Ethnic Segregation Research Articles

Local urban attributes defining ethnically segregated areas across English cities: A multilevel approach

The literature of spatial inequalities is currently “fragmented” across ethnic segregation and built environment domains. Inequalities in these dimensions are often considered in isolation one from another. For example, ethnic segregated areas are often more disadvantaged in terms of unemployment, housing conditions and access to services. By using a combination of the most recent Census and a series of openly available datasets related to ambient urban environment characteristics at the Lower Super Output Area (LSOA) for the 12 biggest cities in England, we employed a series of multilevel models to explore the within and between city variations in the relationship across ethnic segregation, and key socioeconomic and built environment features of neighbourhoods. The results showed that ethnic minority segregated areas are associated with distinct and remarkably systematic patterns of socioeconomic characteristics, but do not lack access to good quality schools and public transport compared to the predominant white population communities. Ethnically segregated communities seem to consistently experience higher unemployment, long-term illness, higher average household size, and high exposure to pollution compared to white population groups across English cities. These relationships are remarkably similar across ethnic groups evidencing the extent of systematic persistent disadvantage experienced by minority communities relative to white populations. Moreover, the strength of these relationships varies widely across cities, although the overall systematic pattern prevails.

Ethnic Segregation and Immigrants’ Labor Market Outcomes: The Role of Education

Abstract Given the conflicting findings about whether ethnic segregation benefits or hurts immigrants’ labor market outcomes in the existing literature, this paper investigates how segregation effects vary within young immigrants’ education levels. We also test the differential segregation effects for young immigrants with different education levels and from ethnic groups with different average education levels. We find that on average, ethnic segregation negatively impacts earnings of highly educated immigrants but benefits lower educated immigrants. Additionally, the net effects of ethnic segregation depend on whether immigrants’ own education levels match their group average education levels. Specifically, being segregated with many highly educated co-ethnics can reverse the negative segregation effects on highly educated immigrants’ earnings. However, a highly educated ethnic enclave can reduce the positive isolation effects for lower educated immigrants. Finally, we do not find significant segregation effects on immigrants’ employment.

Neither Friend nor Foe: Ethnic Segregation in School Social Networks

High levels of ethnic segregation have been widely observed in school friendship networks, whereas the degree to which school bullying networks are divided along ethnic lines remains uncertain. Using data from 981 students (53% girls, 47% boys; 11–14 years of age) in British schools, we sought to visualize, quantify, and compare the degree of ethnic segregation in friendship and bullying networks. Our findings contradict the common belief that ethnic segregation in friendship networks fosters interethnic conflict; instead, we identified similarly high levels of ethnic segregation in both friendship and bullying networks. Students may therefore simultaneously avoid positive and negative interethnic relationships. The findings indicate that positive and negative networks should both be considered to provide a comprehensive assessment of interethnic relations in the school environment.

Towards a Newer Analytical Frame for Theorizing Ethnic Enclaves in Urban Residential Spaces: A Critical Dialectic Approach in Relational-Spatiality

Abstract: This paper provides a critical reflection on the nature of ethnic enclaves and segregation by presenting an analytical frame that can be used to capture the contested nature of spatiality in these spaces. By underscoring the dynamics in which differences constitute distinct subject positions, this paper posits a relational orientation to studying spatiality that is based on complex relations among and between subjects and space. To date, few attempts have been made to present an analytical frame for the analysis of the spatiality of ethnic enclaves and segregation in which space becomes contested by different groups, occupants of space, and those external to space. This paper bridges this gap by synthesizing the relational approaches found in Bourdieusian field theory and Lefebvrian spatiality. This paper seeks to make three contributions. First, to provide an explicit theoretical anchor upon which relational and spatial theories converge since the underlying rationale for complementary is usually only implicitly evaluated. In detailing this convergence, the social constitution of reality and an emphasis on the duality between individuals and society as well as society and space are identified as a rationale for relational spatiality. Second, to demonstrate how a collective engagement with Bourdieu’s and Lefebvre’s approaches facilitates a recognition of spatiality as a polysemous social product and producer of social reality in addition to grounding this orientation as a critical dialectic engagement in which both the subjects and knowledge production cannot be neutral. Third, to present an analytical frame for the investigation of ethnic enclaves in and through which ethnic majorities, minorities, occupants of space, and those external to these enclaves constitute different views towards the same space.

