Ethnomethodological Studies Research Articles

A qualitative exploration of cultural safety in nursing from the perspectives of Advanced Practice Nurses: meaning, barriers, and prospects

BackgroundCultural safety requires healthcare professionals and organisations to improve healthcare, facilitate patient access to healthcare, and achieve equity within the workforce.MethodsThis ethnomethodological study, which consisted of two phases, explored the concept of cultural safety from the perspective of Advanced Practice Nurses. Semi-structured interviews and the nominal group technique were used to prioritise challenges related to cultural safety, identify barriers to clinical practise and assess educational needs. The data collected was subjected to thematic analysis.ResultsNurses working in Austria, Germany and Switzerland were recruited (N = 29). Accordingly, the phenomenon of cultural safety in health care is not generally known and there is little prior knowledge about it. The most frequently discussed themes were communication difficulties, lack of knowledge, the treatment of people with insufficient language skills and expectations of treatment goals and outcomes, which can lead to conflicts and accusations of unequal treatment due to diverse cultural backgrounds.ConclusionDiverse cultures are encountered in German-speaking healthcare settings. Cultural safety is also about healthcare staff, as nurses with different socialisations encounter prejudice, discrimination and racism. Although the issue of power was not discussed, academic nurses were willing to make an effort to change. Only a minority were aware that lasting change requires challenging one’s own cultural structures and adapted behaviours, rather than pushing for the mere acquisition of cultural competence. Organisations were encouraged to introduce self-reflection sessions and provide better access to translation services to improve equity and support nurses.

Sissejuhatavalt koolidiskursusest: tekstid ja kirjaoskus neljas õppeaines

Keelt aineteadmiste vahendajana on hakatud üha enam tähtsustama: paralleelselt kõneldakse keeleteadlikust aineõpetusest ja ainekirjaoskusest. Ainekirjaoskus tähendab ainealase suhtluse harjutamist õpiprotsessi mõlemas otsas – teksti vastuvõtul ja loomel. Kirjaoskus on Eesti riiklikes õppekavades sõnastatud ühe üldp.devusena – suhtluspädevusena, mis tähendab paindlikku keelekasutusoskust ja suhtlusolukorra järgi kohanduvat kõnelemis-, kirjutamis-, lugemis- ja kuulamisoskust. Ehkki sedamööda paistavad meil eeldused keeleteadlikuks aineõpetuseks olevat loodud, puudub vastus küsimusele, kui (keele)teadlikult kirjaoskust õpetatakse. Etnometodoloogiline uurimus võtab vaatluse alla neli ainet: ajaloo, füüsika, käsitöö ja kodunduse ning muusika, et välja selgitada nende ainete õpetajate tekstikasutustavad kirjaoskuse õpetamisel põhikoolis. Uuringutulemused näitavad suunda, kuidas ainekirjaoskust Eestis arendada. *** Introduction to school discourse: Texts and literacy in four subjects This research investigated literacy instruction in four subjects: History, Physics, Music and Handicraft & Home Economics (HHE). Every school subject has inherent discourse patterns that appear in texts and language use. The concept of disciplinary literacy (DL) emphasizes language in learning, but there is little known about how Estonian core literacy is taught in school subjects in middle school. This ethnomethodological study was conducted among 32 teachers. First, one teacher of each subject was asked to keep a diary and report on authentic texts and methods used in the classroom; the data was supplemented by individual interviews. Secondly, two group interviews were carried out with teachers of the same subject. The data was analyzed through content analysis, detecting metadiscourses to see the features of disciplinary literacy. The results indicate that literacy is developed in the spirit of functional understanding and is asymmetrical, reading dominates over writing. However, examples of DL appeared in history as interpreting, common genres were media, historical sources, documentaries, movies; history was the most language-aware subject. DL in physics appeared in problem-solving tasks, describing procedures and phenomena, genres were procedural videos and explanations. Musical DL was about sharing experiences, analysing musical language, the common genre was evaluation. DL in HHE consisted in making meaning through handicraft and following instructions, which was also the common genre. The use of authentic texts in subjects indicate that the need and readiness for a DL approach is recognized. The starting point could be the awareness of genres and making language visible as a meaning-making resource.

