Ethnonational Communities Research Articles

Традиционные духовные ценности как глокальная основа интерпретации аксиологических концептов в кинодискурсе

The article studies multimodal verbal, visual and auditory mechanisms of contamination of universal, global and national value spaces in the aspect of dominant axiological concepts’ interpretation of regional film discourse. Film discourse can be considered as the most representative field for the shift of value dominants, combining various semiotic code systems for the most effective implementation of the perlocutionary effect, pursuing the main goal of transforming the conceptual and value space of the recipient. As part of the analysis of the key methods of glocalization of axiologems, a complex of methods of the hermeneutic and interpretative approach was used, including contextual, linguacultural, etymological, linguaaxiological, discursive and modal methods. The polymodal and polycode nature of the empirical material requires systematic consideration of ways to intensify traditional spiritual values in their verbalization. The key method of contaminating tradition and innovation in modifying the content of axiological concepts is a constitutive link to global, universal components shared by other ethnonational communities. Such an association occurs in the context of the expansion of the positive and negative spaces of the described concept deportation, which is significant both for the Karachay-Balkarian linguaculture under consideration and for many peoples of the USSR. The concept represents a whole precedent world, including individual concepts for concretizing values and anti-values in a situational and local rethinking. The key axiological concepts in the translation of traditional values and anti-values of the deportation are recognized as jashau (“life”), as a global axiologeme, with the concept of elum/ajal (“death”) leveled out and thrown to the periphery; as well as private locally interpreted concepts bilim (“knowledge”), syy/namys (“dignity/honor”), kishilik (“courage”), azatlyk (“freedom”). The overtones of universal perception in the generalized content of these concepts make it possible to create a glocalized space of interpretation that reflects common values and meanings in the ethno-national linguistic consciousness.

Young people with LGB identity and their sense of belonging: Evidence from Northern Ireland – A society emerging from violent social conflict

In 2023 Northern Ireland celebrated the 25th anniversary of the Belfast Good Friday Agreement (GFA) which is regarded as a milestone of the Northern Ireland peace process. Via the 1998 Northern Ireland Act, the peace process saw equality and anti-discrimination legislation being implemented in Northern Ireland that legislates that public authorities must carry out their duties with due regard to equality of opportunity, including between persons of different sexual orientations and gender identities. Using time series data from 2013 to 2023 taken from the annual Young Life and Times (YLT) survey conducted among a randomized sample of 16-year olds in Northern Ireland (N = 15,162), this article explores the extent to which same-sex attracted young women and men express a sense of belonging to, and influence in, their local neighborhoods and Northern Ireland. We argue that the sense of belonging and influence can be used as suitable policy indicators to assess how same-sex attracted young people fare in Northern Ireland, a society emerging from significant violent conflict. The YLT dataset allows us to track, if any change in attitudes can be detected over the last decade. Our analysis shows that there was an increase in the proportion of young people, especially among young women, expressing same-sex attraction. However, our study also indicates that, regardless of gender, LGB 16-year olds consistently felt a lesser sense of belonging and influence than their non-LGB individuals. We found no LGB-specific differences among respondents with different religious affiliations. LGB respondents disproportionately rejected both Protestant and Catholic faiths and community affiliations, unlike their non-LGB counterparts. Our findings are a strong indicator that religion still plays a major part in the relationship between ethno-national communities in Northern Ireland and that there still is a long way to go until LGB young people feel valued and feel that they belong.

Problemy kommunikacii v usloviyah vysokokontekstnoj kul'tury Kitaya

This article is devoted to the problem of intercultural communication against the backdrop of China's high-context culture. High dependence on the context of communication is a characteristic of Chinese culture, and only a full understanding of this aspect of Chinese culture can improve the quality of interaction between the Chinese and other ethno-national communities.

