Ethnoracial Minorities Research Articles

An immersive field trip focused on beef production increases the sense of belonging in ethnoracial minority college students.

Sense of belonging is a student's sense of feeling accepted, valued, and included by others in their discipline. Imposter syndrome is self-perceived intellectual fraud in areas of success. Sense of belonging and imposter syndrome can influence behavior and well-being and are linked to academic and career outcomes. Our objective was to evaluate if a 5-d tour of the beef cattle industry changed college students' sense of belonging and imposter tendencies with a focus on ethnicity/race. Procedures involving human subjects were approved by the Texas State University (TXST) IRB (#8309). Students from TXST and Texas A&M University (TAMU) attended a beef cattle industry tour in the Texas Panhandle in May 2022. Identical pre- and post-tests were administered immediately before and after the tour. Statistical analyses were conducted with SPSS v.26. Independent sample t-tests were used to evaluate the change from pre- to post-survey and one-way ANOVA was used to evaluate the effect of ethnicity/race. Students (n = 21) were mostly female (81%); attended TAMU (67%) or TXST (33%); and were White (52%), Hispanic (33%), or Black (14%). "Hispanic" and "Black" were combined as a single variable to analyze differences between White and ethnoracial minority students. Before the tour, there was a difference (P = 0.05) in sense of belonging in agriculture between White (4.33 ± 0.16) and ethnoracial minority (3.73 ± 0.23) students such that White students had stronger belonging. There was no change (P = 0.55) in White students' sense of belonging as a result of the tour, from 4.33 ± 0.16 to 4.39 ± 0.44. However, there was a change (P ≤ 0.01) in ethnoracial minority students' sense of belonging, from 3.73 ± 0.23 to 4.37 ± 0.27. There was no change (P = 0.36) in imposter tendencies from the pre-test (58.76 ± 2.46) to the post-test (60.52 ± 2.79). Ultimately, participating in the tour increased ethnoracial minority, but not White, students' sense of belonging and did not impact imposter syndrome tendencies across or within ethnicity/race. One benefit of implementing experiential learning opportunities in dynamic social environments is the potential to improve students' sense of belonging, especially in disciplines and careers where ethnoracial minority people are underrepresented.

A Theory of Racialized Judicial Decision-Making

In this Article, I introduce a theory of racialized judicial decision-making as a framework to explain how judicial decision-making as a system contributes to creating and maintaining the racial hierarchy in the United States. Judicial decision-making, I argue, is itself a racialized systemic process in which judges transpose racially-bounded cognitive schemas as they make decisions. In the process, they assign legal burdens differentially across ethnoracial groups, to the disproportionate detriment of ethnoracial minorities. After presenting this argument, I turn to three mechanisms at play in racialized judicial decision-making: (1) whiteness as capital that increases epistemic advantages in the judicial process, (2) color-evasive approaches as effective tools to justify racially disparate outcomes, and (3) the elevation of racial discrimination into a status of exceptionalism that justifies heightened standards in proving racial anti-discrimination claims. I argue that the racialized judicial decision-making process reproducing the social racial hierarchy is institutionalized via the legitimacy courts wield. I conclude with a discussion on the agency and autonomy inherent in the judicial decision-making process, emphasizing judicial decision-making is not simply a reflection of ideology—personal or otherwise—individual biases, or cultural tides, and can as a system be leveraged to further racial equity in a democratic society.

Higher Rates of Bullying Reported by ‘White’ Males: Gender and Ethno-Racial Intersections and Bullying in the Workplace

Existing workplace bullying literature suggests that ethno-racial minorities and women are more likely to be bullied in relation to their ethnicity, race or gender. However, very few studies apply an intersectional framework of analysis to consider, for instance, how ethno-racial status and gender interacts to affect general workplace bullying experiences and their reporting decisions. This article uses an intersectional analytical framework and a cross-sectional quantitative analysis of the British Workplace Behaviour Survey (2007–2008) to examine bullying in the workplace, as experienced by the intersections of ethno-racial status and gender. In discussing how some groups report particular dimensions of bullying more than others, this article closely examines the somewhat unexpected finding that ‘white’ men were significantly more likely to report instances of workplace bullying. This article argues for the use of an intersectional analytical approach to understand and progressively address the nuances of identity, power and workplace bullying experiences.

COVID-19-related mental health difficulties among marginalised populations: A literature review.

