-methoxy-4-prop-2-enylphenol; and bis (2-methyl propyl) benzene-1,2-dicarboxylate were found to have best pharmacokinetics and drug-likeness properties. In the autodocking studies, 3,5-Di-tert-butyl phenol is proved to be the best of all in terms of binding energies with the selected targets.ConclusionThe findings of this study suggest a framework for employing F. religiosa seed ethyl acetate extract as a potent herbal treatment for urolithiasis.

Effect of extracts and isolated compounds derived from Retama monosperma (L.) Boiss. on anti-aging gene expression in human keratinocytes and antioxidant activity

Ethnopharmacological relevanceMoroccan folk medicine treats skin cicatrization with Retama monosperma (L.) Boiss. locally named "Rtem", but the mechanism involved is still not well known. Traditional healers use the plant in small doses as an anthelmintic, disinfectant and an effective abortive. In addition, the cladodes powder mixed with honey is employed as purgative and vermifuge.Equally, the SIRT1 and SIRT3 genes activation and sirtuin proteins expression, which delay cellular senescence, participate in wound healing and skin regeneration especially, SIRT1 the most studied gene, leads to fast skin restoration and cicatrization. Aim of the studyIn this study, we evaluated the ability of the Retama monosperma (L.)Boiss. flowers and seeds extracts and the isolated compounds in augmenting the SIRT1 and SIRT3 gene expression in HaCaT cells and expressing the antioxidant activity. Materials and methodsWe examined for quantitative expression levels of SIRT1 and SIRT3 in HaCaT cell by qRT-PCR and the antioxidant activity by four tests (conjugated diene, TBARS assay, DPPH scavenging activity and H2O2 radical scavenging assay) of diethyl ether extract of flowers (DEF extract) and ethyl acetate extract of seeds (EAS extract) of R. monosperma(L.) Boiss. and the isolated compounds (quercetin, 6-methoxykaempferol, kaempferol and genistein). ResultsThe screening system by EGFP fluorescence revealed that all samples and resveratrol significantly increase SIRT1 and SIRT3 promoters activities in HaCaT cells with p< 0.05. Furthermore, EAS, quercetin, 6-methoxykaempferol and kaempferol increase significantly (p< 0.05) SIRT1 (3.43, 1.18, 2.62, and 1.72 expression quantity, respectively) and SIRT3 (16.27, 5.01, 3.01, and 6.18 expression quantity, respectively) in HaCaT cells. On the other hand, genistein has a moderate activity on SIRT1 and SIRT3 with 1.43 and 2.04 expression levels. For the antioxidant activity, the EAS and the pure compounds exhibited stronger antioxidant activity than BHT. While DEF and genistein have a moderate antioxidant activity when compared with BHT. ConclusionsIn this study, the expression levels of SIRT1 and SIRT3 in HaCaT cells increase in the presence of extracts of R. monosperma (L.) Boiss. and the pure compounds.

Natural Antibacterial and its Use

In today’s era, the use of natural antimicrobials such as plant extracts to preserve food processed products has received much attention from researchers. This is related to the increasing public awareness of synthetic chemical preservatives. Various types of plants have been stated to produce extracts that are effective in inhibiting the growth of bacteria that destroy food processed products, such as atung seed ethyl acetate extract (Parinarium glaberrimum Hassk) Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aereus, while pathogenic bacteria are Escherechia coli, Salmonella enternidis; Guava leaf extract has a high tannin compound capable of suppressing the development of Aeromonas hydrophila bacteria in Gurame fish (Osphonemus gouramy Lacepede) with a concentration of 250 ppm-3250 ppm with a diameter of the inhibition zone ranging from 6.5-11.5 mm. The most effective solvent to extract antimicrobial compounds from the bark of Saccoglottis gabonensis is methanol; Rastina, 2015; Rahmawati & Bintari, 2014, extracting methanol from the bark of the bay plant with a concentration of 80% has the ability to inhibit the growth of Escherchia coli bacteria followed by ethanol from Bligo Fruit extract (B. hispida Thunb) which has good inhibitory power at a concentration of 10% against Staphylococcus typhimurium bacteria. 70% ethanol. Among the various types of solvents, ethanol and methanol solvents are most often used for the extraction of antibacterial compounds from plant materials.