ETHNO-GEOGRAPHIC MACRO-REGIONATION OF UKRAINE AS THE INFORMATION BASIS FOR REGIONAL ETHNIC POLICY

A comprehensive analysis of macro-regional ethno-geographical differences in Ukraine was made, which are most evident in the different proportions of the number of ethnic Ukrainians and representatives of ethno-national minorities in the regions of the country, as well as in the peculiarities of the population structure by native language. The main factors in the formation of ethnogeographic regions are historical and geographical prerequisites, subjective aspects of the formation of the state territory of Ukraine, population migration, and the peculiarities of state policy in Soviet times. Determination of common and distinctive features of the ethno-national and ethno-linguistic structure of the population between the regions of Ukraine using a number of indicators (the value of the quantitative superiority of Ukrainians over the largest ethnic minority by region; the ratio of the share of Ukrainians and the population with a native Ukrainian language; the ratio of the share of Ukrainians with a native Russian language and the share of Russians with in the native Ukrainian language) made it possible to distinguish 12 ethnogeographic regions: 1) Transcarpathian; 2) Halych; 3) Volyn; 4) Chernivtsi; 5) Podillya-Polyssya; 6) Central-Right Bank; 7) Central-Left Bank; 8) Dnipro-Kharkiv; 9) Donetsk; 10) Odessa; 11) Central-Black Sea; 12) Crimean.
 Since the proposed scheme of ethnogeographic zoning reflects not only the most significant regional differences in the ethno-national composition of the population and its linguistic structure, but also reveals of the political development and socio-economic development of the territory of Ukraine, significant differences in the levels of urbanization and the demographic situation of the regions, it can to be the basis of integral socio-geographical macro-regionalization of Ukraine and an important reference point in the implementation of regional ethnopolitics aimed at balancing the interests of the state, ethno-national communities and groups. The strategic task of regional ethnopolitics is the resolution of ethnopolitical contradictions and the prevention of ethnopolitical conflicts in ethnogeographical macro-regions. The solution of ethnopolitical problems related to the use of the state and the languages of ethno-national minorities in various spheres of society's life is of leading importance in the implementation of state ethnopolitics. These problems are the most urgent for Transcarpathian, Chernivtsi and Odesa ethnographic regions. The relatively high degree of russification of ethnic Ukrainians in the regional centers of the Central-Left Bank, Dnipro-Kharkiv, Central-Black Sea and Odesa ethnogeographic regions deepens contrasts in the linguistic structure of the population of rural areas and large cities, which creates functional barriers in their relations and does not contribute to linguistic cultural consolidation of Ukrainian society.
 Key words: ethnogeographic zoning, ethnic composition of the population, structure of the population by native language, regional ethnopolitics, assimilation.

Repositioning Ethnicity and Transnationalism: Community Resilience Strategies among the Non-Migratory Segment of Turkish Jewry

The methods that communities exploit to cope with national hegemonies that dispossess and exclude them have attracted the interest of migration scholars who emphasize the development of transnational strategies as community-building vehicles. Some scholars focus on migrant communities, whereas other studies analyze the “stayers”—those who remain in the countries of origin—in their analyses of the impacts of transnational trends on these groups. Yet how such transnational dynamics influence the “stayers” among ethnonational communities whose members rapidly “repatriate” en masse to their perceived nation-state, such as the migration of Middle Eastern Jews to Israel in the era of regional decolonization and nationalization, remain understudied. This article focuses on the community of “stayers” among Turkish Jews, whose leaders sought methods to cope with the effects of rising nationalism on their community structure and the intensity of an emigration crisis that engulfed them due to the vacuum they faced after losing 40 percent of their members in 1948–1949 to Israel. We analyze Şalom, the most important newspaper that Turkish Jewry continued to publish well after 1948. To escape marginalization and to re-establish their base in Turkey, one of Şalom’s main strategies, we find, is conveying to its readership in Turkey the advantage of connecting and twinning the two national centers that had become the focal points of most of the community by 1950—the Turkish Republic and the State of Israel.

