Ethnic Tolerance Research Articles

Ethnic tolernity as the need for positive adoption of European values

The article analyzes ethnic tolerance during the development of the information society, according to the attributive characteristic of the life of society, which penetrates into the educational sphere and is one of the main tasks of nation-building, - in modern conditions, the main goal of the Ukrainian state should become the subject of the implementation of the model of education centeredness, - as a factor in the humanization of a crisis society, which establishes the essence of the aforementioned ideals of the Ukrainian idea. The purpose of the article is to form a reflection of the phenomenon of ethnical tolerance is an essential feature of the processes of modern nation-building: the emergence of contours of the global information as a complex social and controversial phenomenon in modern conditions of state formation, which is based on the formation of humanitarian conceptualization. The term communicative-information society includes a global unified information industry, for the development of which the development of the education system (areas of education center) is required. In Ukraine, a single socio-cultural space - a global Internet network - is being created, and an increasing role of telecommunication and radiocommunication facilities is being promoted, which promotes the development of a network and online society. Article results: As we can see from analysis of previously shown - it is no coincidence that education is considered - as a new social concept of socio-cultural communication in the global information society. Ethnic tolerance in modern conditions affects the transformation of society, in which the reaction of the phenomenon of the transition of the Little Russian ethnos to the Ukrainian political nation took place; which as a historical ethnos existed in the Middle Ages in the form of the state of Kievan Rus, which today begins to actively develop in the process of developing the European direction of the Ukrainian State

Chinese migrants in the territory of the Barguzin region in the first half of the 20th century: ethnoeconomic aspects

In this paper we consider the features of the contribution of Chinese migrants to the ethnoeconomic practices of the communities of the Barguzin basin, based on modern approaches to cultural geography and field research. The research area covers an island forest-steppe and steppe, surrounded by mountain-taiga areas. In the valley of the river Barguzin meadow steppes are replaced by forest-steppes and swampy areas. The diversity of natural environment provided a basis for the formation of various systems of ethnic wildlife management. During the establishing their residency the representatives of Evenks, Buryats, Russians, Poles, Jews, Chinese, Tatars, Ukrainians, Byelorussians and others formed the basis of ethnoeconomic practices and traditional economy as a whole complex of socio-natural observations, ideas, mutual interpretation of the traditions of various groups of local population. The key role of cultural traditions and nature management in formation of spatial features of the economic activities of local inhabitants is due to their historical continuity and compliance with both the needs of society and the landscape-geographical environment. The research resulted in a conclusion about the stable idea of the local population about their territorial unity and ethnic tolerance of the Barguzin community. The combination of hunting, nomadic cattle breeding, focal agriculture, farming, lake and river fishing, gathering reveals a connection between people and the natural-geographical and ethno-cultural features of the territory.

ASSESSING READINESS OF STAFF IN UKRAINIAN AND MONGOLIAN MULTICULTURAL COMPANIES FOR CROSS-CULTURAL INTERACTION

Urgency of the research. At the present stage of the world economic development cross-cultural interaction be-comes one of the most important aspects in the company's activity. Target setting. According to the socio-psychological law on the existence of a link between positive ethnic identity and ethnic tolerance, one can state that to assess readiness of an individual to cross-cultural interaction it is necessary to as-sess his ethnic identity. Actual scientific researches and issues analysis. At present a large number of methods to assess ethnic identity have been developed: a universal scale of ethnic identity and ethical self-identification, methodology "Ethnic Identity", a scale of express assessment of feelings, methodology for assessing positive aspects and uncertainty of ethnic identity, etc. Uninvestigated parts of general matters defining. Emic approach is the basic conceptual approach on which methods of assessing ethnic identity are based, and there is no etic approach. However, the combination of these two approaches is the basis for cross-cultural research. The research objective. The aim of the research is to assess readiness of the Ukrainian and Mongolian multinational companies’ staff for cross-cultural interaction on the basis of a comprehensive methodological approach for assessing ethnic identity and identifying behavioral strategies of staff in the process of cross-cultural interaction. The statement of basic materials. The staff in Ukrainian companies are characterized by the following types of behav-ioral strategy: 90%  active "intermediaries", 10%  passive "intermediaries". The staff of the Mongolian companies have the following behavioral strategies: 55% of active intermediar-ies, 5% of passive "intermediaries", 25% of active "national-ists", 5% of "Neurotic ethnophobes", and 10% of employees are inclined to the behavior of passive "intermediaries". Conclusions. The staff in Ukrainian multinational compa-nies in comparison with the staff of Mongolian companies have a more positive ethnic identity and are more ready for cross-cultural interaction.

