Ethnic Settlement Research Articles

Minority Ethnic Segregation, Integration and Citizenship: A European Perspective

Questions of minority ethnic settlement and integration have recently moved up the political and policy agenda across Europe. This paper re-examines the way in which minority ethnic housing segregation and integration are currently represented in political discourse across the European Union and reviews their implications for housing policy, inclusion and the social rights of citizenship. The paper draws on the RAXEN project reports of the European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia to provide a comparative investigation of housing segregation and integration across the 15 member-states of the European Union prior to its enlargement in 2004. The paper concludes that political discourses on ethnic segregation tend to accentuate the pathological characteristics of ethnic clustering, and to privilege explanations based on ethnicity and cultural difference at the expense of racialised inequalities in power and status. Such discourses are founded on a limited understanding of the link between ethnic segregation and integration.

The Overlooked Ethnic Dimension of Hispanic Subgroup Settlement in New York City

Whereas differences in settlement patterns among European ethnics have long been recognized, Hispanics are often viewed monolithically. The diverse origins of Hispanic immigrants to New York City allow us to examine ethnic differences in Hispanic settlement. We find Puerto Rican, Dominican, and South American clusters across the city, and argue that ethnicity itself is wielded as a potent force as a group moves into a neighborhood and eventually dominates it. This is especially evident in the residential succession currently under way, which is occurring in a new context: Hispanic immigrants are competing to succeed not only Whites, but also departing Puerto Ricans, the city's longest established Hispanic group. At the same time, there are stable Hispanic multiethnic neighborhoods in which shared middle-class backgrounds help cement ethnic relationships. We also examine the racial structure of Hispanic ethnic clusters to highlight how Hispanic ethnic settlement intersects with the city's overall racial hierarchy. We find that a distinct Hispanic ethnic hierarchy exists, with South Americans in the most advantageous position, and highlight the importance of viewing Hispanic settlement through an ethnic prism.

Diversity and Change: Understanding the Ethnic Geographies of Leeds

There has been an ongoing national debate over the causes and consequences of the evolution of patterns of residence of ethnic minority populations in British cities. This has gained particular prominence since the publication of the Cantle Report, which highlighted ethnic segregation as one of the causes underlying the racialised disturbances in certain northern cities in 2001. In this paper, the geographies of ethnic populations are identified in Leeds, a northern city affected by minor disturbances within its multi-ethnic inner-city. A newly developed set of ‘community areas’ is used to examine the extent to which specific ethnic minority groups are spatially concentrated within the city. The analysis focuses upon Leeds’ South Asian population, highlighting the spatial diversity of sub-groups within it and contrasting their geographies with those of other ethnic groups. Change between 1991 and 2001 is examined in inner Leeds at ward level, where geographical boundaries have remained consistent; evidence is found for deconcentration. Thereafter, each of the main forces responsible for shaping the patterns of ethnic settlement is considered in more detail, drawing on data from a survey of South Asian households in the city.

Gender and Ethnic Differences in Marital Assimilation in the Early Twentieth Century

Historical research on intermarriage has overlooked how distinctive patterns of ethnic settlement shape partner choice and assumed that the mate selection process operated the same way for men and women. This study utilizes a sample of young married adults drawn from the 1910 Census IPUMS to examine 1) whether ethnic variation in partner choice was shaped by differences in group concentration and distribution and 2) if factors shaping outmarriage were gendered. About one fifth of young married Americans had spouses of a different ethnic background in 1910, though there was considerable ethnic variation in outmarriage propensities. Barriers to intermarriage fell at different rates, depending upon ethnic group, sex, and region of settlement; they were weakest for first- and second-generation English men. Structural factors such as group size operated differently for men and women; while larger group representation increased men's odds of outmarriage to both native stock and other white ethnic wives, women from the ethnic groups with the largest presence were significantly more likely to wed fellow ethnics than the native stock. Ultimately, even if they resided in the same location, the marriage market operated in different ways for ethnic women and men in search of mates.

The changing geography of ethnic minority settlement in Glasgow, 1951–2001

Thirty years ago the Scottish Geographical Magazine published a seminal paper by Kearsley & Srivastava on the spatial evolution of Glasgow's Asian community. The study, although limited by lack of access to contemporary Census data on ethnicity, provided a benchmark for subsequent research into the ethnic geographies of the city. The present research builds on these foundations and employs data from successive national Censuses of Population to present a descriptive analysis of the changing geographies of ethnic minority settlement in Glasgow, over the half century from 1951 to 2001.