The COVID-19 pandemic has had negative consequences on the mental health of the population, which has been documented. Marginalised groups that are at risk of poor mental health overall have been particularly impacted. The purpose of this review is to describe the mental health impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on marginalised group (i.e. persons who are socio-economically disadvantaged, migrants and members of ethno-racial minorities, experience homelessness) and identified interventions which could be well-suited to prevent and address mental health difficulties. We conducted a literature review of systematic reviews on mental health difficulties since the beginning of the COVID-19 epidemic and appropriate interventions among marginalised groups published from January 1, 2020 to May 2, 2022, using Google Scholar and PubMed (MEDLINE). Among 792 studies on mental health difficulties among members of marginalised groups identified by keywords, 17 studies met our eligibilitycriteria. Twelve systematic reviews examining mental health difficulties in one or several marginalised groups during the COVID-19 pandemic and five systematic reviews on interventions that can mitigate the mental health impact of the COVID-19 pandemic were retained in our literature review. The mental health of marginalised groups was severely affected during the COVID-19 pandemic. Most frequently reported mental health difficulties included symptoms of anxiety and depression. Additionally, there are interventions that appear effective and well-suited for marginalised populations, which should be disseminated on a large scale to mitigate the psychiatric burden in these groups and at the population level.

Factors Associated With Receiving Inpatient Rehabilitation After Traumatic Brain Injury in A County Hospital System

<h3>Research Objectives</h3> To characterize factors associated with inpatient rehabilitation for individuals with Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) presenting to an Emergency Department (ED) at a local county hospital. <h3>Design</h3> Retrospective Chart Review. <h3>Setting</h3> Emergency Department. <h3>Participants</h3> Patients (n=904) with International Classification of Diseases (ICD) codes consistent with possible TBI (i.e., motor vehicle collisions, motor vehicle accidents, falls, polytrauma, traumatic brain injury, and concussion). <h3>Interventions</h3> Not Applicable. <h3>Main Outcome Measures</h3> Inpatient rehabilitation (Yes/No) after moderate-severe TBI as defined by the TBI Model Systems criteria (trauma-related imaging abnormalities, loss of consciousness >30 minutes, post-traumatic amnesia >24 hours, and/or Glasgow Coma Scale score < 13). <h3>Results</h3> Of the 904 patients, 152 met criteria for a moderate-severe TBI based on the TBI Model Systems criteria. Most of the patients with TBI (67.1%) went home after their time in the ED and did not go directly to inpatient rehabilitation. Compared to the patients that did receive inpatient rehabilitation (n=31), those that did not (n=121) were more likely to be uninsured (21.5% vs. 6.5%), Spanish speakers (20.7% vs. 9.7%), and ethno-racial minorities (57.9% vs. 35.5%). Additionally, patients that received inpatient rehabilitation sustained more severe injuries as noted by lower GCS scores, intubation/sedation at time of admission, or not being able to walk or swallow at discharge from the ED. <h3>Conclusions</h3> In our study, similar to prior research, factors like insurance status,3 race,4,5,6 primary language spoken, and injury severity differed between patients that did versus those that did not receive inpatient rehabilitation. Future research should assess potential reasons for these differences and work to improve access to rehabilitation after TBI. <h3>Author(s) Disclosures</h3> The authors report no conflicts of interest.

“Upload Your Impact”: Can Digital Enclaves Enable Participation in Racialized Markets?

Ethnoracial minorities are often racialized and consequently excluded from various consumption contexts. Racialized market actors strive to overcome exclusion and gain participation in markets; however, these efforts are often insufficient because they cannot create equitable access to market resources, fair opportunities for voice, and empowerment to shape market practices. This research identifies digital enclave movements as a unique means by which racialized market actors redirect their resources and mobilize digital network tools to participate in markets. Using a qualitative study of the digital enclave #MyBlackReceipt, the authors explore tactics supporting the formation and sustenance of digital enclaves and how they support participation in markets. The authors identify five tactics that racialized market actors employ to foster digital enclaves and enhance market participation: legitimizing, delimiting, vitalizing, manifesting, and bridging. Last, the authors provide recommendations for policy makers on how to support and foster more equitable participation of ethnic minority groups in markets while addressing the risks of radicalization and the backlash related to enclaves.

Ethnoracial Disparities in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Brief Report.

Despite the well-identified vulnerability of older adults during the COVID-19 pandemic, it is unclear about their experiences with COVID-related posttraumatic stress disorder symptomology (COVID-PTSD). This study examined ethnoracial disparities in the level of, and factors associated with, COVID-PTSD using a national data set, including 1926 Whites and 488 ethnoracial minorities. Results showed that ethnoracial minorities reported a greater COVID-PTSD than Whites. COVID-related distress was the common risk factor of COVID-PTSD for the both groups. Being a female and greater social support were associated with COVID-PTSD only for Whites, whereas higher education, greater IADL and fewer ADL limitations were associated with COVID-PTSD for ethnoracial minorities. The findings provided preliminary, but generalizable understanding of ethnoracial disparities in COVID-PTSD, among the Medicare beneficiaries aged ≥65.