Male recognition bias in sex assignment based on visual stimuli

According to previous ethnomethodological and cognitive studies on sex assignment, if a figure has male sexual characteristics people are more likely to think it is a man than they think it is a woman when the figure has female sexual characteristics. This bias in favor of male attribution is strongly reinforced when a penis is apparent in human nude pictures. In our contribution, we reported findings of three experiments aimed at replicating previous studies by administering the Sex/Gender Attribution Test for Adult (SGAT-A) created by digitally morphing the bodies of one human male and one human female model into realistic pictures. We observed the sex attribution and response time of 1706 young adult participants. A cross-cultural comparison was also carried out with a sample of young adult Chinese students. Findings substantially reconfirmed those obtained in previous studies. The male external genitalia overshadow any other features that might rather suggest a female identity. Indeed, when male external genitalia were exposed, the odds of male sex attribution were 5.688 compared to 1.823 female attribution when female external genitalia were shown. Moreover, the shortest response times were observed with masculine stimuli. Evolutionary and cultural determinants of the male sex bias are also discussed.

Discovering the Cultural Setbacks and Experiences of Bicolanos during the Coronavirus Pandemic: An Ethnomethodology Study

Discovering the Cultural Setbacks and Experiences of Bicolanos during the Coronavirus Pandemic: An Ethnomethodology Study

Sex/Gender Attribution: When the Penis Makes the Difference

The present study aimed to replicate Kessler and McKenna’s (1978) ethnomethodological study that investigated how an individual attributes gender to a person. By administering figures depicted on overlays (Overlay Study), Kessler and McKenna found that the penis more than the vulva and the male sexual characteristics more than the female ones were significantly more salient in the gender attribution process. From all this, their adage is: “See someone as female only when you cannot see them as male.” Taking as a model Kessler and McKenna’s Overlay Study, we administered to 592 adults 120 new digital stimuli elaborated on realistic frontal images of human nudes to verify if the previously obtained results would be confirmed by using more realistic images. We found that the participants attributed male gender 86% of the time when the penis was shown, but only attributed female gender 67% of the time when the vulva was shown. All findings had strong statistical significance, confirming the findings of the Overlay Study that the penis makes the difference in gender recognition. Beyond an ethnomethodological approach, we have interpreted and discussed our results from the outlook of evolutionary and cognitive psychology and cognitive neuroscience, concluding that the cultural stereotypes and prejudices that affect gender attribution might not just be a mere cultural product, but rather the consequence of evolved cognitive biases.

Garfinkel\u2019s Politics: Collaborating with Parsons to Document Taken-for-Granted Practices for Assembling Cultural Objects and their Grounding in Implicit Social Contract

From his 1940–1942 studies of Race, through his 1967 study of an “inter-sexed” person called Agnes, Garfinkel’s research was always politically engaged. When Garfinkel was Parsons’ PhD student at Harvard (1946–1952) and later during a period of collaboration with Parsons (1958–1964), both theorized culture as a domain of social interaction independent from social structure and resting on its own implicit social contract. This conception of culture grounded their respective “voluntaristic” and “reciprocity” based approaches to specifying assembly processes for making social categories in a way that put the empirical assembly of categories under a microscope and made social justice a scientific concern. Garfinkel emphasized the importance of social contract aspects of Parsons’ theory – adapted from Durkheim – and with his studies in ethnomethodology, planned to contribute an empirical foundation for aspects of Parsons’ position that were criticized for their abstraction. Nevertheless, important differences remained. Parsons’ model required assimilation and consensus, thus inadvertently enforcing existing inequalities. Garfinkel, by contrast, was deeply concerned with “structural problems” like inequality, and treated assimilationist positions as scientifically and ethically unsound. His research documented reciprocity as a pre-requisite for successful interaction, while treating “troubles” generated by inequality as an important key to understanding social order writ large.

Feeling opulent: adding an affective dimension to symbolic consumption of themes

Themes direct the symbolic consumption of tourism. Most tourism research argues for symbolic association to represent cognitive meaning-making. Responding to the call for an affective turn in tourism studies, we argue for symbolic consumption of themes to be both affective and cognitive through the concept of ‘feeling’. We draw from our five-year long (2014–2019) ethnomethodological study of a gastronomic themed trail and explore opulence as a feeling. We find affective symbols of opulence, including sensory engagements, materialities and discourses. They demonstrate opulence to be an affective and cognitive amalgamation that comprises feelings of exclusivity, eliteness, indulgence and enrichment. Opulence is embodied, felt, as well as knowingly conformed to, through the entanglement of meanings and affects, and as understood through the theoretical discourses on affective dimensions of symbolic consumption in tourism. Managerially, the marketing of gastronomic trails is understood as a luxurious pursuit.

