Ethnological Knowledge Research Articles

Exploring biodiversity and ethnobotanical significance of Solanum species in Uzbekistan: unveiling the cultural wealth and ethnopharmacological uses

Despite its millennial existence and empirical documentation, the ethnological knowledge of herbs is a more recent phenomenon. The knowledge of their historical uses as food, medicine, source of income and small-scale businesses, and the sociological impacts are threatened due to the slow ethnobotanical research drive. Species of the genus Solanum have long been extensively used in folk medicine to treat various illnesses of humans since the dawn of civilization. All data were systematically obtained from papers, monographs, and books written in Uzbek, Russian, and English through various scientific online databases, including Google, Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, Semantic Scholar, Science Direct, and Web of Science using specific keywords focused on eight Solanum species. Eight native and non-native Solanum species as S. dulcamara L., S. lycopersicum L., S. melongena L., S. nigrum L., S. rostratum Dunal., S. sisymbriifolium Lam., S. tuberosum L., and S. villosum Mill. have been recorded in Uzbekistan of Central Asia. In this article we presented recently obtained data on the diversity, morphological characteristics, global distribution, habitat, population status, phenology, reproduction, pharmacology and phytochemistry of these Solanum species in Uzbekistan. Furthermore, relying on a combination of literature reviews and analyses from various scientific papers, we focus on food consumption coupled with global ethnobotanical and ethnopharmacological uses in human diseases of the Solanum species growing in Uzbekistan. Since the dawn of civilization, these eight cultivated and non-cultivated species of Solanum have provided sustainable resources of medicinal plants in Uzbekistan to prevent and treat various human diseases. Based on the collected data, it was shown that Solanum species have not been studied ethnobotanically and ethnomedicinally in Uzbekistan and it is necessary to conduct phytochemical and biotechnological research on them in the future. Traditional uses and scientific evaluation of Solanum indicate that S. nigrum, S. sisymbriifolium and S. tuberosum are one of the most widely used species in some parts of the world. Although considerable progress has been made to comprehend the chemical and biological properties of S. nigrum and S. tuberosum species, more research on the pharmacology and toxicology of these species is needed to ensure the safety, efficacy, and quality of their biologically active extracts and isolated bioactive compounds. Additionally, conducting additional research on the structure-activity relationship of certain isolated phytochemicals has the potential to enhance their biological efficacy and advance the scientific utilization of traditional applications of Solanum taxa.

Denaturalizzare il sesso. Nicole-Claude Mathieu e l’analisi antropologica delle classi di sesso

This essay presents some of the main contributions of Nicole-Claude Mathieu’s work to anthropology and feminist theory. The first section is devoted to framing Mathieu’s production within French materialist feminism. The ethnologist repeatedly recalls how the forms of oppression experienced by women as a minority group in social relations of sex and the struggles that ensue underlie the epistemological transformations that invest disciplinary knowledge from a feminist perspective. Next, the article addresses the three different ways of conceptualising the relationship between sex and gender and the introduction of the category of social sex to denaturalize sex, understood as a political category. Its analysis is thus compared with some of the contributions of decolonial feminism regarding the category of gender. Just as in her study of the category of sex, we also find in the analysis of androcentrism in anthropology her ability to question the dominant frameworks of ethnological thought. In particular, Mathieu delves into the relationship between androcentrism, ethnocentrism, and naturalism to understand not only how they operate distortions in the production of ethnographic and ethnological knowledge, but also how they define the framework within which to define the relationship between Western “us” and non-Western “others” in reference to social relations of sex.

