Ethyl Acetate Extract Of Fungus Research Articles

Diversity and Biological Activities of Endophytic Fungi from the Flowers of the Medicinal Plant Vernonia anthelmintica.

Secondary metabolites produced by endophytic fungi are an important source of biologically active compounds. The current research was focused on the biological activities of ethyl acetate extracts of fungi, isolated and identified from Vernonia anthelmintica flowers for the first time. In addition, an investigation of the non-polar chemical composition of dichloromethane-ethyl acetate extracts of the most active fungal strain was carried out. The isolates included Ovatospora senegalensis NR-03, Chaetomium globosum NR-04, Thielavia subthermophila NR-06, Aspergillus calidoustus NR-10, Aspergillus keveii XJF-23 and Aspergillus terreus XJF-3 species. Strains were identified by 18S rRNA gene sequencing methods and were registered in GenBank. Crude extracts of the fungi displayed in vitro biological activities, including antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities. A melanin content assay was performed on murine B16 cells. An ethyl acetate extract of O. senegalensis NR-03 showed high anticancer and antimicrobial activity; therefore, we also studied the non-polar chemical composition of the dichloromethane-ethyl acetate fraction and identified 52 non-polar compounds with the different medium. This investigation discovered that the secondary metabolites of the total extract of endophytic fungi could be a potential source of alternative natural antimicrobial, cytotoxic and melanin synthesis activity in their host plant, and the isolation of bioactive metabolites may provide a lead to new compounds of pharmaceutical significance.

Antibacterial activity of ethyl acetate extracts of fungal endophytes isolated from leaf gambir leaves (Uncaria gambir (Hunter) Roxb)

Gambir (Uncaria gambir (Hunter) Roxb) is a Sumatran medicinal plant that has various bioactivities, including antibacterial. This study aims to isolate endophytic fungi from gambier leaves and test the antibacterial activity of ethyl acetate extracts of fungal endophytes from gambir leaves. The fungal endophytes were isolated by inoculating the fungus obtained from gambir leaves on potato dextrose agar (PDA) media. The fungal endophytes were identified microscopically and macroscopically. Furthermore, the fungal endophytes were cultivated using rice media : aquades (100 : 110). The cultivated fungus was macerated using ethyl acetate solvent and tested using a screening test. The antibacterial activity of the ethyl acetate extract of endophytic fungi was conducted using the agar diffusion method against Gram-positive bacteria (Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923) and Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853). This study has revealed five fungal isolates from gambir leaves and identified the isolates as Penicillium sp 1 (0.39 g), Penicillium sp 2 (0.26 g), Neopestalotiopsis sp (0.97 g), Colletotrichum capsici (0.46 g), and Aspergillus sp (0.25 g). The ethyl acetate extracts of each fungal endophyte show the presence of phenolic compounds and have inhibition against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The highest antibacterial activity is shown by ethyl acetate extracts of the fungal endophytes of Neopestalotiopsis sp at a concentration of 7.5% on P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853 23±3.9 mm and S. aureus ATCC 25923 14±2.5 mm. Tests on B. subtilis ATCC 6633 and E. coli ATCC 25922 with the highest inhibition zones were indicated by the ethyl acetate extracts of the fungus Aspergillus sp of 15.3±4 mm and 14±1.9 mm, respectively.

Conditioned media and organic elicitors underpin the production of potent antiplasmodial metabolites by endophytic fungi from Cameroonian medicinal plants.