Before social death: cultural rule and ethnic expression in 1980s Xinjiang

ABSTRACT Current scholarship on the Uyghurs eclipses the fact that before the present moment of profound crisis, a robust polite society of the indigenous ethnonational communities existed in Xinjiang in the 1980s. This paper, by uncovering the little-known history of the Urumqi-based Tianshan Film Studio and its cinematic production of the non-Han population as the cultural majority of the region in the 1980s, adds to the academic literature that has firmly pushed against the state tropes of Xinjiang as a restive Muslim backwater with little skill in negotiating modernity. By intersecting institutional history, close reading of concrete filmic texts, and the larger historical context of what I argue as a decade of cultural rule in China’s governance of its ethnic frontiers, this paper presents a fresh look at Uyghurs and their ethnic allies in the polite bargaining with the Chinese state for their cultural majority status in the region.

ПЕРСПЕКТИВА ТРАНСФОРМАЦІЙ У ПСИХОЛОГІЇ МОСКОВИТІВ

The article substantiates the basis of a constructive approach to solving the problem of positive transformations in the psychology of the Moscovites based on processing the work of unsurpassed connoisseurs of the psychology of peoples and masses and dictators of the 19-20th centuries. It also reflects the reasons for the formation of those personality traits of Putin in his childhood and adolescence, united in the desire for power. It is shown that despite Putin’s pathologic negligence, kleptomania, and mafia-bandit mentality, signs of a paranoid form of schizophrenia are found in his activities: ideas-fixes, persecution mania, etc. Probably, he also has mental pathology, which was studied and called ‘disintegration syndrome’ by E. Fromm. They are necrophiles, meaning they love death, the dead, and destruction. Moreover, we also analysed the psychological mechanisms of the transformation of the masses into ‘cattle mass’, which succeeds under certain conditions. Such conditions were and are in Muscovy-Russia. The main one is the tendency of Moscovites to slavery. There are facts confirming that in the functioning of propensities and other components of orientation (value orientations, worldviews, etc.) as a matrix of motivational dynamics of ethno-national communities the bio-genetic factor does not play a role. The main means of formation and functioning of this matrix is tradition – the main form of representation and affirmation of society, in which it fixes basic knowledge about itself, its spiritual values, etc. Changing traditions is very difficult, but not impossible. It is capable and should be carried out by the intellectual elite of the nation and the state created by it, first of all, its part, which cherishes humanistic spiritual values – orientation to the good. The key task of this work is justified: the formation of a type of character based on independence, persistence, ingenuity, and biophilia – the love of life. The article also proposes the necessary conditions for the success of this work: 1) the awareness of the oppressed population of the regions of the Russian Federation of their self-sufficiency and their ability to dispose of the wealth of their own land; 2) the rejection of nuclear weapons and the final collapse of the Moscow Empire so that these factors do not support the illusion of greatness; 3) the philosophy and psychology of remorse for all the horrific crimes committed by the Moscow State against humanity; and 4) quality humanistic education, primarily – a truthful history.

Конституційно-правове положення етноспільнот (національних меншин, корінних народів) в Україні

The Constitution of Ukraine (Art. 11) guarantees the promotion of ethnic, cultural, linguistic and religious identity of all indigenous peoples and national minorities of Ukraine Adoption after the end of the Second World War, international documents confirm the fundamental rights to self-determination of all peoples, by virtue of which they freely establish their political status and freely carry out their economic, social and cultural development. Studies of scientific sources of domestic and foreign scientists on the development and formation of the constitutional and legal position of ethno-national communities of Ukraine for the period of 1917 to the present have been made. It was found out that with the creation of the UPR ethno-community that lived on its territory in accordance with the legal acts issued by the UPR, they had the opportunity to both identify and exercise the rights granted, to contribute to the development of the UPR. With the overthrow of the UPR in Soviet times in relation to national minorities, the authorities began to gradually implement repressive measures such as deportation of peoples, murders, restrictions on the realization of personal rights and freedoms, etc. It is proved that only after Ukraine gained independence in 1991, ethno-national communities were able, on the basis of adopted laws, to start building national life again as part of the Ukrainian state. As a result of the study, a list of guarantees provided by the state in the sphere of realization and/or protection of the rights of Ukrainian citizens belonging to ethniccommunities has been identified and outlined. The disclosed content of normative legal acts that regulate the existence of ethno-communities of Ukraine is: the Constitution of Ukraine, the laws of Ukraine "On national minorities (communities) of Ukraine", "On the indigenous peoples of Ukraine", the Declaration of the Rights of Nationalities of Ukraine, etc. Attention is paid to the influence of international legal regulations on the definition of sustainable standards for the development of ethno-national life in Ukraine It is proved that the current ethno-national legislation regulating the system of legal relations of ethno-communities is aimed at implementing and meeting their natural needs in cultural, informational and educational, religious, linguistic and other spheres, in order to collect and further resolve their own originality. Common and distinctive features of the conceptual apparatus (definitions) regarding individual features that are inherent in ethno-communities have been identified It has been determined and proved its own opinion that belongs to the category of controversy regarding the content of certain legal norms that are applied in the current legislation.