A Guide to the Historic Architecture of Piedmont North Carolina by Catherine W. Bishir, Michael T. Southern, and: A Guide to the Historic Architecture of Western North Carolina by Catherine W. Bishir et al, and: A Guide to the Historic Architecture of Eastern North Carolina by Catherine W. Bishir, Michael T. Southern

BOOK REVIEWS The creation of the college had its own drama. Mter six years of planning (1923-1930) and at the moment that construction was about to begin, the site had to be changed because of a proposed state highway. The new site was the dramatic cliffside wooded area on the banks of the Mississippi that still marks the special character ofthe school. Then, when all the money was raised, the Depression caused other disruptions.There was even fundraising competition with the Mother Church that made for some uncomfortable moments and further delays. But what emerged in the end was an essay in romantic design that evoked a medieval English village. All of this is laid out in meticulous detail and amazing imagery. Many of the photographs are by Rob Craig himself and demonstrate his talent as an artist, as well as an historian. But there are also Maybeck's drawings, sketches, and plans, along with period photographs. This is a large and heavy book, but read it yo~ should.This book is essential for anyone interested in Maybeck and the period. PAMELA H SIMPSON Washington and Lee University Guide/{) JJ,t HlSTORlC i\RC Hrl ·LTU RE d PLEDMONT NORT H . CAROLINA ~ . ,, , ., ... ..... t ~ .......... ~ -~~=! Guide to the HISTORIC ARCH IT EC fU RE 1'WESTERN NORTH CAROLINA Catherine W. Bishir and Michael T. Southern. A Guide to the Historic Architecture of Piedmont North Carolina. The Richard Hampton Jenrette Series in Architecture and the Decorative Arts. Chapel Hill and London: University of North Carolina Press, 2003, xxiii + 596 pp., 53 maps, 536 illus., hardcover, $39.95, ISBN 0-8078-2772-x, paperback, $22.50, ISBN 0-8078-5444-1. CatherineW.Bishir,MichaelT.Southern,andJennifer F. Martin.A Guide to the HistoricArchitecture of Western North Carolina. The Richard Hampton Jenrette Series in Architecture and the Decorative Arts. Chapel Hill and London: University of North Carolina Press, 1999, xxi + 471 pp., 30 maps, 313 illus., hardcover, $37.95, ISBN 0-80782465 -8, paperback, $22.50, ISBN 0-8078-4767-4. Catherine W. Bishir and Michael T. Southern. A Guide to the Historic Architecture of Eastern North Carolina. The Richard Hampton Jenrette Series in Architecture and the Decorative Arts. Chapel Hill and London: University of North Carolina Press, 1996, xvi + 483 pp., 34 maps, 428 illus., hardcover, $39.95, ISBN 0-8078-2285-x, paperback, $22.50, ISBN 0-8078-4594-9. T he three-volume guide to the historic architecture of North Carolina may top the list of guide books. These three books provide what is surely the most comprehensive, historically and culturally informative, and easyto -use set of guides to any state in the nation. They not only open our eyes to great architecture, but they also teach us how that architecture is the very story of our past. Moreover, they demonstrate the larger patterns of place and the connections between diverse elements of the built environment. The multi-volume format includes general introductions to each of the three geographical divisions of the state, as well as numerous maps that provide an overall orientation to the entire area covered in that volume. The Piedmont volume has sixteen county groupings and twentythree town and city maps, in addition to the nine maps that show historical or geographical features, such as river basins, ethnic settlement patterns, or principal industries. The other volumes are similar, with nineteen county group maps and fourteen city maps for the Eastern, and fifteen county groups, thirteen city maps, and seven maps of historical or geographical features for the Western. Individual sections include a 84 ARRIS Volume Sixteen BOOK REVIEWS general introduction to the county and focus on the county seat, towns and neighborhoods (with particular buildings highlighted), and various isolated buildings. Each entry contains d::tte, architect or builder, and specific location, followed by description and analysis. Each volume concludes with a glossary, a selected bibliography, and a section on additional sources of information. These guides are excellent in part because the architectural fabric of the state is so strong. With the Cupula House and Tryon Palace to the east, Old Salem and the fine academic buildings of the University of North Carolina and Duke in the Piedmont and...

Assimilation and intermarriage for U.S. immigrant groups, 1880–1990

Marriage outside one's ethnic or racial group constitutes the ultimate test of assimilation. In this research, we offer a new test of theories of assimilation by examining the choice of marriage partners among Mexican Americans, several European immigrant groups, and natives. Data from the 1880 to 1990 Integrated Public Use Microdata Samples (IPUMS) are employed, augmented by additional identification procedures developed for the Hispanic population. Assimilation measured by intermarriage rates varies by ethnic origin with striking affinity in historical patterns for Italians and Mexicans. Density and location of ethnic settlement, sex ratios, and generational mix played a role. Continued immigration marks certain groups, such as Mexicans, as structurally distinct.

