Ethnonursing Research Method Research Articles

Cultural factors associated with the management of breast lumps amongst Xhosa women

A qualitative research design and an ethno-nursing research method were used to identify cultural factors influencing Xhosa women’s health seeking behaviours associated with breast lumps.
 
 Opsomming
 ’n Kwalitatiewe navorsingsontwerp en ’n etnoverpleegkundige navorsingsmetode is gebruik. Die doel was om te bepaal watter kulturele faktore Xhosa vroue se strewe na welstand, wat in verband staan met ’n borsvergroeisel, beïnvloed.
 
 *Please note: This is a reduced version of the abstract. Please refer to PDF for full text.

Context of care for Jordanian women.

The purpose of this research study was to document, describe, and analyze diverse and universal care patterns for Jordanian women. The authors used a qualitative design of observation-participation and interview data collected from 15 women in two cities and three villages in Jordan over a 4-month period. Methods used incorporated Leininger's theory of culture care diversity and universality as well as the ethnonursing research method. Themes discovered from the data include (a) culture of caring connectedness, (b) caring for family honor: the agony and the ecstasy, (c) Islam as feminist thought, (d) political care as intertwined with tribal and religious influences, and (e) reviving Rufaida: return to community care. Findings are being used for collaborative curriculum design for new community health nursing roles focusing on women's health.

Culture care theory: a major contribution to advance transcultural nursing knowledge and practices.

This article is focused on the major features of the Culture Care Diversity and Universality theory as a central contributing theory to advance transcultural nursing knowledge and to use the findings in teaching, research, practice, and consultation. It remains one of the oldest, most holistic, and most comprehensive theories to generate knowledge of diverse and similar cultures worldwide. The theory has been a powerful means to discover largely unknown knowledge in nursing and the health fields. It provides a new mode to assure culturally competent, safe, and congruent transcultural nursing care. The purpose, goal, assumptive premises, ethnonursing research method, criteria, and some findings are highlighted.

Organ donation beliefs of African American women residing in a small southern community.

There is a widening gap between the supply of available human organs and the critical number needed for transplants in the United States. For African Americans, the waiting period is about twice that of non-African Americans. Contributing to this situation is that organ donation among African Americans is less frequent than that among the general population. The purpose of this study was to discover the culture care beliefs, meanings, and practices of selected African American women regarding organ donation. Using the ethnonursing research method, data were collected through lengthy community visits and in-depth interviews. Two cultural and social structure dimensions, kinship ties and religion, were discovered to be most influential for these African American women. This study focused on the significance these dimensions play in the decision to donate an organ. Cultural care modalities for the provision of culturally congruent care were developed based on these findings.

Adult male involvement in reproductive health: an ethnographic study in a community of São Paulo City, Brazil.

The purpose of this research was to explore the involvement in reproductive health of adult men in a low-income community in São Paulo City, Brazil. The ethnonursing research method was used and data were collected through interviews with seven key and eight general informants. Lack of common sex education was found and informants' knowledge depended on their own families' involvement and individual life experience with machismo. Informants' behaviors and attitudes toward women were constructed by their own male-centered values. Leininger's culture care modes were used to explain culturally meaningful nursing care actions and decisions.

Meanings and expressions of care and caring for elders in urban Namibian families: a transcultural nursing study.

Since Namibia's Independence in 1990, the population of elders--persons 65 years old and older--in urban communities is growing steadily. As such, requests for home health care, health counselling, respite care and residential care for aging members of society are overwhelming nurses and the health care system. This study expands transcultural nursing knowledge by increasing understanding of generic (home-based) patterns of elder care that are practised and lived by urban Namibian families. Guided by Madeleine Leininger's theory of culture care diversity and universality and the ethnonursing research method, emic (insider) meanings and expressions of care and caring for elders in selected urban households have been transposed into five substantive themes. The themes, which depict what carring for elders means to urban families, include: 1 nurturing the health of the family, 2 trusting in the benevolence of life as lived, 3 honouring one's elders, 4 sustaining security and purpose for life amid uncertainty, and 5 living with rapidly changing cultural and social structures. These findings add a voice from the developing world to the evolving body of transcultural nursing knowledge. Synthesis of findings with professional care practices facilitates the creation of community-focussed models for provisioning culturally congruent nursing care to elders and their families in urban Namibia.