Specific Character of the Folklore Translation: After the Material of Hungarian and Slavic Languages

The translation of fiction and folklore works has its own specific character. It covers poetry and prose, lyrics and drama. Modern translators use the advice and creative heritage of their predecessors, in particular Maksym Rylskyi, who has combined scientific and folkloristic activities with translation from Slavic and non-Slavic languages, made a number of valuable comments on the issues of translation, its adequacy, transmission of the national identity of works, etc. Attention of the other translators and researchers has been also drawn to the issue of the translation of folklore works into Hungarian and Ukrainian. É. Grigássy, Zs. Rab, I. Petrovtsii and others are among them. They testify that besides the language competence, this work requires certain extralinguistic knowledge of ethnology, history, local studies, etc. They talk about two main dangers in such translations: on the one hand, it is the leveling of the national flavor of the work, its transformation into one’s own work; on the other hand, the text should not sound foreign, but should be natural and easy to read. The translation of various genres and types of folklore has its own specificity. Thus, significant difficulties arise when translating the Slavic heroic epos into Hungarian, the volumetric form of dumy and byliny, their epicness, dynamism, etc. Reproduction of the flavor of folk songs is demonstrated in the article exemplified by the translations of Hungarian calendar and love songs into Ukrainian. Then the authoress presents a number of samples of her own translations from the bilingual collection Hungarian Folk Fairy Tales of Uncommon Beauty, commenting the transmission of realia, proper names, phraseological units, language formulas – initial, medial and final. Despite certain doubts about the ability to translate folklore works into very different (not close) languages successfully, it can be said with certainty that it is possible, but this process requires, in addition to deep linguistic and discourse knowledge, extralinguistic, as well as poetic skill and talent of the translator.

Manhood, Military Forts and Ethnological Thought: John Gregory Bourke and the Rise of Border Ethnology, 1870s–90s

AbstractThis article explores how some army forts in 1870s, 1880s and 1890s Texas, New Mexico and Arizona emerged as sites for the production of ethnological knowledge about Mexican and native (Apache, Zuni) peoples. It focuses primarily on US Army Captain John Gregory Bourke's diary entries and publications about his time in Texas, New Mexico and Arizona military garrisons from the late 1860s to the 1890s. Expanding upon cultural studies scholar José Limón's discussions of Bourke's ambivalent relationship to the subjects of his ethnographic study, this article investigates how Bourke's excursions into the built‐environment in and beyond border military forts shaped his understanding of the logics of empire and how his writing, in turn, influenced popular conceptions of the borderlands. Turning to historian Gail Bederman's exploration of turn‐of‐the‐century conceptions of manhood, this article examines how Bourke's ethnographic forays from the homosocial and white‐dominated enclosure of the military fort into the multi‐racial and gendered borderlands defined and challenged ideas about manhood and masculinity on the ‘frontier’. This article proposes that the study of army fort personnel helps tease out how militarised individuals made sense of the built‐environment through their racial and gendered observations of border populations.

Medicinal fungi used by rural communities in Northeastern Brazil

The use of fungi for diversified purposes is part of the history of mankind. We sought to report what is known about fungal species used for medicinal purposes by rural populations in Northeastern Brazil. To this end, semi-structured forms were applied to 176 informants from four rural communities located in the southern region of Piauí. The fungi were deposited in the Graziela Barroso Herbarium (TEPB) of the Federal University of Piauí. The use value (UV) and relative importance (RI) of each species were calculated and similarity was estimated with the Sorensen index. Medicinal use was identified for four basidiomycete species belonging to the families Agaricaceae [Podaxis pistillaris (L.) Fr.], Hymenochaetaceae (Fomitiporia sp.) and Polyporaceae [Hexagonia hydnoides (Sw.) M. Fidalgo and Pycnoporus sanguineus (L.) Murrill]. Indicated for intestinal colic in infants, P. sanguineus was the species that presented the greatest current and potential UV and greater cultural importance. Studies on the chemical and pharmacological composition of the mentioned species were found, indicating their antibacterial, antiparasitic, antiviral, antifungal and antioxidant potential. Knowledge about these fungi has been transmitted from generation to generation, with greater similarity among individuals of the female sex and adult age. The results showed that there is ethnomycological knowledge in rural communities still to be explored in the semi-arid region of Brazil and highlighted the importance of studies about the ethnological knowledge of medicinal fungi.