Foreign language learning as a factor of the inophone’s sociocultural adaptation

The article describes the features of the inophones’ sociocultural adaptation. One of the factors of the foreigner’s sociocultural adaptation – mastering the Ukrainian (Russian) language has been considered. The forms of work with foreign students to be helpful in their successful sociocultural adaptation have been proposed. The activity of the teacher is to manage the organization of active knowledge of the realities by the foreigners. It is also worth attracting foreigners to certain educational activities, excursions; organizing the concert programs both as observers and participants; arranging visits to various events where you can communicate with native Ukrainian (Russian) speakers. As a result of linguistic education, the students can and should be formed: readiness to comprehend a socio-cultural portrait of the country, the target language, and understanding of the native speakers; ethnic, racial and social tolerance, language tact and socio-cultural politeness; propensities to find non-violent ways to resolve conflicts. So, when learning foreign languages, the enrichment of foreign students’ individual experience of communication with another linguistic culture and the result of foreign language training are positive changes in the overall structure of students’ behavior. The author is convinced that the systematic, purposeful teachers’ work to overcome adaptation difficulties is the key to the successful adaptation of foreign students, the further development of each student as a person and future specialist. The better the Ukrainian (Russian) language is learned, the more adaptive it is, the more students adapt to the new socio-cultural environment, the better and more successful is the process of joining a new educational system and the sphere of interethnic communication with representatives of different countries. Prospects for further research are to find the forms and methods of work that will facilitate the acquisition of a foreign student to a new environment. The teacher must create certain conditions for foreigners to comprehend the linguistic material and learn to participate in the dialogue communication of the society in an active way.

Everyday Ethnocultural Adaptation of Newly Arrived and Indigenous Populations in Yugra

This publication presents results of a study of everyday ethnocultural adaptation of newly arrived and indigenous populations in Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug – Yugra. A survey has helped identify levels of frustration in newly arrived and indigenous populations. The authors have concluded that ethnocultural adaptation of newly arrived population is slow and patchy. The newly arrived population is more frustrated than the indigenous community is. To reduce the level of frustration, the newly arrived population needs to connect with ethnic customs and traditions of indigenous small numbered peoples of the North, understand how unique they are and ensure ethnic tolerance on both sides.

Еволюційні перспективи біополітичної аналітики.

The main goal is to study the evolutionary prospects of biopolitics as a new direction of scientific research. Biopolitics is an innovative discipline of modern political discourse that offers its vision of the nature of the «political man» and the motives for his behaviour. It is established that the scientific community has not yet developed a clear idea of the priority directions of research of this scientific discipline: some biopolitics see them in solving global environmental problems, others think about the rapid development of biotechnology and genetic engineering. It was proposed four perspective directions of biopolitics, which we would conventionally call «ecological», «conflict», «biotechnological» and «globalization». Each of them opens new horizons for biopolitical analytics and political science in general. So, advocates of the ecological direction insist on the integration of the international community around the issue of conservation of biodiversity. Research in the field of biopolitics will contribute to raising public awareness of the ecosystem crisis and demographic explosion. A person, as part of the overall «biosystem», has to be more respectful of the natural world. Biopolitics present its own view on the ethnic conflicts and the strategy for the prevention of international conflicts. Researchers of ethno-national conflicts talk about their biological foundation at the expense of the innate «mechanism» of recognizing «their» and «strangers», insist on the need to «raise» the international community of ethnic tolerance. Biopolitics who are interested in biotechnology, say that they, in the absence of control by the government, become a potential «threat» for humanity. The fourth direction is intended to analyze the impact of globalization on the state of health of a person, her place in this process.

Is the Association Between Multicultural Personality and Ethnic Tolerance Explained by Cross-Group Friendship?

ABSTRACTThe present study reports on the relations between multicultural personality and ethnic tolerance via associations with cross-group friendship in a sample of Portuguese university students (n = 270). It was found that the multicultural personality dimensions, particularly cultural empathy, open-mindedness, social initiative, and flexibility, were significantly correlated with ethnic tolerance. At the same time, a mediation model demonstrated that the relationship between open-mindedness and ethnic tolerance was partially mediated by cross-group friendship. In addition, emotional stability was found to be indirectly related to ethnic tolerance via its association with cross-group friendship. These findings highlight the importance of considering individual and contact variables in promoting tolerance toward representatives of diverse ethnic and cultural groups.