Socio-cultural phenomena of ethnic diversification and identity: contents and interaction

The article is devoted to the analysis of the role of the phenomena of ethnic diversification and identity in the social development of polyethnic countries. These phenomena are considered as complex socio-cultural constructs that are traditionally based on ethnicity, culture and social aspects of human life and the nature of their functioning depends on the specific conditions of development of a society. Based on the study of the works of domestic and foreign researchers, the contents of both phenomena are clarified, and their key characteristics are presented. Attention is drawn to the fact that in their interpretations of the phenomenon of ethnic diversification, researchers start primarily from the fact that there are representatives of different peoples and cultures in one state, united in a community based on the ethnic origin of their members. This factor is largely due to the presence of many types of identities. Particular attention is paid to the influences (positive and negative) of ethnic diversification on social processes, the role of identity in social cohesion in polyethnic countries. The contexts and fields of interaction of ethnic diversification and identity in the social space of countries with ethno-cultural diversity of their population are outlined. Attention is drawn to the historical longevity of research as the essence of the phenomena themselves, as well as their interaction. The role of ethno-political management in governance the dynamics of ethnic diversification and in the process of forming identities in order to find compromises in their interaction and achieve adequate impact of the consequences of this interaction on social processes, as well as state policy on ethno-national communities and migration. It is proposed to improve research methods of ethnic diversification based on the base of the clarification of the philosophical approach to the study of ethnic and cultural groups, the identity of which together forms the ethnic diversity of a country, and emphasizes the need to adapt them to the realities of Ukrainian ethnic diversity.

Mental Map of Hryhoriy Galagan: Territorial and Ethnonational Structuring in Ukrainian Nobleman’s World View (mid-1830s — mid-1860s)

The article examines the spatial structures and related images of ethno-national communities in the world view of Hryhoriy Pavlovych Galagan (1819–1888), a representative of the Ukrainian local nobility and a prominent public figure. The research methodology includes the achievements of modern humanitarian geography, first of all the method of mental mapping, which allows to study the spatial structures in the world view of the individual, taking into account his socio-cultural environment. The research is based on ego-documents — diaries and correspondence from the Galagan family archive. Special attention is paid to toponymes and ethnonymes in these texts. It is shown that the spatial representations of Hryhoriy Galagan were a complex system that developed under the influence of the socio-cultural sphere in which he lived. Thus, humanitarian geography is represented as a discursive practice due to social and political interests. The article deals, in particular, with such spatial constructs as “Little Russia”, “Ukraine”, “Russia”, “Rus”, “Europe”, as well as related communities — “Little Russia people”, “Russian people”, “Europeans”. Galagan’s spatial and ethno-national ideas are shown as a very dynamic system that was constantly changing under the influence of socio-political and ideological movements, such as the Polish uprisings of 1830–1831 and 1863–1864, the rise of Slavophilia and Ukrainophilia. Attention is paid to the importance of travel for the development of the system of spatial and ethno-national structures. In addition, the conditionality of this system with ideas about history is proved. The issues raised in this article will contribute to further in-depth research in cultural anthropology, as well as be useful to historians working in the biographical genre.