СВЯТИТЕЛЬ ФИЛАРЕТ (ГУМИЛЕВСКИЙ): НЕУСТАННЫЙ СЛУЖИТЕЛЬ ЦЕРКВИ И НАУКИ

The main aim of this scientific research is the need for a detailed elaboration and introduction into scientific circulation materials of archbishop who was a tireless researcher – Filaret (Gumilevsky). The analysis of his scientific and popular scientific heritage is seen through the prism of his life. The article shows how his pastoral work seamlessly combined with a deep understanding of the importance of popularizing knowledge of ethnology. Great part of the information which was presented on the pages of the diocesan newspaper later will be the basis of a thorough seven volume work “Historical and statistical description of Chernigov eparchy” (1873–1876), and was written by Filaret.

ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ ВИДАВНИЧОЇ ДІЯЛЬНОСТІ НАУКОВОГО ТОВАРИСТВА ІМЕНІ ШЕВЧЕНКА У ЛЬВОВІ: ЕТНОЛОГІЧНИЙ АСПЕКТ

The article covers the problem of research of the Society’s publications in the context of the development of ethnological knowledge in this institution. NTSh periodicals contain assessments of the state of development of ethnology in this organization both by its members and well-known European scholars of the time. The problem of historiographical research of such printed bodies of the Society as «Notes of NTSh» and «Literary-scientific bulletin» is analyzed. These periodicals contain important information on the assessment of ethnological achievements of the Society’s members, information on ethnographic research in this organization, as well as an overview of the publications of the Ethnographic Commission – the relevant structural unit within which ethnographic research was conducted. On the pages of these publications can be traced the scientific controversy of scientists on the problem of ethnology in NTSh. From this point of view, the periodicals of the Society were not analyzed, although today there are a number of articles, monographs, dissertations, bibliographic indexes, which are devoted to individual publications of the Society. In particular the «Literary-Scientific Bulletin» has often been the subject of scientific research. At the same time, despite the existence of separate works devoted to the study of the development of science in the Society, they do not highlight the ethnological context. This problem requires a comprehensive approach that requires a systematic analysis of the publishing activities of the Ethnographic Society with coverage of works related to ethnology, ethnography, folklore, musicology, customary law etc.

THE ETHNOLOGICAL CONCEPT OF «ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION» IN THE CONTEXT OF THE PEDAGOGICAL SYSTEM OF «GOOD CASES»

This article deals with the topical topic «Ethnological concept of «ecological education» in the context of the pedagogical system of «good deeds» based on the activity of the Odessa stanitsa of the National Scout Organization of Ukraine «Plast». The article combines basic knowledge of history, ecology, ethnology, biology and ethno-pedagogics. The main idea of the research is that modern public organizations can carry out mass education and upbringing of all categories of the population, which is based on the combination of ecological knowledge with practical nature conservation and research work.The purpose of the article is to review the ethnological concept of «ecological education» and to analyze the peculiarities of ecological problems in the Odessa region, attempts to involve public children's communities in their solution. The task of this work is to investigate the ethno-pedagogical principles of the activity of the National Scout Organization of Ukraine «Plast», the main methods of raising children as a complex system of personality improvement. The findings are confirmed by the results of our own field studies.The analysis of the pedagogical works of Grigory Vashchenko, Konstantin Ushinsky, Vasyl Sukhomlinsky allows the author to trace the interpretation of the thesis of «good citizen» in Ukrainian pedagogical thought and the modern transformation of this concept into ecological civic education abroad, because, if a person helps others, protects and cleanses natural locations, it corresponds to the moral qualities of a «good citizen». Researchers in the field of history and ethnology V. T. Skurativsky and D. K. Zelenin, describing folk traditions, highlight unique processes of self‑organization of ukrainians, varieties of social mutual assistance in the community, which had an ecological orientation.Educational purpose of Plast’s lessons is hardening the traits of the character of the child: endurance, speed, durability, ability to withstand various tourist tests, difficult transitions, the ability to properly assemble backpacks, put tents correctly, to place the camp properly.In the conclusions, summarizing the Plast’s narrative and exploring the skills that pass the plastuns, the author found the following environmental motives: nature conservation, elements of natural science, purification of the earth from chemical and plastic waste. Nature and love for it are not only a kind of ethno-pedagogical microfactor of child upbringing, but also a prototype of a much broader context - the Motherland. The methodology of Plast’s education contributes to the emergence of the following ecological motives: love for nature, care for the environment, clearing the area from debris.