Human Empowerment and Trust in Strangers: The Multilevel Evidence

For three decades, scholars have focused on generalized interpersonal trust as the key component of social capital and there is a wide consensus that trust in strangers is the prime indicator of people’s general trust in others. However, little work with a specific focus on trust in strangers has been conducted in a comparative multilevel framework. The few existing studies are inconclusive because of deficiencies in both conceptualization and test strategy. Filling this gap, this article examines the determinants of trust in strangers on the broadest country base ever used in the study of trust, drawing on global cross-cultural evidence from the fifth and sixth rounds of the World Values Surveys—the first international surveys to include a direct question on trust in strangers. Reaching beyond conventional wisdom about the sources of generalized trust, we demonstrate that human empowerment at the country level is a powerful moderator of well-known individual-level determinants of trust. Specifically, in countries with lagging human empowerment, institutional trust, trust in known people, and material satisfaction are the only individual-level characteristics that enhance trust in strangers. We also detect an unexpected negative effect of education where human empowerment is lagging. In sharp contrast, in countries with advanced human empowerment, a much broader set of individual-level characteristics increases trust in strangers. This set includes ethnic tolerance, membership in voluntary associations, social movement activity, emancipative values, subjective well-being, age, and education. These insights inform a multilevel theory of trust, showing that human empowerment operates as a contextual activator of individual trust promoters.

Generalised ethnocentrism among high-school students in a multicultural setting: the role of the degree of multilingualism

ABSTRACTWithin psychological consequences of multiculturalism, it is often emphasised that multiculturalism and interculturalism decreases ethnocentrism, and increases openness towards other cultures, and, consequently, ethnic, linguistic and religious tolerance. We tested this empirically poorly supported assumption on high-school students from South Bačka District in the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina, in northern Serbia, a multicultural setting. In this research, languages are treated as the most important carriers of culture, and it is assumed that the degree of multilingualism could be associated with the level of generalised ethnocentrism. Subjects (N = 354, mean age 18.3 years) were divided into a group with lower, and a group with higher degree of multilingualism based on the self-assessment of their language skills in the languages learned in school or acquired and used in their environment, and they filled in the Generalized Ethnocentrism Scale. The group with higher degree of multilingualism showed lower level of ethnocentrism. The difference between the groups is of medium intensity. Higher openness is more prominent in female participants and students that have better average school grades.

Are the ethnically tolerant free of discrimination, prejudice and political intolerance?

AbstractWe hypothesized that the ethnically tolerant (i.e., people who are anti‐ethnocentric and score very low on a measure of ethnocentrism) would perceive people with extremely incompatible values and beliefs as out‐groups and would engage in discrimination, prejudice and political intolerance against them. Experiments among Australian citizens in Studies 1 (N = 224) and 2 (N = 283) showed that the ethnically tolerant perceived supporters of a message in favour of mandatory detention of asylum seekers as out‐groups and consequently exhibited discrimination, prejudice and political intolerance against them. Study 3 with 265 U.S. citizens showed that, controlling for liberalism, ethnic tolerance led to prejudice against out‐groups. This was replicated with 522 UK citizens in Study 4, which also showed that social identity, and not moral conviction, mediated the link between ethnic tolerance and prejudice. The findings suggest that the ethnically tolerant can be discriminatory, prejudiced and politically intolerant against fellow humans.

Al-Wasatiyyah in the practice of religious tolerance among the families of new Muslims in sustaining a well-being society