Barriers to Police Reporting among Pregnant Ethnoracial Minority Survivors of Intimate Partner Violence

ABSTRACT Femicide is the leading cause of death among pregnant women in the United States and the risk of pregnancy-associated intimate partner femicide is significantly higher among ethnoracial minority women. In this exploratory study we examined ethnoracial differences in the rates and reasons against calling police following nonfatal intimate partner violence (IPV) victimization in a nationally representative sample of pregnant and nonpregnant female survivors. Among IPV survivors, 1 in 18 (5.6%, n = 106) were pregnant at the time of their abuse. Although the nature of IPV experienced was generally unrelated to victims’ ethnoracial background or pregnancy status, Black/non-Hispanic women differed in that their victimization during pregnancy was associated with significantly increased feelings of being unsafe and endorsement of the belief that the IPV was a private or personal matter, and increased fear of reprisal by the perpetrator or others. There was a significant interaction between pregnancy status and ethnoracial background on reporting IPV to police, with the probability of police reporting increasing non-significantly during pregnancy for White/non-Hispanic women and decreasing non-significantly for Black/non-Hispanic women. These findings highlight barriers to police reporting of IPV among pregnant Black/non-Hispanic survivors and suggest avenues for future research aimed at decreasing racial disparities in pregnancy-associated femicide.

Ethnoracial status, intersectionality with gender, and psychotherapy utilization, retention, and outcomes.

Psychotherapy access, utilization, retention, and effectiveness require continued improvement, especially for groups for whom availability and outcomes may be currently suboptimal, including ethnoracial minorities. Further, ethnoracial status' intersectionality with other identity variables (e.g., gender) may relate to structural barriers to care and effectiveness of care, an area in need of further research. The Florida State University Psychology Clinic, a low-cost population-facing treatment center, has routinely collected clinically relevant information on all consenting clients, including severity of clinical presentation at intake and over time, number of therapy sessions attended and of no-shows, premature termination, demographics, etc. A large sample of clients (N = 2,076; 57% women; 67.9% non-Hispanic White) on whom we collected and entered at least some data, though missing data were common, has accrued. We conducted chi-square tests to examine treatment utilization gaps, analysis of variance to measure differences in intake severity, and analysis of covariance to measure differences in treatment effectiveness. Based on the percentages of ethnoracial minority groups with mental disorders in the broader local community, we are falling short in outreach to Black clients, and when we do engage them, we retain them suboptimally. Once well engaged, however, results across groups suggest few differences in outcomes by ethnoracial status, gender, or their intersection. Ethnoracial match was associated with more sessions attended in Black people. Psychotherapy effectiveness has the potential to be optimized for everyone, and a promising direction in this regard is the case conceptualization of a cultural formulation interview and cultural humility mindset. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Disparities in psoriasis clinical trials: A cross-sectional analysis

To the Editor: With the advent of biologic treatments for psoriasis, well-designed clinical trials are critical to provide safety and efficacy data. Differences in psoriasis susceptibility due to heterogenous genetic profiles between demographic groups1 highlight the importance of equitably representing the overall disease population in clinical trials.2 Although psoriasis prevalence is greatest among White patients,3 existing data suggest that psoriasis may be more severe among ethnoracial minority groups.

Predictors of Nonprofit Ethno-Racial Diversity: Examining Local Community Demographics and Political Ideology

Although the practitioner and the academic literatures both note the importance of ethno-racial diversity in the nonprofit sector, we pursue a better understanding of this sector’s ethno-racial diversity dynamics by exploring the drivers of ethno-racial diversity at multiple organizational hierarchy levels—boards of directors, executive staff teams, and full-time staff. Using data from nonprofit organizations participating in Candid’s Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion initiative, we find evidence that upward mobility for ethno-racial minority group members remains limited. Our findings also indicate a positive relationship between ethno-racial diversity in a nonprofit’s local community and ethno-racial diversity at each organizational hierarchy level. This relationship is partially mediated by the political liberalness of the local community, with the strongest mediating effects at the board of directors and executive staff organizational levels. This partial mediation suggests that the local environment’s tolerance of societal hierarchies and unequal outcomes may be related to nonprofit organizational diversity, equity, and inclusion efforts.