Значение национальной культуры в развитии духовности

The creative heritage popularization is the basis for the development of the modern information society, the formation of a competitive cultural environment and future journalists. With history modernization consciousness sets the code's brightness to the pragmatic young generation, the revival of its noble qualities. The triumph of the spiritual wealth of the nation will strengthen the profession of a warm heart. We analyze the clarity of data sources with specific facts on historical events occurred in the works of historical heritage and national poets and writers, who are national symbols, great people who struck the world. The facts of language activity are determined by the historical facts. The recognition of a number of cognitive frameworks from national propaganda of the national code through national concepts in cognitive linguistics, ethnolinguistic, and psycholinguistic sophistication opens the way for a new revival of the poets’ and writers’ works. We recognize personality aspects through analysis of various works on history events. The works of Abai Kunanbayev, Shakarim Kudaiberdiev, M. Shakhanov, S. Elubayev, S. Murtaza, B. Bedelkhan, K. Sarsenbai are the national symbol. The essence of the national spirit is that it reflects the character of historical events that are deeply revealed in the Nazir model presented in a new format, and reflects the character of ethnological knowledge not only through the national aspect of word combinations and phraseology, but also by analyzing the sections of national instruments. Supervision of Republic prepared the plan of future popularization of historical and cultural heritage of Kazakhstan as in the country and abroad.

English

 Findings are available on termitaria and their vegetation in the Pendjari Biosphere Reserve and other Sudanian regions in West Africa, but research without dissemination and impacts on communities seems not to be useful. This work aims at providing non-governmental organization (NGOs) and forestry advisers with useful data for environmental education projects and taking termitaria and their vegetation into account for ecotourism in Pendjari Reserve. This  article on termitaria and termitaria-related vegetation summarizes data useful for two purposes. Traditional knowledge on termitaria is useful for education; termitaria plants are used as medicine. Mushrooms growing on termitaria and small mammals living in dead and abandoned mounds are consumed in the reserve. There is a need to train kids and students on termitaria and their vegetation conservation. The panoramic view of mounds and their vegetation is really attractive to tourists. Vegetation on termitaria differs between management types of an area and is dominated by woody species belonging mostly to Combretaceae botanical group. Cappareae species seem restricted to termitaria. The three major ethnic groups in the Reserve hold a diversity of ethnological knowledge on termitaria and their vegetation. These can serve for ecotourism development towards termitaria to lower poverty probability of small households in the Reserve.   Key words: Conservation, ecotourism, environmental education, reserve, termitaria.

L’« histoire des religions » à l’Université de Louvain, de la création du Muséon (1881–1882) à la première Semaines d’ethnologie religieuse (Louvain 1912) : le « cas » du chanoine Philémon Colinet (1853–1917)

Beginnings of scientific reflection over the history of religion in Catholic University in Leuven were connected with organizing so-called Catholic Week of Religious Ethnology, and also with an origin of the first scientific journal on Oriental studies and the history of religion (Muséon 1882). The goal of the week, in the idea of the organizers, was to help missionaries by providing them with ethnological knowledge and arguments defending the idea. All the information was worked out by scientists dealing with ethnology, Oriental studies, and also comparative history of religion. Cardinal D.J Mercier, an honourable patron of the event, played a crucial role while organizing the meetings. While P. Colinet, an orientalist, stood against organizing the event.