Phytochemical screening and evaluation of antioxidant and antibacterial activities of seeds and pods extracts of Calycotome villosa subsp. Intermedia

In the present study, antioxidant potential of the methanol and the ethyl acetate extracts of the seeds and pods of Calycotome villosa subsp. intermedia were evaluated by using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging assay, reducing power and total antioxidant capacity. In DPPH scavenging assay, the IC50 value of the methanolic extract of seeds was found to be 0.20 mg/mL, the standard reference value for butylatedhydroxytoluene (BHT) is 0.19 mg/mL. Total antioxidant activity was also found to increase in a dose dependent manner. Moreover, Calycotome villosa extract showed strong reducing power. The total phenolic content in the extracts was determined using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent and their amounts ranged between 173.37 ± 0.02 to 332.23 ± 0.01 mg GA (Gallic Acid)/g of dry extract. The concentrations of flavonoids in the extracts varied from 5.02 ± 0.03 to 66.45 ± 0.01 Qu (Quercetin)/g of dry extract. Ethyl acetate extract of seeds of Calycotome villosa showed the highest phenolic, flavonoids concentration and the strongest antioxidant activity. The high contents of phenolic compounds indicated that these compounds contribute to the antioxidant activity. Furthermore, all extracts showed good antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli. Calycotome villosa subsp. intermedia can be regarded as promising candidate for natural plant sources of antioxidants with high value.

Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng. seed extract suppresses breast cancer growth by inducing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis

The herb Momordica cochinchinensis has been used for a variety of purposes, and been shown to have anti‑cancer properties. The present study assessed the potency and the underlying mechanisms of action of the ethyl acetate extract of seeds of Momordica cochinchinensis (ESMC2) on breast cancer cells. Therefore, the effects of ESMC2 on the cell viability, cell cycle and apoptosis of MDA‑MB‑231 cells were investigated. The results showed that ESMC2 exerted a marked growth inhibitory effect on the cells. Cell cycle arrest in G2 phase following treatment with ESMC2 was associated with a marked increase in the protein levels of cyclin B1, cyclin E and cyclin-dependent kinase 1 and a decrease in cyclin D1 expression. In addition, ESMC2 dose‑dependently induced cell apoptosis, which was mediated via upregulation of the apoptosis-associated proteins p53, B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl‑2)‑associated X protein, Bcl-2 homologous antagonist killer and Bcl-2-associated death promoter expression, as well as downregulation of nuclear factor kappa B, Bcl‑2 and myeloid cell leukemia‑1. Furthermore, the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2, p38, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and Akt phosphorylation were decreased by ESMC2 in a dose‑dependent manner, indicating that ESMC2 exerted its effects via the mitogen-activated protein kinase/JNK pathway. Furthermore, nude mouse xenotransplant models were used to evaluate the tumor growth inhibitory effects of ESMC2. The possible chemical components of ESMC2 were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and 12 compounds were detected from the major peaks based on the similarity index with entries of a compound database. The results of the present study may aid in the development of novel therapies for breast cancer.

Phytochemical Composition of Cassia fistula Fruit Extracts and its Anticancer Activity Against Human Cancer Cell Lines

Cassia fistula Linn. (Fabaceae) fruit has been used in folk medicine and reported for various pharmacological properties. We evaluated the anticancer activity of C. fistula fruit extracts [ethyl acetate extract of pulp (EEP), n-butanol extract of pulp (BEP), ethyl acetate extract of seeds (EES), n-butanol extract of seeds (BES)] against human cervical cancer (SiHa) and breast cancer (MCF-7) cell lines. Phytochemicals analysis revealed that the EEP and EES contained anticancer compounds like 2(3H)-furanone, rhein, thymoland oleic acid. BES contained inositol and palmitic acid, whereas BEP contained inositol and 2-pyrrolidone. IC50 of EEP, EES, BEP and BES against SiHa cells were 415.5±0.19, 435.7±0.11, 535.3±0.32 and 580.2±0.41 µg/mL, whereas against MCF-7 cells were 422.2±0.32, 451.4±0.27, 564.5±0.21 and 575.6±0.47 µg/mL respectively (p ≤ 0.01). At IC50, EEP, EES, BEP and BES treated MCF-7 cells formed colonies of 17.5, 16.3, 22.5 and 18.8 % whereas treated SiHa cells formed colonies of 11.5, 12.8, 19.2 and 16.7 % (p≤0.03). Seeds and pulp treated both cell lines showed up-regulation of p53 and Bax genes, down-regulation of Bcl-2 gene and increased caspase-3, 7 & 10 and -9 enzymes activities. Also, the fragmented genomic DNA in pulp and seeds extracts treated SiHa and MCF-7 cells showed sign of apoptosis.We concluded that the fruit pulp and seeds extracts inhibited MCF-7 and SiHa cells growth and induced cells death by modulating the expression of apoptosis-regulatory genes and caspase enzymes.