Ethnoburb versus Chinatown : Two Types of Urban Ethnic Communities in Los AngelesConceptual Framework : Ethnoburb

I am truly grateful to Jennifer Wolch who provided substantive critiques on the paper ; organizers and participants of the Symposium on Cultural Approaches in Geography who provided opportunities for me to present an earlier version of this paper ; Chris Seidel who offered editorial assistance ; and all those who participated the Chinatown surveys and whom I interviewed. Ethnic settlement patterns and their relationships with ethnic identity have long been important issues for ethnic studie...

LOS ANGELES'S CHINESE ETHNOBURB: FROM ETHNIC SERVICE CENTER TO GLOBAL ECONOMY OUTPOST

The spatial relationship between an ethnic economy and an ethnic community is a topic of debate. The question is whether an enclave can be related to a particular spatial residential form or considered only as an economic form. I have proposed a new model of ethnic settlement: ethnoburbs, which can be recognized as suburban ethnic clusters of residential areas and business districts in large metropolitan areas. The establishment of the Chinese ethnoburb in Los Angeles's San Gabriel Valley has occurred within a framework of global, national, and place-specific conditions. This paper will address the forces underlying the development of the San Gabriel Valley ethnoburb. In particular, I emphasize (1) the relationship between the growth of an ethnoburb and its economic structure, by demonstrating the changing functions of an ethno-burban ethnic economy with its extensive international connections and its close ties to the globalized mainstream economy; and (2) the nature of the San Gabriel Valley ethnoburb as a global economic outpost in the global city of Los Angeles.

Anatomy of a New Ethnic Settlement: The Chinese Ethnoburb in Los Angeles

This paper proposes a new model of ethnic settlement, the ethnoburb. Ethnoburbs are suburban ethnic clusters of residential areas and business districts in large American metropolitan areas. They are multi-ethnic communities, in which one ethnic minority group has a significant concentration, but does not necessarily comprise a majority. The paper operationalises the ethnoburb model via an analysis of the demographic profiles and socioeconomic characteristics of the ethnoburban Chinese population in Los Angeles in order to understand the ethnoburb's role as a global economic outpost. This analysis also highlights social stratification by country of origin, and the micro-geographies of neighbourhood and workplace, features which reveal the ethnoburb's character as an urban mosaic.

単一民族村と多民族地域の社会関係と空間構成 : マレーシアの多民族混住と居住空間計画 その2

The rural area in Malaysia, it has also consisted 3 main ethnic groups as Ethnic Malay, Chinese, and Indian. They has gradually divided on their settlement each of small ethnic group. But, on the social activities which has kept vital and close relation each other. This study examines ethnic relation of human settlement on rural area in Peninsular Malaysia. And, author focused on the unique village of S. K. and its surrounding area in Penang state. SK village has succeed in well maintained environment on the compact village space, and they won the most beautiful village prize from national government's Beautify Contest. Main findings are as follow; (1) On the each of ethnic settlement as a village space which has reflected distinctive area's ethnic identity. (2) In the village, they has a well maintained living environment which kept by ethnic society. (3) But, the society has divided another ethnic village, so there isn't any social connection with each other which toward the cooperation on the process of environmental improvement.

MINORITIES IN WEST EUROPEAN CITIES

This special issue contains eight articles on issues concerning minority populations in West European cities. The table of contents is as follows. Foreigners in Brussels 1981-1991: spatial continuity and social change by Christian Kesteloot and Herman van der Haegen. Pluralist and assimilationist models of ethnic settlement in London 1991 by Ceri Peach. Foreign residents housing market and local government strategies by Elke Tharun. Urban economic restructuring and ethnic segregation in Dusseldorf by Gunther Glebe. Ethnic segregation and the role of public housing in Amsterdam by Sako Musterd and Rinus C. Deurloo. The geography of survival: household strategies in urban settings by Henk Meert Pascale Mistiaen and Christian Kesteloot. Segregation in European cities: patterns and policies by Sako Musterd Wim Ostendorf and Matthijs Breebaart. Segregation housing and ethnicity in Dutch cities by Ronald van Kempen and Jan van Weesep.