PurposeThe main value in a culture of tolerance is wasatiyyah. The fragility of relationships and misunderstanding between Muslim and non-Muslim communities occurs when attention to values of tolerance which need more attention on moderation was not practiced especially in the life of a new Muslim convert community. Thus, the practice of moderation is one mechanism proposed by the government to ensure a harmonious continuation of life in a religious community can be achieved. For that, a qualitative study design was used to describe the current status of a phenomenon that occurs among new Muslim converts. The purposive sampling method is used to determine the applications of wasatiyyah in new Muslims’ life tolerance at Kota Kinabalu (East Malaysia) and Kuala Terengganu (West Malaysia). Although the study was conducted at two different locations, there is a relationship between religious phenomena that occur in the new Muslims community in Malaysia. The purpose of this study is to see the practical concept of moderation in the life of new Muslims and their relation with Muslims and non-Muslims. The results showed that the value of moderation was applied in the aspect of tolerance. The application of Wasatiyyah in practice of tolerance had helped non-Muslims family members to change their attitudes and perception towards Islam. This study suggests the values of wasatiyyah in the life of religious tolerance, need to be nourished especially in multiethnic society when sharing a living places, education and employment for better social development as well as a well-being pluralistic society.Design/methodology/approachThe study was conducted through descriptive data qualitative methods. Purposive sampling was used which refers to a group that has the characteristics of samples required by researchers (Mohd Najib Abdul Ghafar 2003). This study applies the method of in-depth interview with the selected new Muslims around Kota Kinabalu (representing East Malaysia) and around Kuala Terengganu (representing Peninsular Malaysia/West Malaysia). Thus, data accumulation involves new Muslims (new Converts) from various ethnics (Sabahan and Sarawakian) which comprise Kadazandusun, Murut, Rungus, Sino and Iban. Secondly, those are from the Peninsular Malaysia which includes Chinese and Indian. Whereas in Kuala Terengganu, data accumulation involves new Muslims from various ethnics (Chinese, Indian, Sarawakian and others). The result of the interview is shown through descriptive narratives which display the practice of tolerance in the form of supportive interaction from the non-Muslim families towards the new Muslims in Islamic lifestyle.FindingsThe concept of wasatiyyah has nurturing tolerance among Muslim, newly Muslim and non-Muslim as well as fostering harmony among the diverse ethnics in Malaysia. Based on the discussion, it was observed that the concept of wasatiyyah had a great influence on the relationship among Muslim, newly Muslim and non-Muslim, as it had a strong link with the value of akhlaq that have been embedded in the Muslim community. The wasatiyyah is the main element that shapes the relationship, and it is the results of interaction with social norms, for it has bred certain social values that include tolerance, compromise, modesty, respect and cooperation as transpired when they (Muslim and newly Muslim) interact among themselves or with other communities. Furthermore, the main goal for the concept is to maintain peace and built well-being in the society as well as bracing racial ties in Malaysia, especially among Muslim, newly Muslim and non-Muslim.Originality/valueTolerance is a culture that founded the co-existence of pluralistic society in Malaysia. The culture of tolerance can only be built if ethnic tolerance and religious tolerance is accepted as a common practice – Muslims and non-Muslims alike. The description of wasatiyyah in the practice of religious tolerance among the families of new Muslims is the platform towards the acculturation of tolerance in the societal life from different faith and ethnics. It can be said that the higher the tolerance of ethnic, the higher is the religious tolerance, which is manifested through the application of wasatiyyah between people from different religions. This situation is highlighted in the relations of Muslim, newly Muslim and non-Muslim in Sabah and Terengganu where the culture of tolerance is apparent in the life together. Extensive interaction through encounters, acquaintance and co-existence that shape the friendship, brotherhood and kinship is the best formula in nurturing the culture of tolerance in the pluralistic society of Malaysia. Perhaps, the concept of wasatiyyah may be implemented in the whole aspect of life in the context of Malaysia. It is because the term wasatiyyah has the main sources of Islamic epistemology as well as sustaining the well-being pluralistic society without destroying the differences.

Trust and Ethnic Tolerance in the Face of Social Change

The primary goals of this article are to examine conceptual approaches to the study of trust, summarize the tools that can be used in such studies, and use empirical data to elucidate the concept of a “culture of trust.” It also discusses certain problems involved in the empirical study of generalized trust and concludes that ethnic tolerance is one element of a culture of trust. The article presents the results of a 2014 sociological study of Muscovites that was carried out using formalized interviews. This study examined the attitude of trust and subjective bases of trust and mistrust that have developed within Moscow society. A three-stage random territorial probability sampling was used, distributed across administrative districts proportional to their population sizes. The 800-respondent sample was representative in terms of sex and age. Using a simple 4-point scale, our study found that Moscow’s population is strongly polarized in terms of trust—47.6 percent are inclined to be trusting while 46.5 percent are not. Trust networks in Moscow are primarily built around close family and friends. There is a clear lack of basic trust. The study’s results suggest that generalized trust and ethnic tolerance are interrelated. What links these processes are the collaborative relationships that form based on ties of friendship and neighborliness.