O PAPEL MATERNO NA FAMÍLIA DE BAIXA RENDA: UM ESTUDO TRANSCULTURAL

Trata-se de um estudo transcultural sobre o papel materno na família. O objetivo foi compreender e descrever as similaridades e diferenças existentes nos papéis desempenhados pelas mães em famílias de dois agrupamentos culturais, sendo uma da Cidade de São Paulo, Brasil (A) e o outro da Cidade de Valdívia, Chile (B). A etnoenfermagem foi adotada como método de pesquisa, conforme proposto por Leininger. Os temas culturais foram “Tomar conta para os filhos irem bem na vida” (A) e “Salir adelante” (B) ou, ir em frente, avançar. Os temas culturais revelam a essência do papel materno nas duas culturas, que se traduz pela constante busca do bem-estar e felicidade dos filhos. As diferenças sutis percebidas nos temas culturais refletem a realidade socioeconômica distinta, vivida pelas mães de cada contexto estudado. Os resultados e suas implicações para o cuidado cultural são discutidos.

A transcultural study of Jordanian nursing students’ care encounters within the context of clinical education

Clinical education is an integral part of nursing education. Clinical teachers are the vital link in this teaching–learning process. The quality and quantity of student–teacher interactions in the clinical area can either facilitate or hinder students’ learning. This paper presents a part of a larger study that discovered, described, explained and compared Australian and Jordanian nursing students’ caring and non-caring encounters with their clinical teachers within the context of clinical education. The study was guided by Leininger’s theory of culture care universality and diversity and Leininger’s ethnonursing research method was utilised. The informants consisted of 12 key informants and 35 general informants. Three major themes emerged from the analysis of the data: (1) clinical teacher’s caring behaviours; (2) student–teacher caring encounters; and (3) caring encounter consequences. Under these themes, care constructs emerged which gave light to the Jordanian nursing students’ care meanings, expressions and values within their cultural environment, social structures and world view. The overall findings revealed that Jordanian nursing students found their clinical experiences as beneficial when their encounters with the clinical teacher were conducted through mothering, translating, sustaining, negotiating and transforming processes.

ADOLESCENTES E O DESEMPENHO DE SEU PAPEL NA FAMÍLIA: UM ESTUDO TRANSCULTURAL

O pressuposto geral deste trabalho foi uma análise das influências do contexto sócio-econômico e cultural no estilo de vida de adolescentes e a forma como se constitui o desempenho de seu papel de acordo com o contexto familiar na qual estão inseridos. O objetivo foi compreender as similaridades e diferenças existentes na vida de adolescentes pertencentes a dois agrupamentos culturais distintos. Um de adolescentes moradores em uma comunidade de baixa renda (A) e outro, de adolescentes participantes de um Movimento Bandeirante (B), composto básicamente de famílias de ascendência japonesa, ambos da Cidade de São Paulo, Brasil.ATeoria do Cuidado Cultural (Leininger) e a etnoenfermagem foram adotadas como referenciais teóricometodológicos. Emergiram os temas e subtemas “Tendo que ter muito cuidado e firmeza para a mente não desandar”, e “Liberdade e rebeldia” no grupo (A), “Preparando-se para alcançar o sucesso profissional e assim conseguir ser feliz” e “Tentando viver em liberdade e tendo respaldo familiar” no (B). Os dados evidenciam a forte influência do contexto sócio-econômico e cultural determinando diferenças significativas sobre o estilo e projeção de vida dos adolescentes destes dois contextos e a importância de se contextualizar e considerar estas diferenças na assistência à saúde.

The health care meanings, values, and practices of Anglo-American males in the rural midwest.