An Ethnomethodological Study of Abductive Reasoning While Tinkering

Tinkering is often viewed as arbitrary practice that should be avoided. However, tinkering can be performed as part of a sound reasoning process. In this ethnomethodological study, we investigated tinkering as a reasoning process that construes logical inferences. This is a new asset-based approach that can be applied in computer science education. We analyzed artifact-based interviews, video observations, reflections, and scaffolding entries from three pairs of early childhood teacher candidates to document how they engaged in reasoning while tinkering. Abductive reasoning observed during tinkering is discussed in detail.

An Ethnomethodological Study of Training Sessions on Requesting Inter-hospital Patient Transfer: The Case of an Exercise in the Trauma and Critical Center

An Ethnomethodological Study of Training Sessions on Requesting Inter-hospital Patient Transfer: The Case of an Exercise in the Trauma and Critical Center

Counting human chromosomes before 1960: preconceptions, perceptions and predilections

ABSTRACT In 1956 the biomedical world was surprised to hear a report that human cells each contained forty six chromosomes, rather than the forty eight count that had been documented since the 1920s. Application of available techniques to culture human cells in vitro, halt their division at metaphase, and disperse chromosomes in an optical plane permitted perception of visual images not seen before. Researchers continued to obtain the preconceived forty eight counts until reeducation with these novel epistemic ‘chromosomes’ convinced them that they could confidently report forty six chromosomes per cell. Within only a few years, and virtually without dissent, the social community of human cytogeneticists agreed upon a shared visual culture of human chromosome count and morphology. The initial forty six count proved not to be an anomaly. A new comparison of historical and ethnomethodological studies has suggested a better understanding of how applied technologies coupled with altered human perceptions established a new science. Human cytogenetics then collaborated with medical genetics to correlate changes in the new human karyotype with disorders of clinical significance.

Areas of Interest of Age-Generational Groups as a Factor of Social Management of Settlement Structures

Social life, according to H. Garfinkel (Studies in Ethnomethodology), is carried out through the daily practice of accounting for social life as part of social life. Accounting for social life is one of the factors of social management. At the same time, sociology is an important link in the interaction of social management and social life accounting. One of the most important objects of accounting for social life (both sociology and social management) is the sphere of interests of the population. First of all, it is about identifying the leading areas of interest of different groups of people and the corresponding problems, themes, narratives, ideas and suggestions for possible improvements in social practice. The purpose of this study is to identify the leading areas of interest of the population not only in the whole region, but also in the main age-generational groups, which is an important condition (factor) of social management of settlement structures. This task is solved using the materials of the sociological survey “The youth of the Samara region 2018”, conducted in the Samara region (Russia) in 2018 under the leadership of V. B. Zvonovsky. There are differences in the leading areas of interest between age and generational groups. All these features require attention and consideration in social management. If participation in political events in the country is a concern and problem mainly for political parties and organizations, then the organization of socio-economic and socio-cultural life in the region and in settlement structures is a common concern mainly for local authorities and management, for business structures and for the public, for public organizations and volunteers. Sociological materials on the Samara region show the priority importance of developing the local community in the fields of science and technology, recreation and entertainment, the natural world and ecology, improving places of work and study, and developing the education sector.

Sketching enactive interactions

The continuous development of interactive technologies and the greater understanding of body importance in cognitive processes has driven HCI research, specifically on interaction design, to solve the user’s relationship with a multitude of beyond desktop devices. This has opened new challenges for having processes, methods and tools to achieve appropriate user experiences. Insofar as new devices and systems involve the body and social aspects of the human being, the consideration of paradigms, theories and support models that exceed the selection of navigation nodes and the appropriate visual organization of widgets and screens becomes more relevant. The interaction design must take care not only to get the product built properly but also to build the right product. This thesis is at the crossroads of three themes: the design of interactive systems that combine a foot in the digital and one in the physical, the theories of embodied and enactive cognition and the creative practices supported by sketching, in particular the processes of generation, evaluation and communication of interaction design ideas. This work includes contributions of different character. An in-depth study of the theories on embodied and enactive cognition, the design of interaction with digital devices and sketching as a basic tool of creative design is carried out. Based on this analysis of the existing literature and with a characterization of the enactive practice of enactive interactions based on ethnomethodological studies, a framework is proposed to conceptually organize this practice and a support tool for that activity conceived as a creative composition. The contributions are discussed, and possible lines of future work are considered.