The Challenge of Space and the Technologies of Management of Ethno-Confessional Diversity in the Russian Empire

Territorial expansion led to the fact that Russia gradually developed into a multiethnic empire in which the titular nation was the minority. Long-term preservation of the unity of the multiethnic and multiconfessional Russian empire is explained by the relatively flexible ethno-confessional policy of imperial ethno-paternalism, which respected the status quo of an attached territory and the population living upon it; cooperated extensively with local elites; demonstrated religious and ethnic tolerance; instituted some advantages in the legal position of non-Russians compared with Russians; and offered indigenous peoples of annexed territories the right to be civilian actors equally with Russians. The principles of ethno-paternalism, which at first glance are not compatible with autocracy and serfdom, were in fact the reality and were dictated by a twofold need: the small proportion of those of strictly Russian ethnicity in the imperial population as whole and in some particular areas, and the lack of administrative and financial resources and the underdeveloped information and transportation infrastructures necessary for the rapid and thorough assimilation of the non-Orthodox borderlands. These principles represented a kind of “technology” of management of the ethno-confessional diversity in the empire, enabling the realization of both the “assembling” of imperial space, and the gradual, relatively flexible and non-linear integration and modernization of traditional society and “national borderlands” into the modern polity. When and where these imperial technologies were not applied with sufficient consistency, ethno-confessional conflict arose, as did issues with the loyalty of local ethnic communities and their leaders in relation to the imperial center, and problems with regard to general regional stability and security.

Уровень этнической толерантности в Республике Алтай: результаты исследования

Уровень этнической толерантности в Республике Алтай: результаты исследования

Shu'ubiyya Thoughts of Muwallads in Andalusia: The Causes and Contexts

Abstract Muwallads (native neo-Muslims) were one of the groups that played an important role in political and social changes during the reign of the Umayyads of Andalusia. By conversion to Islam, they called for equal rights with the Arab minority. However, political exclusion, poverty, and economic pressure, social and racial discrimination applied against them by the Arab Umayyad rulers provided the context of their rebellion. Initially, most Muwallads began military struggle against the reign to obtain their rights. The conditions almost changed by the beginning of the third Abul Al-Rahman’s governance (imprinted, 912-961 AD), and the peaceful politics as well as ethnic and religious tolerance of Abdul Nasser, the Umayyad caliph and his son, the second sentence (imprinted; 961-972 AD) made opportunities for Muwallads to participate in political and social structures of Andalusia society. However, in the meantime, some of them emphasizing their ethnic identity did cultural and intellectual activities in the form of praising and advocating talent and ability of non- Arab against Arabs’ racial prejudice and racial superiority. In addition, gradually, with the weakness of the Umayyad rule in Andalusia and the formation of independent states, the defensive mode changed into offensive and explicit denial of the Arab’s race by the Muwallads that culminated in the Shu’ubiyya treatise of Ibn Garasiah. Using an analytical approach, this article is intended, first, to examine the causes and context of the formation of Shu’ubiyya thoughts in Andalusia and then to survey the method and quality of writing treatises and writings of Shu’ubiyya at the end of Umayyad rule.

«ТАТАРСКАЯ МОСКОВИЯ»: КУЛЬТУРНО-ПОЛИТИЧЕСКИЙ АСПЕКТ

The article examines the influence of the Golden Horde on various aspects of the life of Russian principalities. The author draws attention to the fact that one of the main principles of the construction of the Moscow state has become ethnic and religious tolerance. Khan Uzbek has a special role in promoting the rise of Moscow as the church capital of the emerging Russian state, which marked the beginning of the history of the Moscow Patriarchate. The khan’s label issued to Metropolitan Theognost in 1326 served as an impetus for the establishment in Moscow of an Orthodox spiritual tradition and the centuries-old activity of the high priests of the Russian Orthodox Church. After the Troubles in the Golden Horde in the middle of the fourteenth century, the intensity of the Ordyn migration to Moscow intensified. Among the Tatar aristocracy a special social stratum of serving Tatars was formed, which through the rite of baptism and gradually assimilated with the Russian ethnos merged with the Moscow population. The strong influence of the Horde principle is found in the organization of military affairs, the fiscal system, Yamsk (transport) service, production and diplomatic protocol, certain behavioral stereotypes, details of everyday life and clothing, royal regalia. In addition, the article points to the wealth of the Moscow toponymy, which has a Turkic or Arabic origin. In the post-Ordin period, Islam and the lifestyle associated with it for a long time directly and indirectly played a significant role in the life of the capital and the entire Moscow state, which, after the fall of Byzantium in 1453 and the formation of the Ottoman Empire, was surrounded by Muslim states. This factor largely predetermined the formation of foreign policy priorities of the state.