Практика ефективної взаємодії публічної влади і громадських організацій: європейський досвід для України

Проаналізовано практику ефективної взаємодії представників публічної влади і громадських організацій у суміжних із Україною країнах Європейського Союзу (далі – ЄС) Польщі, Угорщині, Румунії. Наголошено на тому, що інституції громадянського суспільства мають неабиякі соціально-психологічні переваги й суттєво впливають на розвиток публічно-інституційних відносин у державі. Доведено, що ефективна адаптація держави до вимог громадянського суспільства пришвидшує вдосконалення державної політики сприяння розвитку громадських організацій. Визначено функціональний ланцюг сприяння, за яким проглядається логіка застосування міжнародного досвіду в українських реаліях: державна політика – законодавчі норми – громадянська ініціатива – практика публічної взаємодії. Наголошено на прикладах профільної взаємодії (приклад Румунії), ефективності процедури надання сервісних послуг та її діджиталізації (приклад Польщі) та скоординованої політики сприяння розвитку громадських організацій (приклад Угорщини).

Alexander Maxwell. Everyday Nationalism in Hungary, 1789–1867.

Alexander Maxwell. <i>Everyday Nationalism in Hungary, 1789–1867</i>.

Factors of Ethnic Politicization in the Context of Threats to National Security in Ukraine

Ethnic mosaicism of Ukraine and the ethnonational factor are the phenomena that affect all spheres of the society. The ethnic factor has a special role in the emergence of contradictions in polyethnic states. On the one hand, “ethnicity is a form of social organization of cultural differences” (F. Bart), and on the other, ethnicity is instrumental and can be used as a means to achieve political goals (A. Cohen). Ethnicity has been and is a political resource that has been played out by political players for centuries. An important political phenomenon of our time is politicized ethnicity. The article analyzes some factors of politicization of ethnicity. The factors of politicization of ethnicity were: dissemination of unreliable information about the radical demands of territorial autonomy on behalf of “national minorities”; the destructive role of politicians who positioned themselves as lobbyists for the interests of national minorities; ethnic entrepreneurship, ethnic political parties; presence of dual citizenship, fake news, false information, and more. It is proved that certain factors of politicization of ethnicity pose a threat to the national security of the country.It is determined that ethnic identity is an effective tool for both consolidation and deconsolidation of ethnic groups and has its own political subjectivity. It is proved that in the process of decentralization, representatives of all ethnonational communities perceive each other well, and conflicts on ethnic grounds do not arise. However, due to people's low awareness of the peculiarities and prospects of the local government reform, politicians, especially local ones, are playing the “ethnic card” in their own interests.

Interview 8

Since Brubaker's (2005) much cited paper on the proliferation of the word diaspora, there has been much debate on the notion of diaspora and what exactly it does and does not encompass. There are those who view diasporas more in terms of distinct ethno-national communities spread out through space but who are tied somehow to a homeland and to one another through shared consciousness, identities, imagined communities, and collective memories.