Limited nursing knowledge exists to explain how culture influences men's health care decisions and practices. The purpose of this collaborative research was to explore the health care meanings, values, expressions, lived experiences, and practices of Anglo-American adult males residing in the rural Midwest. Using the ethnonursing research method, data were collected through interviews with 7 key and 12 general informants residing in Iowa. Four culture values and five themes were supported by the findings. Leininger's culture care modes were used to explicate culturally meaningful nursing care actions and decisions that are in harmony with the cultural values and practices of rural men.

Culture care meanings and experiences of postpartum depression among Jordanian Australian women: a transcultural study.

This study discovers, describes, and explains the personal experiences, perceptions, and care meanings of Jordanian women who have suffered postpartum depression. Most postpartum cases often are misdiagnosed as exclusively psychological and untreated by health care professionals without consideration to the cultural meanings of this problem. Understanding the experiences of these women is important, as their expressions often are contextually and culturally influenced. Using Leininger's Theory of Culture Care Diversity and Universality, a purposive sample of 22 Jordanian women diagnosed with postpartum depression, living in Sydney, were interviewed. The ethnonursing research method and data analysis procedures were used. Results revealed that Jordanian mothers experienced severe loss of control over emotions of loneliness, hopelessness, and feelings of being a bad mother. Three major themes focusing on the care meanings and experiences of Jordanian women are discussed: (a) Care means strong family support and kinship during the postpartum period, (b) care is carrying out and fulfilling traditional gender roles as mother and wife, and (c) care is preservation of Jordanian childbearing customs as expressed in the celebration of the birth of the baby.

Transcultural Nursing Research to Transform Nursing Education and practice: 40 Years

In this article, an overview of some major trends, philosophical perspectives, and theoretical perspectives are presented, along with selected transcultural nursing research findings, primarily from the theory of culture care using the ethnonursing research method. A substantial body of transcultural nursing knowledge with health or well being outcomes has been forthcoming since transcultural nursing was launched in the 1950s. The author contends that transcultural nursing knowledge of Western and non-Western cultures is urgently needed to meet health needs in a multicultural world. Some misconceptions and reflections are offered to advance transcultural nursing research, education, and practice. For "newcomers" to transcultural nursing, some basic readings are recommended.

Overview of the theory of culture care with the ethnonursing research method.

Overview of the theory of culture care with the ethnonursing research method.

Culture care theory, research, and practice.

Today nurses are facing a world in which they are almost forced to use transculturally-based nursing theories and practices in order to care for people of diverse cultures. The author, who in the mid-50s pioneered the development of the first transcultural nursing theory with a care focus, discusses the relevance, assumptions, and predictions of the culture care theory along with the ethnonursing research method. The author contends that transcultural nursing findings are gradually transforming nursing practice and are providing a new paradigm shift from traditional medical and unicultural practice to multiculturally congruent and specific care modalities. A few research findings are presented to show the importance of being attentive to cultural care diversities and universalities as the major tenets of the theory. In addition, some major contributions of the theory are cited along with major challenges for the immediate future.

Transcultural nursing care values, beliefs, and practices of American (USA) Gypsies.

This ethnonursing qualitative investigation was focused on the domain of culture care values, expression and meanings of selected American Gypsies. The purpose of the study was to explicate culture care American Gypsy lifeways in order to help nurses understand this largely unknown culture, and to offer guidelines for providing culturally congruent nursing care. Leininger's theory of Culture Care Diversity and Universality was the appropriate theory to use for this study, along with the ethnonursing research method to generate emic and etic grounded data. Findings substantiated that the world view, ethnohistory, religion (moral code), kinship and cultural values, and generic folk practices were powerful influences of Gypsy lifeways and supported culture congruent nursing care. Ethnohistorical facts strongly buttressed the cultural values, norms, and moral codes for culture specific care practices. Several Gypsy culture specific and dominant care meanings, expressions, and actions were confirmed and made credible from raw data and thematic analysis. They were: 1) protective in-group caring; 2) watching over and guarding against Gadje; 3) facilitating care rituals; 4) respecting Gypsy values; 5) alleviating Gadje harassment; 6) remaining suspicious of outsiders; and 7) dealing with purity and impurity moral codes and rules. Culture specific and congruent care generated from Leininger's theory with the three predicted modes were identified to guide nursing decisions and actions.