Lipid characterization and antioxidant status of the seeds and meals of Camelina sativa and flax

AbstractFour different antioxidant activity assays including 2,2′‐azino‐bis(3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulfonic acid (ABTS), 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and oxygen radical absorption capacity (ORAC), and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances were performed on the methanolic and ethyl acetate extracts of Camelina seeds (CS), flaxseeds (FS), Camelina meal low fat (CMLF, 9.9% fat), Camelina meal high fat (CMHF, 24.6% fat), and flaxseed meal (FSM, 2.7% fat). In addition, the fatty acid profile, and phenolic, tocopherol, flavonoid, and glucosinolate contents of CS, FS, CMLF, CMHF, and FSM were studied. The major fatty acid was α‐linolenic acid (C18:3 n‐3) which was 33.2, 29.4, 30.2, 60.1, and 39.3% in CS, CMLF, CMHF, FS, and FSM, respectively. The methanolic extract of CMLF showed the highest values of ABTS, DPPH and FRAP and the highest content of phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and glucosinolates. The methanolic and ethylacetate extracts of CMHF showed the highest values for ORAC and α‐ and γ‐tocopherols. The ethylacetate extracts of seeds and meals of Camelina sativa and flax showed lower values for antioxidant activity, phenolic compounds, and flavonoids than the methanolic extracts. In general, Camelina and FS meals showed higher antioxidant activities, and phenolic and flavonoid contents than their respective seeds.Practical applications: Camelina sativa seeds (CS) and flaxseeds (FS) are rich sources of omega 3 oils. Their by‐products after oil extraction are an attractive source of proteins, lipids, fiber, and natural bioactive compounds such as antioxidants. These by‐products may be used to improve nutritional value and prevent lipid oxidation in feed or food systems.

Swietenia macrophylla extract promotes the ability of Caenorhabditis elegans to survive Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection

Ethnopharmacological relevanceSwietenia macrophylla or commonly known as big leaf mahogany, has been traditionally used as an antibacterial and antifungal agent. Aim of the studyThe unwanted problem of antibiotic resistance in many bacterial species advocates the need for the discovery of the new anti-infective drugs. Here, we investigated the anti-infective properties of Swietenia macrophylla with an assay involving lethal infection of Caenorhabditis elegans with the opportunistic human pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Materials and methodsUsing a slow killing assay, Caenorhabditis elegans was challenged with an infective strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA14). The ability of Swietenia macrophylla seed ethyl acetate extract to promote the survival of infected worms was assessed by comparing the percentage of survival between extract treated and non-treated worm populations. The effect of Swietenia macrophylla towards PA14 growth, Caenorhabditis elegans feeding rate and degree of PA14 colonization in the worm gut was also evaluated. Lastly, using a fluorescent transgenic Caenorhabditis elegans strain and real time PCR, the effect of Swietenia macrophylla on the expression of lys-7, an immune response gene was also investigated. ResultsOur results demonstrate the ability of Swietenia macrophylla seed ethyl acetate extract in rescuing Caenorhabditis elegans from fatal PA14 infection. Consequently, we showed that the extract promotes the survival without exhibiting any bactericidal effect or perturbation of Caenorhabditis elegans feeding rate. We also showed that Swietenia macrophylla was able to restore the initially repressed lys-7 level in PA14 infected Caenorhabditis elegans. ConclusionSwietenia macrophylla extract is able to enhance the ability of Caenorhabditis elegans to survive PA14 infection without directly killing the pathogen. We further showed that the extract boosted the expression of a gene pivotal for innate immunity in Caenorhabditis elegans. Collectively, these findings strongly suggest the presence of compounds within Swietenia macrophylla seed that either reduces Pseudomonas aeruginosa virulence and/or enhance host resistance.

English

The antibacterial and antioxidant activities of different parts of local seeded banana fruit were investigated&nbsp;in vitro. Dried peels, pulps and seeds of the fruit were extracted with hexane, ethyl acetate and ethanol. Antibacterial property of the extracts was evaluated against four Gram positive and four Gram negative bacteria using disc diffusion technique. Ethyl acetate and ethanol extract of both pulp and peel exhibited antibacterial activity with zone of inhibition ranging from 9 to 24 mm. On the other hand, only ethyl acetate extract of seeds showed antibacterial activity and the zone of inhibition ranged from 8.5 to 10 mm; interestingly, none of the hexane extracts of the three banana parts exhibited zone of inhibition. Antioxidant activity of the extracts was evaluated by total phenolic content determination and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay. Total phenolic content expressed as gallic acid equivalents (GAE) was found to be highest in ethyl acetate extract of banana seed (19.46 mg GAE/g extract) followed by the same extract of banana pulp (15.78 mg GAE/g extract) and peel (11.23 mg GAE/g extract). High free radical scavenging activity was observed with ethyl acetate extracts of banana seed, peel and pulp with an ascorbic acid equivalent antioxidant capacity (AEAC) value of 1238.33, 1011.43 and 588.03 mg AA/ 100 g extract, respectively. &nbsp; Key words:&nbsp;Seedy banana, antibacterial, antioxidant, phenolic content.