Plasmodial resistance to artemisinin-based combination therapies emphasizes the need for new drug development to control malaria. This paper describes the antiplasmodial activity of metabolites produced by endophytic fungi of three Cameroonian plants. Ethyl acetate extracts of fungi cultivated on three different media were tested against Plasmodium falciparum chloroquine-sensitive (Pf3D7) and chloroquine-resistant (PfINDO) strains using the SYBR green florescence assay. Selected endophytes were further grown in potato dextrose broth supplemented with small organic elicitors and their extracts tested for activity. The effect of elicitors on de novo metabolite synthesis was assessed by reverse-phase HPLC. Activity screening of 81 extracts indicated that Aspergillus niger 58 (IC50 2.25-6.69μg/mL, Pf3D7), Fusarium sp. N240 (IC50 1.62-4.38μg/mL, Pf3D7), Phomopsis sp. N114 (IC50 0.34-7.26μg/mL, Pf3D7), and Xylaria sp. N120 (IC50 2.69-6.77μg/mL, Pf3D7) produced potent extracts when grown in all three media. Further culture of these endophytes in potato dextrose broth supplemented with each of the eight small organic elicitors and subsequent extracts screening indicated the extract of Phomopsis sp. N114 grown with 1% 1-butanol to be highly selective and extremely potent (IC50 0.20-0.33μg/mL; SI > 666). RPHPLC profiles of extracts of Phomopsis sp. N114 grown with or without 1-butanol showed some peaks of enhanced intensities in the former without any qualitative change in the chromatograms. This study showed the ability of selected endophytes to produce potent and selective antiplasmodial metabolites in varied culture conditions. It also showed how the production of desired metabolites can be enhanced by use of small molecular weight elicitors.

Enzyme Inhibitory Radicinol Derivative from Endophytic fungus Bipolaris sorokiniana LK12, Associated with Rhazya stricta.

Endophytes, living inside plant tissues, play an essential role in plant growth and development, whilst producing unique bioactive secondary metabolites. In the current study, the endophytic fungus Bipolaris sorokiniana LK12 was isolated from the leaves of ethno-medicinal and alkaloidal rich Rhazya stricta. The bulk amount of ethyl acetate extract of fungus was subjected to advance column chromatographic techniques, which resulted in the isolation of a new radicinol derivative, bipolarisenol (1). It was found to be a derivative of radicinol. The structure elucidation was carried out by the combined use of 1D and 2D nuclear magnetic resonance, infrared spectroscopy, mass, and UV spectrometric analyses. The bipolarisenol was assessed for its potential role in enzyme inhibition of urease and acetyl cholinesterase (AChE). Results showed that bipolarisenol significantly inhibited the AChE activity with low IC50 (67.23 ± 5.12 µg·mL−1). Bipolarisenol inhibited urease in a dose-dependent manner with high IC50 (81.62 ± 4.61 µg·mL−1). The new compound also showed a moderate anti-lipid peroxidation potential (IC50 = 168.91 ± 4.23 µg·mL−1). In conclusion, endophytes isolated from medicinal plants possess a unique potential to be considered for future drug discovery.

Phytochemical analysis and enzyme analysis of endophytic fungi from Centella asiatica

ObjectiveTo evaluate the phytochemical properties, enzyme properties of an endophytic fungi from Centella asiatica plant. MethodsEndophyte was isolated by using potato dextrose agar medium from Centella asiatica plant. The qualitative chemicals screening were performed for the ethyl acetate extracts of fungi. Then the phytochemicals like phenols and flavonoids were quantitatively estimated. Then the ability of the fungal culture to produce different enzymes was analysed. Finally, High performance thin layer Chromatography was performed for alkaloid and flavonoid profiles of fungal extract. ResultsA Penicillium sp. was isolated from Centella asiatica plant and the fungus was identified by 18S rRNA analysis. The sequence of the fungus was submitted in NCBI with accession number (HM068965) and name Penicillium sp.nirjan22. The qualitative chemicals analysis of the fungus showed positive results for alkaloids, phenols, flavonoids, tannin and glycosides. It was found that the fungal crude extract contained 2.76g of phenol and 0.275 g of flavonoid. The Penicillium sp.nirjan22 produced cellulase enzyme. The HPTLC analysis of the ethyl acetate extract of fungi inferred that it contain both alkaloid and flavonoid. ConclusionsThe present study inferred that Penicillium sp. nirjan22 contain many bioactive compounds which can further isolate and check in vitro and in vivo models against different human ailments.