Ethnoracial disparities in commute duration and mode among Canadian-born millennials

In the past few decades, ethnoracial diversity has substantially grown in Canada. Both occupational and residential segregation of minorities are well-documented phenomena. Together, they can lead to a “segmented assimilation” of minorities who are born in the host country, whereby they converge to the patterns observed in their foreign-born co-ethnics, rather than the majority population. An important dimension of segmented assimilation regards commute to work, its duration, distance, and mode. Using the Canadian Census of 2016, the present study finds large disparities by race and ethnicity among millennials born in Canada, in commute duration. The commute duration gap is especially large when black millennials are compared with their white counterparts. Further analysis shows that these gaps are driven by the greater reliance of ethnoracial minorities on public transit for their journey to work, compared with whites. Policy implications are discussed.

‘Filming Is Our Only Weapon Against the Police’: Ethnic Minorities and Police Encounters in the New Visibility Era

Abstract Based on Goldsmith’s (2010, ‘Policing’s New Visibility’, British Journal of Criminology, 50: 914–34) assertion that police work has acquired a ‘new visibility’ with the ubiquity of cell phone cameras, recent studies have explored how ‘video activists’ often film the police as means of protecting marginalised ethno-racial communities. However, limited research exists on how non-activist ethno-racial minority young people use cell phone cameras in encounters with the police. Based on 37 interviews conducted in Denmark, this paper explores the multifaceted nature of marginalised ethnic minority young people’s use of cell phone cameras in police encounters. We demonstrate how the filming of officers is interwoven with the young people’s street culture, and how the use of cameras holds the potential to counter traditional power imbalances, while nevertheless, potentially exacerbating their antagonism towards the police.

Social Isolation Among Older Adults in the Time of COVID-19: A Gender Perspective.

We aimed to analyze inequalities in social isolation among older adults in a time of COVID-19 social restrictions, using a gender perspective. A random population-based survey, including 21,543 older adults (65+) was conducted during and post COVID-19 lockdown in France. Our main outcome was a three-dimension indicator of social isolation based on living conditions, i.e., living alone (i) and not having gone out in the past week (ii), completed by an indicator measuring Internet use i.e., never using the Internet (iii). Logistic regressions were used to identify factors associated with isolation for women and men. Women were more likely to live alone (aOR = 2.72 [2.53; 2.92]), not to have gone out in the past week (aOR = 1.53 [1.39; 1.68]), and not to use the Internet (aOR = 1.30 [1.20; 1.44]). In addition to gender effects, being older, at the bottom of the social hierarchy, and from an ethno-racial minority was also associated with social isolation. Preventive policies should take into account these inequalities when addressing the issue of social isolation among older women and men, so as to enable all social groups to maintain social contacts, and access health information.

The inclusion of ethnoracial, sexual, and gender minority groups in randomized controlled trials of dialectical behavior therapy: A systematic review of the literature.

The inclusion of ethnoracial, sexual, and gender minority groups in randomized controlled trials of dialectical behavior therapy: A systematic review of the literature.

Ethnoracial Disparities in SARS-CoV-2 Seroprevalence in a Large Cohort of Individuals in Central North Carolina from April to December 2020.

ABSTRACTSevere acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused millions of deaths around the world within the past 2 years. Transmission within the United States has been heterogeneously distributed by geography and social factors with little data from North Carolina. Here, we describe results from a weekly cross-sectional study of 12,471 unique hospital remnant samples from 19 April to 26 December 2020 collected by four clinical sites within the University of North Carolina Health system, with a majority of samples from urban, outpatient populations in central North Carolina. We employed a Bayesian inference model to calculate SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunoglobulin prevalence estimates and conditional odds ratios for seropositivity. Furthermore, we analyzed a subset of these seropositive samples for neutralizing antibodies. We observed an increase in seroprevalence from 2.9 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.8 to 4.5) to 12.8 (95% CI, 10.6 to 15.2) over the course of the study. Latinx individuals had the highest odds ratio of SARS-CoV-2 exposure at 6.56 (95% CI, 4.66 to 9.44). Our findings aid in quantifying the degree of asymmetric SARS-CoV-2 exposure by ethnoracial grouping. We also find that 49% of a subset of seropositive individuals had detectable neutralizing antibodies, which was skewed toward those with recent respiratory infection symptoms.IMPORTANCE PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 cases underestimate true prevalence. Few robust community-level SARS-CoV-2 ethnoracial and overall prevalence estimates have been published for North Carolina in 2020. Mortality has been concentrated among ethnoracial minorities and may result from a high likelihood of SARS-CoV-2 exposure, which we observe was particularly high among Latinx individuals in North Carolina. Additionally, neutralizing antibody titers are a known correlate of protection. Our observation that development of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies may be inconsistent and dependent on severity of symptoms makes vaccination a high priority despite prior exposure.