Религиозность в контексте культуры доверия

Trust and religiosity are examined as traditional cultural bases for social solidarity. Religiosity is studied through the lens of such concepts as “religious identity” and “ceremonial religiosity”. This work demonstrates the influence of religious identity and ceremonial religiosity on the attitudes of general, interpersonal and institutional trust. Emile Durkheim’s sociological theses are used in the interpretation of survey results. The analysis is based on the results of surveys conducted from 2014 to 2016 in the Moscow region, while drawing comparison to surveys conducted in Astrakhan, Kaliningrad, Karelia and Stavropol regions (3-step random territorial sampling, representative on the basis of gender and age; 1000–1200 respondents in each region). The study shows that intense religious identity which implies a strong feeling of connection with people of the same faith can be considered a factor which contributes to maintaining a culture of trust. Respondents with strong religious identity have higher general, interpersonal and institutional trust whereas “responsibility” and “conscience” as moral grounds for trust are more often seen as a pre-agreement guarantee of complying with treaty commitments. Respondents who demonstrate “ceremonial religiosity” have more pronounced attitudes of normative ethnic tolerance, it being a readiness to accept a person of another ethnicity as a citizen of Russia and a resident of their city, with said attitudes creating a basis for a culture of trust. It is argued that in the basis of ceremonial religiosity, interethnic tolerance and trust lays a common societal mechanism, which is the need to belong to a certain unit, together with solidaristic social orientations. Mass religiosity of Russians today carries out functions such as social solidarity and consolidation, which the state has lost its hold of, and which have so far not been taken up by civil society. Russian society is in need of a civil religion which would be based, among other things, on trust and interethnic harmony, and which can be a system of uniting secular and religious values, as well as symbols which all religions share in common; moreover, there is a need for civil ceremonies which would maintain a feeling of belonging to “sacred” values as well as the highest order.

THE APPLICATION OF SOCIAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL SUPPORT OF INTERCULTURAL ADAPTATION OF FOREIGN STUDENTS

This paper presents the results of a statistical analysis of empirical facts obtained on the basis of the implementation of the author's program of social and psychological support of foreign students’ intercultural adaptation. The main directions of the program are: the development of social and personal skills, the overcoming of the negative phenomena, the development of social and psychological characteristics of a foreign student’s personality. Statistical analysis revealed significant changes in the social and psychological aspects of foreign students’ intercultural adaptation on the basis of the application of support program: situational anxiety, subjective well-being, cultural distance, ethnic tolerance, culture shock, affective component of ethnic identity, adaptability, interactivity, depression, estrangement.

What Explains the Differential Treatment of Renters Based on Ethnicity? New Evidence From Sydney

This article conducts the first contextual analysis of ethnic-based discrimination in an Australian rental housing market: metropolitan Sydney. Logistic regression is employed to investigate how the likelihood of five behaviors by rental agents that may favor Anglo home seekers varies according to characteristics of the agent, home seeker, dwelling, and neighborhood. We find that several forms of discrimination favoring Anglos are consistently more likely in neighborhoods characterized by lower crime rates and shares of renter households, regardless of the ethnicity of the agent. Other patterns are consistent with the hypothesis that, in general in the Sydney rental market, agents regardless of ethnicity are motivated to discriminate by statistical discrimination. Our result that profit, not prejudice, drives discrimination implies that it will prove resilient to unfettered housing market forces and changes in societal ethnic tolerance, but instead, must be addressed through enhanced civil rights enforcement strategies.

The Effect of Religion on Ethnic Tolerance in Malaysia: The Application of Rational Choice Theory (RCT) and the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB)

<p class="apa">There has been little research done on explaining the ethnic tolerance behavior from the perspective of sociological theories. The authors chose rational choice theory and the theory of planned behavior as they are widely used in explaining the human social behaviour. In this article, the theories are used to explain the effects of religion on ethnic tolerance in Malaysia. The authors also reviewed a number of literatures to study how religion is associated with ethnic tolerance. From the rational choice theory perspective, it was found that ethnic tolerance can be influenced by one’s religious belief if those who practice it are reciprocated with the promise of retributions from God. The theory of planned behavior on the other hand suggests that religion can affect behavior, subjective norms and perception on how one deal with ethnic tolerance. It is recommended that the theories are used by future studies in order to further expand knowledge base on the subject of ethnic tolerance. This study provides ways and means to inculcate ethnic integration in Malaysia and helps to diffuse religious and ethnic prejudices.</p>