河南省少数民族产业结构特点研究

本文以“河南省少数民族产业结构特点研究”为选题，以河南省民族经济为研究对象，在查阅收集历年河南省少数民族经济统计数据，调研河南省民族经济发展状况的基础上，运用马克思主义民族理论和政治经济学理论，并结合经济学、民族学、社会学的相关知识，对掌握的原始数据及材料进行整理分析，将宏观视角与微观视角相结合，利用表格图示等工具对复杂的调研数据和官方统计数据进行分析、归类、对比、评判，如实呈现河南省少数民族经济发展的态势。依据习总书记“全面小康是全体中国人民的小康，不能出现有人掉队”目标要求，论文结合河南经济社会发展要求，探讨破解河南省少数民族经济发展中存在的问题，同富裕的道路。 The paper chooses “Research on the Development of the Ethnic Economy in Henan Province in Recent Years” as title, which talks about the topic of minority economy in Henan Province. The thesis collects minority economic statistics in Henan Province in present years. The thesis re-searches the basic situation of minority economic development in Henan Province, with the basic principle of Marx’s national theory and Marx’s economic theory, and with the relevant knowledge of economics, ethnology, and sociology. In this dissertation, with macro and micro perspective, accurate data of development trends of minority economy in Henan province are analyzed, classified, compared and discussed by charts and tables. By investigating the Henan Province minority economic development, the thesis describes that the development of the minority economy remains backward in Henan province. According to XI core “comparatively well-off, no one will be left.”, and to investigate the existing problems and reasons of the problem in Henan Province minority’s economy, the purpose of this paper aims to find out a way which people of all nationalities realize common rich in Henan province.

Reconstruction--Fiction--Transfer

Artistic practices in ethnological knowledge transfer can be found in the wellknown account of James Cook’s first voyage (1768–1771) by John Hawkesworth (Account of the Voyages […] in the Southern Hemisphere, 1773), which shows that such travel accounts are not only vehicles of knowledge transfer but also means of knowledge (re)construction, and at times this process of remolding knowledge extends to a rewriting that includes elements of fiction. Hence, the article will draw on the material assembled by Cook and Joseph Banks in their Endeavour Journals to identify in Hawkesworth’s examples of (ethno-aesthetic) knowledge construction and “invention.” A comparison of the diff erent types of texts is rewarding not least because Hawkesworth’s account strove to present the new knowledge to a broader audience. An identification of Hawkesworth’s departures from his sources facilitates the reading of the act of knowledge transfer as a process of knowledge transformation.

Tales from Patagonia: Phillip Parker King and early ethnographic observation in British ethnology, 1826–1830

Traditionally, the secondary literature on nineteenth-century British ethnology – the predecessor to anthropology – has placed far too much emphasis on the armchair cogitations of researchers in Britain and not enough weight on the voyagers who collected their data in the field. This article reconsiders the history of British anthropology by expanding the discipline's scope beyond the armchair and examining the role of voyagers in the production of early nineteenth-century ethnological knowledge. At the core of this analysis is an investigation that seeks to understand how ethnographic observations were formed in the field. Using the voyage of the Adventure and Beagle to the Strait of Magellan between 1826 and 1830 as a case study, this paper focuses on the travel account of the commanding officer Phillip Parker King. During the voyage through South America, King recorded detailed descriptions of the cultural and physical attributes of “Patagonians” – to use his nineteenth-century descriptor.

From French Indochina to Paris and back again: The Circulation of Objects, People, and Information, 1900-1932

This article examines the ways in which the processes of collecting, ordering and governing were imbricated both in the metropole and in the colony. Focused on the ethnographic missions carried out by the Musée d’Ethnographie du Trocadéro(MET) and by the École Française d’Extrême Orient from 1900 to the 1930s, the paper explores the network of local collectors, the methodological protocols and standards, the collecting practices, and how objects were gathered in the field for displays at the MET in Paris and at the forthcoming ethnological museum at Dalat in French Indochina (what is now Vietnam). The article argues that the circulation of objects, and the information related to those objects, conceives both the metropole and the colony as sites for the production of ethnological knowledge. It also seeks to demonstrate that collecting practices entailed distinct government effects both in metropolitan France and in colonial Indochina.