Chemical composition and biological potential of seed oil and leaf extracts of Henophyton deserti Coss. &amp; Durieu

Abstract Henophyton deserti was characterized in respect to its chemical composition, antioxidant potential and antimicrobial activity. Fourteen compounds were identified by LC/MS, GC/MS, and GC in leaf and seed extracts. Total flavonoids ranged between 45.66 and 181.2 mg QE g−1 and 2.03 and 38.95 mg QE g−1 dry weight (dw) in leaf and seed polar extracts, respectively. Rutin, Kaempferol 3-rutinoside, Diosmetin 7-O-Glucoside, and Acacetin 7-O-Glucoside flavonoids were tentatively identified in this plant. The profile of seed fatty acids revealed oleic acid (C18:1, 27%), linoleic acid (C18:2, 12%) and linolenic acid (C18:3, 17%). The highest antioxidant activities of 85.2% and 67.5% were obtained with methanol and ethyl acetate leaf extracts. All H. deserti extracts were active against at least one of the tested bacteria, leaf ethyl acetate extract showed the lowest MIC of 0.156 mg ml−1. Only seed ethyl acetate extract showed antifungal activity with a MIC of 2.5 mg ml−1.

Antipyretic and wound healing activities of moringa oleifera lam. in rats

Qualitative chemical tests confirmed the presence of phytosterols, glycosides, tannins, and amino acids in the various leaf extracts of Moringa oleifera Lam., whereas its seed extracts showed the presence of phytosterols, glycosides, phenolic compounds, carbohydrates and amino acids. The ethanolic and ethyl acetate extracts of seeds showed significant antipyretic activity in rats, whereas ethyl acetate extract of dried leaves showed significant wound healing activity (10% extracts in the form of ointment) on excision, incision and dead space (granuloma) wound models in rats.

Determination of low molecular weight polyphenolic constituents in grape ( Vitis vinifera sp.) seed extracts: Correlation with antiradical activity

Ethyl acetate extracts of seeds originating from nine Hellenic native and international Vitis vinifera varieties cultivated in Greece were screened for their contents of characteristic polyphenols. The compounds determined were principal constituents of low molecular weight, including gallic acid (GA), catechin (CT), epicatechin (ECT), epigallocatechin (EGC), epicatechin gallate (ECG), epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), and the procyanidins B 1 and B 2 (dimers). Total content varied from 55.1 to 964 mg per 100 g of seeds, the average being 380 mg per 100 g. The most abundant polyphenol was CT, accounting for 49.8% of the total content, followed by ECT (26.0%), ECG (9.3%), procyanidin B 1 (5.8%), and procyanidin B 2 (5.1%), whereas EGC and GA were minor constituents. The assessment of the in vitro antiradical activity ( A AR), employing the stable radical DPPH , showed that there is a significant correlation with total polyphenol content ( r 2=0.6499, P<0.01). The correlations with the individual compounds, however, revealed that procyanidin B 1 may be one of the most important radical scavengers in grape seed extracts ( r 2=0.7934, P<0.002), despite its low contribution to the overall polyphenol content.

Acetogenins from seeds of Annona reticulata

Chromatography of an ethyl acetate extract of seeds of Annona reticulata led to the isolation of a new cytotoxic γ-lactone acetogenin, cis-/trans-isomurisolenin, along with six known cytotoxic acetogenins, annoreticuin, annoreticuin-9-one, bullatacin, squamocin, cis-/trans-bullatacinone and cis-/trans-murisolinone. Structures of these compounds were established by means of mass and related spectral experiments. Some of the compounds isolated, showed potent cytotoxicities against Hep. 2,2,15, Hep. G 2, KB and CCM2, four cancer cell-lines.

Acetogenins from seeds of Annona reticulata.

Chromatography of an ethyl acetate extract of seeds of Annona reticulata led to the isolation of a new cytotoxic gamma-lactone acetogenin, cis-/trans-isomurisolenin, along with six known cytotoxic acetogenins, annoreticuin, annoreticuin-9-one, bullatacin, squamocin, cis-/trans-bullatacinone and cis-/trans-murisolinone. Structures of these compounds were established by means of mass and related spectral experiments. Some of the compounds isolated, showed potent cytotoxicities against Hep. 2,2,15, Hep. G2, KB and CCM2, four cancer cell-lines.