ФАКТОРИ ВПЛИВУ НА ПРОФЕСІЙНУ РЕАДАПТАЦІЮ ОСОБИСТОСТІВ УМОВАХ ПРОБЛЕМОГЕННОГО СОЦІУМУ

The article reveals the factors of influence on occupational re-adaptation of a person in the settings of the problemogenic society. The Purpose of this study was to carry out a systematic review of scientific sources that highlight the factors influencing the professional re-adaptation of a person in the face of a troubled society, using the three-vector approach proposed by Carpenter P. and Foster B. Methods. The study used a literature review strategy based on the format proposed by the Joanne Briggs Institute (JBI). The literature search was conducted in such bases as: Education Resources Information Center (ERIC), PsycINFO, Scopus and Informit. Additionally, the Joanne Briggs Institute Critical Assessment Tool (checklist) for qualitative and cross-sectional research was used. Results. Among the identified internal factors of readaptation were revealed such ones as: self-perception, self-positioning, self-concept, self-confidence. motives of readaptation, interests, advantages, inclinations, ambitions and possibilities, desire, interests, desire to realize, self-expression, self-actualization in life, conscious control, personal interest in the inert environment. External factors of readaptation were mentioned in the pursuit of better working conditions, higher financial rewards, social recognition (higher prestige) and a better social package, as well as professional, psychological, social and cultural requirements and challenges, unregulated work schedules, tough deadlines, component of stress, authoritarian leadership style, conservativeness of moral attitudes, aggressive attitude, moral abuse. Among the interpersonal factors of readaptation were mentioned such as: personality characteristics, cultural characteristics, universally recognized social roles in the ethnic community – influence of family and immediate surroundings, individualistic culture, lack of support, competition, social stereotypes, universally recognized socialities. Conclusions. It has been found that the above three groups of factors that underpin this study are decisive for professional re-adaptation and influence the behavior and decision-making system of the individual. The factors of the occupational re-adaptation differ significantly in collectivist and individualistic cultural (ethno-national) communities, and are related to the value system and education. Factors influencing the professional re-adaptation of the individual in conditions of problem society are associated not only with psychological and social factors, but also with the state of human health.

ETHNOCULTURAL FEATURES OF THE MONTH OF RAMADAN REPRESENTED BY SUNNI MUSLIMS IN KYIV: INTERCULTURAL DIALOGUE UNDER CONDITIONS OF GLOBALIZATION AND INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION

The aim of the research is to discover the characteristic features of the celebration of the month of Ramadan by the Sunni Muslims in the city of Kyiv. In this connection, theoretical problems of ethno-religious and ideological nature, as well as domestic ethno-cultural features of this holiday celebration by the polyethnic community of Sunni Muslims in Kyiv have been investigated. The research methodology is based on the theoretical generalization of the empirical material collected by the authors. It also includes the principles of historicism, system-formation, scientific character, verification and the use of general scientific (analysis, synthesis, generalization) and specially-historical (historical-genetic, historical-typological, historical-systemic, etc.) methods. The scientific novelty of the article consists in the fact, that for the first time in the Ukrainian historiography the influence of globalization and international migration on the formation of local features of the Ramadan month by Sunni Muslims in Kyiv has been analyzed. It was made on the basis of collected empirical materials and available literature . The authors emphasize on the intercultural interaction of representatives of various ethnonational communities within Sunni Islam. The Conclusions . The analysis of this problem suggests that the celebration of the month of Ramadan by the Sunni Muslims of Kyiv has its culturally specific aspects. This is due to a number of factors that influence it, namely: a cultural diversity of ethnic communities, whose representatives celebrate Muslim holidays; the predominance of Christian denominations in Ukrainian lands, in particular, Orthodoxy, which is viewed by many as an integral part of the Ukrainian nation; as well as the constant change of the ethno-cultural palette of Muslim communities in Ukraine as a result of globalization and international migration. The study of the Muslim community in Kyiv can shed light on the problem of spreading of Islam in Ukraine. The future research should also include the problem of coexistence of Ukrainian Muslims with representatives of other religious denominations at the level of cultural interactions

Fostering Grassroots Civic Nationalism in an Ethno-nationally Divided Community in Northern Ireland