Ethnographic Film and Video on Hybrid Television

Academic ethnographers have been utilizing film, and more recently video, for a variety of research purposes including the collection, analysis, and dissemination of data. But ethnographic film and video are not the exclusive domain of university-based ethnographers or professionally trained ethnographic researchers. More and more ethnographic films and video documentaries are nowadays produced by filmmakers who aren’t necessarily interested in utilizing their work to advance anthropological, sociological, or other disciplines’ theoretical or substantive agendas. Interestingly, these documentaries often garner wider distribution and larger audiences than ethnographic films and videos made by academics, leading us to question the identity of ethnographic documentary and the potential of this genre to both advance ethnological knowledge and the sociocultural imagination. In this article, I examine this phenomenon focusing on nonacademic wide-distribution ethnographic documentaries available on cable and satellite TV, Netflix, and iTunes, reflecting on their content, style, distribution strategies, and their status as social scientific ethnographic representations.

The use of ethnological knowledge in state governance: The Russian experience

The notions about the subject and research agendas within our discipline do not remain unchanged. Contemplating the relationship between science and government and the real practical role of science within society, as experts who are professionally interested in issues of ethnicity, we are interested in the practical social significance of ethnological knowledge. Over the last two decades, the applied significance of ethnology in Russia has gone through a number of changes, with a marked increase in the variety of spheres in which ethnological knowledge can be applied. The paper discusses the Russian experience of using ethnological knowledge in state governance.

Notícias de uma certa confederação Tamoio

Propomos revisitar aqui um capítulo muito comentado da historiografia brasileira, mas que permanece à espera de uma análise propriamente etnológica: a assim chamada "confederação dos Tamoio", coalizão de diferentes coletivos tupi da costa quinhentista que pôs em risco a colonização portuguesa, tendo como pano de fundo a disputa entre franceses e portugueses pela região da Guanabara, hoje Rio de Janeiro. Em que medida essa "confederação" consiste numa novidade engendrada pela Conquista, que poderia eventualmente conduzir a uma virada em direção à centralização política? Ou, ao contrário, deveríamos ver nela a realização de uma possibilidade já (sempre) presente nas formas de ação e organização política tupi? Estas são as perguntas que deveremos perseguir, lançando mão tanto de fontes históricas como do sólido conhecimento a respeito de populações Tupi-Guarani desenvolvido por vários autores nas últimas décadas.

Ethnological Knowledges and their Political Contexts

Inquiry into the production of ethnological knowledge raises questions of what we view as valid knowledge, how we formulate this perspective, and what kinds of motivations drive it. In her article “Slovenian Folk Culture: Between Academic Knowledge and Public Display,” Ingrid Slavec Gradisnik presents an overview of Slovenian folklore research, tracing its historical development through the nineteenth and twentieth centuries and ending with an epilogue about the post-1991 period of independence. Her historical outline is an expansion of the very limited English-language scholarship on Slovenian folklore research and so represents a welcome contribution. In many respects, Slavec Gradisnik’s disciplinary history reminds the reader of well-known trends in folklore research across Central Europe. On closer examination, her presentation also asks the reader to consider representational paradigms in the context of their development and, by extension, to reflect on the validity of ethnological knowledges created in differing political arenas. In Slovenia, the field known in North America as folklore, folkloristics, or—as I find useful—folklore studies shares a pattern of historical devel-

The Missionary Exhibit

Although Franz Boas' research at the American Museum Natural History was defined by an American focus, his direction of the Jesup Expedition and the East Asiatic Committee demonstrate that he was eager to expand the institution's collections beyond the Americas. This article explores his engagement with the Missionary Exhibit, a previously underestimated facet of his work. The collection was gathered for and displayed at the Ecumenical Conference of Foreign Missions of 1900 and later reinstalled at the AMNH. The exhibit gave Boas the opportunity to establish a rapport with missionaries, whose collecting activities supplemented the museum's representation of regions like Burma, which were otherwise tangential to the institution's research. This paper explores how the collection proved to be as much of a promise as a frustration for Boas. The exhibit provides an entrée to the discipline's sustained, but complicated, engagement with missionaries, and the museum's early production of ethnological knowledge about Asia.