“Trump Shit Goes into Overdrive”: Tracing Trump on 4chan/pol/

“Trump Shit Goes into Overdrive”: Tracing Trump on 4chan/pol/

Ethnomethodology Study of Digitalized Social Communication Apprehension in Basmala Youth Community Members

In the era of Society 5.0, the role of communication technology was further enhanced so that it made it easier for humans in various aspects, such as economic, social, cultural, educational, health, business, and so on. However, the sophistication of information and communication technology causes interpersonal to interact less rarely face to face and face to face because it is more comfortable interacting through cyberspace through social media. This research was conducted to illustrate how social communication from understanding anxiety in the digital age. In conducting interactions, each individual can experience communication fears where individuals tend to experience anxiety because too much information is received. The group can be one of the very positive spheres of communication. The object of this research is Basmala members, who have various backgrounds as members of Islamic spiritual groups who uphold religious values. This research uses a qualitative research method with an ethnomethodology type that looks at how the disclosure of reality in people's lives and how individuals receive, learn, apply information provided in the community. Basmala is an Islamic spiritual organization whose members are students. As a religious organization where the culture and activities of the organization also have characteristics that can lead to the basic rules of religion that are expected to familiarize its members to deal with differences in the communication process to overcome the causes of communication apprehension

Complicity, performance, and the ‘doing’ of sports coaching: An ethnomethodological study of work

Recent attempts to ‘decode’ the everyday actions of coaches have furthered the case for sports coaching as a detailed site of ‘work’. Adhering to Harold Garfinkel’s ethnomethodological project, the aim of this article is to deconstruct contextual actors’ interactions, paying specific attention to the conditions under which such behaviours occur. The article thus explores the dominant taken-for-granted social rules evident at Bayside Rovers Football F.C. (pseudonym), a semi-professional football club. A 10-month ethnomethodologically informed ethnography was used to observe, participate in and describe the Club’s everyday practices. The findings comprise two principal ‘codes’ through which the work of the Club was manifest: ‘to play well’ and ‘fitting-in’. In turn, Garfinkel’s writings are used as a ‘respecification’ of some fundamental aspects of coaches’ ‘unnoticed’ work and the social rules that guide them. The broader value of this article not only lies in its detailed presentation of a relatively underappreciated work context, but that the fine-grain analysis offered allows insightful abstraction to other more conventional forms of work, thus contributing to the broader interpretive project.

Classroom Management Approaches of Religious Education Teachers: An Ethnomethodological Study

Öğretmenlerin meslek hayatlarında en fazla sorun yaşadıkları alan olan sınıf yönetimi, din öğretimi için de önemli bir sorun alanıdır. Bu çalışmanın amacı ilkokul, ortaokul ve liselerde görev yapan din dersi öğretmenlerinin, sınıf yönetimi yaklaşım ve uygulamaları ile sınıf içi yaşantılarını nitel bir yöntemle derinlemesine belirlemek ve sınıf yönetimi hususunda öğretmenlerin ihtiyaç duydukları konuları tespit etmektir. Bu araştırma, nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden etnometodolojik yaklaşıma göre tasarlanmıştır. Çalışma grubu Ankara, Antalya, İstanbul ve Muş illerinde görev yapmakta olan 43 din dersi öğretmeninden oluşmaktadır. Çalışma grubunda yer alan katılımcıların seçiminde amaçlı örnekleme yöntemlerinden kritik durum örneklemesi ile maksimum çeşitlilik örneklemesi birlikte kullanılmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda sınıf yönetimine ilişkin beş ana tema belirlenmiştir: fiziksel ortam, sınıftaki ilk günler, sınıf kuralları, istenmeyen öğrenci davranışları ve veli ilişkileri. Ayrıca din dersi öğretmenlerinin çoğunluğunun, geleneksel sınıf yönetimi yaklaşımlarını tercih ettikleri, sınıfı çoğunlukla tepkisel ve önleyici modelde yönetmeye çalıştıkları ve yine tepkisel ve önleyici başa çıkma stratejileri kullandıkları belirlenmiştir. İstenmeyen davranışlar, derse karşı ilgisizlik, dersin akışını bozan davranışlar ve ciddi davranış sorunları sıklıkla karşılaşılan sınıf yönetimi sorunları arasındadır. Din dersleri genel olarak öğrencilerin ilgisini çekse de bazı durumlarda öğretmenler, derse olan öğrenci ilgisini arttırma noktasında sorun yaşamaktadır.