The media capabilities of Druze women in Israel

ABSTRACT This study examines for the first time the participation and representation of Druze women in the mainstream Israeli media, and how this potentially affects their media capabilities. Though characterized by a double marginalization of gender and ethno-racial identity, the media portrayals of this unique population have not been previously examined. To answer this paucity, this study employs a qualitative thematic analysis of all of the relevant media content published in the past decade in two mainstream Israeli media venues. Findings suggest that contrary to other ethno-racial minorities, the Israeli media mostly enables Druze women’s media capabilities. This study contributes to a better understanding of the media’s role in society, especially regarding the media capabilities of marginalized populations, and for the first time, reveals the media resource enabled to Druze women in Israel.

Acceptability of Behavioral Activation for Depression Among Latinas: A Mixed Methods Study

Latinxs represent the largest ethnoracial minority population in the United States. Despite having significant rates of depression, Latinxs underutilize behavioral health services. This, combined with the association between gender and depression (women have higher rates of depression than men), underscores the importance of developing an improved understanding of how Latinas view behavioral activation (BA), an empirically supported treatment for depression. In this mixed methods study, participants consisted of 77 Latinas; participants were provided with a vignette depicting a fictional character that underwent BA for depression. Participants in the quantitative study completed a measure of treatment acceptability of BA (n = 60); participants in the qualitative study completed a semistructured interview assessing their views on BA (n = 17). Latinas had generally positive attitudes about BA, although they also identified some elements that they perceived might act as barriers to treatment success. Because we were interested in the interplay of cultural factors and treatment acceptability, we also examined enculturation and acculturation as predictors of treatment acceptability—enculturation only was a significant predictor treatment acceptability. Our sample was relatively small, social desirability may have influenced our responses, and it is not known to what extent our results generalize to Latinx men. Latina women find BA to be an acceptable treatment for depression, which suggests promise with regard to clinical outcomes for depressed Latinas receiving BA. Addressing potential barriers to treatment engagement may improve outcomes for depressed Latinas receiving BA.

MDMA-Assisted Therapy for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Mixed-Methods Case Study of a Participant of Color From an Open-Label Trial

MDMA (±3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine)-assisted therapy (MDMA-AT) was shown in previous clinical trials to have promising efficacy and safety for alleviating treatment-resistant posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, due to low ethnoracial diversity, the question remains as to whether ethnoracial minority participants would benefit similarly. Thus, a mixed-methods case study was conducted on a participant of color from an open-label trial of MDMA-AT for PTSD to provide a culturally informed lens on symptom recovery with this treatment approach. An additional aim was to elucidate mechanisms of change underlying this treatment for the participant. A case profile was provided, documenting quantitative improvement in PTSD symptoms. This was followed by an interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) of effects and mechanisms of action for this participant, based on integration session transcripts. Results of IPA indicated recurrent themes related to psychological mechanisms of symptom change, reduced PTSD symptoms, and additional effects (positive and negative) beyond PTSD symptom reduction. These themes were discussed and recommendations for attuning to culturally relevant material during MDMA-AT were provided.

Cultural Considerations for Treating PTSD in Latinx Sexual Assault Survivors With Prolonged Exposure

There is growing interest in the implementation of culturally responsive mental health care that balances treatment fidelity and cultural fit (Castro et al., 2004). Prolonged exposure (PE) is a first-line, evidence-based treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and has been successfully implemented in low-income and ethnoracial minority samples (Feske, 2008) and with Latinx individuals specifically (Vera et al., 2011). However, cultural and systemic factors may contribute to Latinx individuals experiencing higher conditional risk for PTSD (Alcántara et al., 2013), disparities in mental health care utilization (Alves-Bradford et al., 2020), and challenges with PTSD treatment delivery (Valentine et al., 2017). Culturally responsive implementation of PE with Latinx clients involves making culturally informed but person-specific assessments of clients, with adaptations as needed. We propose several culturally responsive strategies for therapists to consider when conducting PE with Latinx sexual assault survivors, such as building trust and rapport early on, conducting culturally informed assessment, investing in psychoeducation, optimizing imaginal exposure and in vivo exposure, and problem-solving barriers to homework engagement. Therapists are encouraged to approach this work with cultural humility (Fisher-Borne et al., 2015; Tervalon & Murray-Garcia, 1998) through open listening, critical self-reflection, and consideration for the way in which Latinx identity intersects with other important identity characteristics that can impact treatment relevance and engagement.