ABSTRACT Much of Northern Ireland remains divided as it continues to transition from a prolonged ethno-national struggle during a period of violence known as “the Troubles” (1969–1998). This conflict resulted in the loss of thousands of lives, residential segregation and the construction of “peace walls” that separate the two ethno-national communities (i.e. “Catholic”/republican and “Protestant”/loyalist) in parts of many of its cities and towns. Residential segregation and violent national projects in cities such as Belfast not only reflect wider regional national tensions; they often are the foundation from which the ethno-national conflicts first emerged and continue to persist and reinforce the non-inclusionary fissures between two communities. Exclusionary national ideologies, narratives and practices, manifested through parading, sectarian political murals and residential segregation demonstrate how many embody a restrictive vision of national identity. However, there are a few notable exceptions to these discriminatory practices – one of which is the subject of this paper. 174 Trust is a community centre in the divided northwest side of Belfast that is designed and dedicated to providing an inclusive, safe and “shared” place to foster a new form of civic nationalism. Through an analysis of their contemporary efforts to transform exclusionary historical expressions of nationalism by fostering a shared civic nationalism, this paper interrogates nationalism by focusing on a significant grassroots effort that may be overlooked in general investigations. As I suggest, the lessons offered by this community centre exemplify the potential of a micro-political approach and serve as a powerful model for future development within this and other divided communities.

Етнічно строкатий світ: меншини від Версалю до сьогодення.

One of the determinant provisions of liberal world order that were announced at the Paris Peace Conference was the right of nations to self-determination of also known as the right to the national self-determination. Even a century after the Paris Peace Conference the problem of the right to self-determination remains relevant. Meanwhile, the implementation of the right to national determination contradicts the right of the state to maintain its territorial integrity and inviolability of its borders. Given the polyethnicity of many countries of the world, the political forces refer to an array of mechanisms (some of them can be destructive for the state) aiming at ethnical political mobilization of the minorities. The ethnic factor, therefore, becomes a factor of potential danger for the state and becomes a reason for interethnic and sometimes international clashes, acts of separatism or irredentism. Therefore, the states may single-handedly select the approaches to their ethnopolicies and ethnopolitical regimes to be applied practically and their state ethnopolitical models. The ethnopolitical regimes, as a form of already existing relations between the authority / state ethnonational communities, influence the conflict potential of the ethnonational factor and the states approach to setting ethnonational conflicts. Furthermore, specific types of the concepts of nations right to self-determination are theoretically substantiated.

Unpacking Violent Contention: The Troubles in Northern Ireland, 1968–1972

ABSTRACT This paper systematically describes the different types of political violence that occurred in Northern Ireland between 1968 and 1972, examining how they interacted and fueled each other. To measure the level of political violence in Northern Ireland, traditional quantitative approaches use variables such as the number of conflict-related deaths, paramilitary attacks, or riots; the goal of this paper, instead, is to disaggregate acts of violent contention by actor, type, and target. Relying on Quantitative Narrative Analysis (QNA), all the violent actions perpetrated by the actors participating in the conflict have been recorded, coded, and analyzed. Three main types of violence in Northern Ireland are identified: a) protest-related violence—violent interactions among protesters, counterprotesters, and police before, during, and after mass demonstrations; b) sectarian violence—includes riots and clashes between members of the two main ethno-national communities; and c) armed conflict—violent actions by paramilitary groups and security forces. While originating from different conflict situations, these three types of violence affected each other, as they altered, and were altered by, the broader political context. Conceptual and methodological disaggregation of political violence are encouraged to better understand violent conflicts.

Changing gendered moral rationalities among Israeli welfare-to-work participants

ABSTRACTEuropean and North American feminist economists have challenged the assumption that job remunerations can cover single mothers’ breadwinning needs. Notwithstanding the strength of this argument, a less economic argument against welfare-to-work (WTW) policy is that it fails to consider women's community-anchored gendered moral rationalities (GMRs). What previous studies rarely grasped is the opportunity provided by WTW to theorize the conditions under which the ability to negotiate cultural values and beliefs held by communities modify the understanding of opportunities. GMRs, which combine the economic with the cultural, were defined as embedded within communities’ and families’ cultural values, which in their turn, condition the extent to which extended families support mothers. The current study examines stable and changing GMRs of single mothers from diverse ethno-national communities. Our analysis of the interviews of 62 mothers who participated in a specific WTW program in Israel and shouldered the expectation to enter the labor market reveals that, when a program is based on a supportive women's group and provides occupational training opportunities, GMRs can change so that women negotiate their communities traditional constructions of motherhood.