Analysis of Mosque Financial Management to Optimization the Role of Mosque in Advancing Communities Using Critical Ethnomethodology Studies

The purpose of this study is to see the extent of mosque financial management to optimize the role of the mosque in advancing the surrounding community both in terms of religious, economic, social, and cultural. In addition, this study also aims to see the extent of the influence of the mosque in the formation of community character in the environment around the mosque. This research focuses on governance carried out by the management, including leadership and management of the resources they have in advancing economic, social, cultural life and shaping the character of a more religious society. The method used in this research is qualitative non-positivistic, using a critical ethnomethodology analysis tool. Primary data in this study were obtained through in-depth interviews and direct observation. While secondary data in the study were obtained by looking at the records held by the manager as well as other data related to the research object. The expected outcome is the identification of problems with the financial management of the existing mosque and the resolution of the problem with the aim of optimizing the role of the mosque in building and advancing the community around the main mosque in facing the modern era as it is today. In addition, the results of this study will also be an input and reference for the mosque's financial management that is independent and has an impact on the progress and prosperity of the community (both physically and mentally).

From Documentary Meaning to Documentary Method: A Preliminary Comment on the Third Chapter of Harold Garfinkel’s Studies in Ethnomethodology

The text deals with Harold Garfinkels theorizing of what Karl Mannheim called ‘documentary meaning’, and established as a foundation of all historical disciplines, and what Garfinkel calls the ‘documentary method’ of lay and professional sociological reasoning. The commentary tries to establish the systematical position of the chapter in Garfinkel’s ‘Studies in Ethnomethodology’, and, indeed, in Garfinkel’s social theory at the time of publication. This position involves, and redefines, Weber’s definition of sociology, Schutz’s sociology of knowledge and especially, the very idea of a common stock of. typifications, and the discovery of ‘historical time’, or ‘Geschichtlichkeit’ in each micro-sequential interaction. Some consequences are drawn, or sketched, for ethnomethodology as a steady thorn in the side of sociology, and vice versa: for lay and professional sociology as an equally steady thorn in the midst of ethnomethodology.

How may Ethnomethodological Studies be Related to Social Issues: Cases of Studies of Work in Emergency Medical Settings

“Ethnomethodological studies of work” may be located as one branch within ethnomethodology and conversation analysis. It is a research program Harold Garfinkel, the founder of ethnomethodology had been concerned with during his later years. Studies of work have investigated how work is conducted in workplaces to feed information about the actual organization of work practices into design of work, technologies, and social policies. Thus, studies of work have been conducted in various interdisciplinary contexts. This paper looks into hybridity, i.e., the ambition to merge ethnomethodological studies with the investigative topics treated within the settings being studied, which Garfinkel introduced as a set of criteria studies of work should satisfy, to reflect on how Garfinkel intended this policy to be implemented. Two studies in emergency medical settings are examined in light of hybridity, and also in light of how studies prompted people to think reflectively about social issues.

Tracing the Seminal Notion of Accountability Across the Garfinkelian Œuvre

The notion of accountability was introduced by Harold Garfinkel in the opening pages of Studies in Ethnomethodology (1967) as part of his ‘central recommendation’ for sociological inquiry. Though the term itself first appears in the Studies, it will be argued that elements of the idea were already discernible in earlier writings. The current article traces the development of the notion from its early emergence in the proto-ethnomethodological period, through its elaboration in the Studies, and, finally, to its refinement in certain later works produced toward the end of the author’s career. In so doing, it reveals the centrality of the notion to ethnomethodologically-informed study and shows its enduring contribution to social theory.