Light up the Sky: Halloween Bonfires and Cultural Hegemony in Northern Ireland

Large-scale, fire-based public events are a staple feature of traditional celebratory life in Northern Ireland. Bonfires are connected to a large variety of different festivals and celebrations (Gailey 1977; cf. Newall 1972). For example, bonfires associated with the victory of William of Orange at the Battle of the Boyne are burned in July, and bonfires are used by various members of the population to mark diverse events such as the anniversaries of the relief of Derry, the enactment of the internment laws, and the feast of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary. Effigies of unpopular people or representations of unpopular ideas are frequently immolated ritually on these bonfires. Effigies are also set afire on their own, distinct from bonfires per se. The annual burning of Lundy in Derry in December is one such occasion; a festive event that involves parades, bands, and public drinking, which is centered around the dramatic burning of the fifteen-foot figure. Along with the above-named events, bonfires are very much a part of Halloween as well, as are fireworks. There is, I believe, a thread of connections that links effigy burnings, fireworks, and other fire customs that allows us to look at them within the same analytical framework (see for instance Cressy 1989:88). This thread is frequently recognized by the Northern Irish people themselves. Effigies, as mentioned, might be burnt on bonfires or might be the basis of their own public fires. While neither bonfires nor fireworks displays are always part of Halloween festivities (the bonfire tradition is highly localized, within both rural and urban areas), the ways in which these customs are enacted imply that people recognize at least a metonymic relationship between the two. For instance, family fireworks displays are often constructed next to Halloween bonfires. The relationship can be seen also as metaphoric: I have on several occasions overheard people identify the sparks flying heavenward from the fire as the probable inspiration for manufactured fireworks. Sometimes boys load the bonfires with bangers for the thrill of hearing them explode as the fire roars, thus joining the two traditions into one. Michael McCaughan told me in 1991 that one of his outstanding Halloween memories concerned getting bulrushes and soaking them in parafin to make large torches, theoretically to light the bonfires, he said, but we quite liked the torches. Fire is a constant of traditional life in Northern Ireland, and it is specifically an important component of Halloween. Nevertheless, bonfires are not always a part of Halloween proceedings. Like other customs, the tradition varies from place to place and region to region (see Gailey 1977). However, even when bonfires are present at Halloween festivities, I found that the interpretations of their meaning varied immensely. Likewise, fireworks displays in back or front gardens were also interpreted in varying and often conflicting ways. While many Halloween customs differ from locality to locality, what I find more interesting are the varying interpretations of the same custom, or as in this case what I will approach as a bundle of related customs (see Charsely 1987; Handelman 1990). The relationships of these customs has to do in part with the particular history and ethnic settlement of Ulster. In this article I am interested in the multiple interpretations of Halloween customs having to do with fireworks and fire displays, in the context of the interrelationships of ethnic groups in Northern Ireland. By ethnic group here I am refering to Roman Catholics and Protestants generally without noting the very real cultural differences among Protestant denominations (for religious groups as ethnic groups, see Buckley and Kenney 1995). Generally it is said that members of these various Protestant denominations, such as Church of Ireland, Presbyterian, and Free Presbyterian, are united in their wish to retain the union with Great Britain rather than join the Republic of Ireland; that is, they are unionists rather than nationalists despite other differences of identity such as Scottish or English national background. …

Ethnic identity, transience and settlement: The Kru in Liverpool since the late nineteenth century

Kru migrants in Liverpool represent in several ways a unique group of immigrant workers. First, they were ‘twice migrants’, having migrated from their original homeland in eastern Liberia to Sierra Leone before coming to Liverpool. Secondly, they retained a transient status because, as seafarers their constant contact with Freetown meant they retained a firm grasp on the possibility of return even after they had settled. Kru transience manifest itself through the perpetuation of a Kru ethnic identity and through their relationships with local women. Continuing commitments to both their wives and home in Freetown meant that such relationships were often short‐term or common law. Those Kru who did make the shift in status from transient seamen to settlers perpetuated their Kru ethnic identity, since this served as a defence mechanism against their marginal status, and the hostility meted out by white society. Settlement in Liverpool bestowed on the Kru ‘dual membership’ of both British society, through the ...

Identification of Ethnic Settlement Regions: Amish‐Mennonites in Ohio

Abstract The persistence of ethnic settlement in rural regions of the United States is well documented. Yet, there has been little discussion of techniques which allow the identification of the geographic extent and concentration of distinctive ethnic populations. Amish‐Mennonite settlement constitutes a unique component of the rural landscape. A wide range of visual clues alert the observer to their presence, but without painstaking field surveys it is difficult to establish their geographic extent. This paper examines four approaches to the identification of Amish‐Mennonite settlement. These are county‐based population data on religious affiliation, the location of Amish church districts and Mennonite churches, topographic maps, and surnames and cadastral maps. Topographic maps proved unsuitable, but each of the other approaches produced reasonable approximations of the areal extent of Amish‐Mennonite settlement. Surnames and cadastral maps present good possibilities for the identification of other ethnic populations in rural regions.

Residential Patterns and Processes: A Study of Jews in Three London Boroughs

This paper examines the concentration and separation of ethnic groups using the contemporary example of Jews in the three Greater London boroughs of Hackney, Redbridge, and Bamrnet. The high Index of Dissimilarity, measured at the borough scale, of this well-established population, compared with the general population, raises issues concerning the scale of analysis and time-period of study of residential patterns and processes. Rather than observe the ethnic group from the viewpoint of overall society, it is suggested that emphasis be placed on the ethnic settlement pattern from the internal perspective of the ethnic group itself. Commonly used measures such as the Indices of Dissimilarity, Segregation and Isolation fail to explain adequately the degree of spatial cohesion of the group and how the group perceives this cohesion. Ethnic Intensity scores and indices are proposed in order to bring these issues to light. It is suggested that congregation rather than segregation is a better descriptor of the current dominant residential process of this particular population. However, a better understanding of the dynamics of ethnic residential processes can come about only through local field studies stressing questions of a distinctly spatial nature.

Transients, Settlers and Refugees: Asians in Britain

This book offers a real contribution to the study of British race relations. It is based on a case study of Asians in Blackburn. However, in a chapter analysing ethnic settlement in British cities from 1971 to 1981 the author produces a typology of settlement which is original and which explains why a case study of Blackburn is significant. Readership: academics and graduates taking courses in race relations, local government and urban social geography; professionals engaged in these fields.

Desired Residential Mobility in a Low Income Ethnic Community: A Case Study of Chinatown

This article examines the social and economic underpinnings of desired residential mobility in an ethnic community. Using interview survey data, desired residential mobility in Chinatown was examined using social theories of urban location regarding ethnic settlement and neighborhood homogeneity. Residents want to stay not because it is an ideal place of residence, but because of social, economic, and language disadvantages relative to white American society. Residents who want to leave are those with fewer disadvantages, who thus have the opportunity to search for belter housing and a better life. Although Warner and Srole's thesis of the ethnic settlement process and Burgess and Wirth's theories of neighborhood homogeneity were largely confirmed, the salient environmental stressor of crowding was found to contribute significantly to the desire to move. This points to the importance of social and environmental contributors to the desire to move. This study also offers evidence that desired residential mobility is determined by age as well as by class, perceptions of crowding, and attitudes regarding ethnic homogeneity, and that neighborhood homogeneity occurs along these lines as well. Both class and ethnicity are determinants of residential location. This article highlights the particular conditions of stability and mobility in ethnic immigrant‐entry communities.

The Residential Patterning of Latin American and Other Ethnic Populations in Metropolitan Miami

Past studies of urban ethnic residential patterns have focused mainly on European immigrant populations of our large, old, northern industrial centers. These studies have shown in general that (1) residential dissimilarity is a pervasive feature of ethnic settlement; (2) residential dissimilarity among ethnic groups, according to various indicators, denotes the social distance among groups; (3) social status differences only partly explain residential differences among ethnic groups; (4) ethnic groups most centralized in urban residential space are most recent in their immigration; and (5) with the exception of the black population, residential segregation and centralization decline with the length of time of the ethnic group's residence in the society.

Boarding and Belonging

The gap between the subject matter of migration studies and that of North American urban and ethnic history has narrowed in recent years. Historians of migration now study in detail the precise local causes of the movement from old world locations and the pattern of the consequent diaspora. At the same time, those who study major American cities and small industrial towns have begun to show some appreciation of the relationship between migration causes and settlement. In most studies, however, there remains a lacuna between accounts and explanations of the crossing and the history of ethnic institutional and neighbourhood life on the North American side. Although we have moved from Oscar Handlinfs compelling, if often incorrect, metaphors of "uprootedness" and "in fellow-felling" to explain the processes of migrating, ghettoizing, and acculturating, we continue to depend too much on mono-causal agents of settlement such as family chain migration or the padrone system. Using these ideas to carry them over the rough spots in narration, historians lose sight of the important mental transition from sojourner to settler among newcomers, and of the formative period in ethnic settlement when male sojourners predominated. Even if it is a proper reflection of the sojourner's ambivalence as a man neither in his home place nor reconciled to his new place, this lack of study destroys our chance to discover the stages of cultural and institutional transition from migration to sojourning and settlement.