Genocide of russia’s national minorities in its war with Ukraine

Abstract. As russia faces increasing losses of its armed forces in the war with Ukraine, the kremlin is trying to make up for them in every possible way, even though the russian dictator is afraid to introduce highly unpopular full-scale conscription openly. Instead, under these circumstances, the country is conducting covert ‘partial mobilisation’, particularly engaging the male population from remote distressed regions with the compact residence of national minorities and the occupied areas of Georgia and Ukraine, Syrian mercenaries, and tens of thousands of convicts. Conscription is far less common in russia’s major cities, which are both economically and socially developed and primarily inhabited by ethnic russians. Conversely, it is aimed at wiping out the national minorities coming from remote, disadvantaged regions. Thus, the war covertly serves to carry out ethnic segregation and genocide (effectively, extermination) of russia’s ethnic minorities. Although public information is rather meagre and restricted by the russian authorities during the war, it reveals that the number of casualties among the poorest national minorities from russia’s remote regions disproportionately exceeds the corresponding toll of ethnic russians who have met the same fate. Keywords: genocide, national minority, russia–Ukraine war, international humanitarian law, conscription, military mobilisation, private military company.

School Education in Colonial Kenya

The article is devoted to the study of the system of school education in Kenya during the colonial era. The ideological basis of the educational policy of the British authorities has been studied. The main differences between state, missionary and independent African schools are traced. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of the specifics of the learning process on the example of comparing European and African schools, including a huge disproportion in the amount of funding, differences in examination procedures, learning conditions, classroom equipment, content of school programs. The pioneers in spreading literacy among the natives were missionary communities. Protestant and Catholic schools combined religious education with the transfer of basic knowledge about medicine, hygiene, construction, and agriculture to the new flock. Ethnic and racial segregation was the norm in colonial society and limited the range of subjects taught to students of African descent. Since 1925, the Kenyan intelligentsia successfully sought to create their own educational institutions, where they independently determined the content of educational material, emphasizing the study of English and mathematics. The school system during this period of Kenyan history was part of the general system of imperial government and provided the training of the necessary personnel. The colonial legacy helped the authorities of independent Kenya in the second half of the 20th - early 21st centuries to achieve significant results in the field of education. Among its African neighbors, the country today remains the undisputed leader in the training of highly qualified specialists.

The “Good” Schools: Academic Performance Data, School Choice, and Segregation

We examine the effects of disseminating school-level academic performance data—achievement status, achievement growth, or both—on parents’ school choices and their implications for racial, ethnic, and economic segregation. Many researchers consider growth to be a superior (if still imperfect) measure of school effectiveness relative to status. Moreover, compared to status, growth has weaker relationships with schools’ demographic compositions. We conduct an online survey experiment featuring a nationally representative sample of parents and caretakers of children ages 0–12. Participants choose between three randomly sampled elementary schools drawn from the same school district. The provision of status information guides participants toward schools with higher achievement status and fewer Black, Hispanic, and economically disadvantaged students. The provision of growth information and the provision of both types of academic performance data guide participants toward higher growth schools. However, only growth information—alone, and not in concert with status information—tends to elicit choices with desegregating consequences.

Abstract A114: Association of racial residential segregation and screening uptake for cervical and colorectal cancer among Black and White patients in five diverse U.S. healthcare systems

Abstract Background Black people experience excess cervical and colorectal (CRC) cancer burden. Racial residential segregation, one measure of exposure to racism, is a potential driver of these inequities. To achieve cancer equity, it is crucial to better understand the role of racism and cancer prevention and early detection behaviors, including cancer screening. We assessed the association of exposure to Black residential segregation and cancer screening among Black and White adults. Methods This was a retrospective cohort study using electronic medical record data from patients who were members of the Population-based Research to Optimize the Screening Process (PROSPR) cohort. The sample included non-Hispanic (NH) Black or NH White average-risk urban adults at five U.S. healthcare settings who were eligible and due for cervical cancer screening (women aged 21-65 years) or CRC screening (50-75 years) when they had a primary care appointment (cohort entry) from 2010-2012. Black residential segregation was measured using sample-based quartiles of the local exposure and isolation (LEx/Is) metric comprising census-tract level data from 2008-2012 American Community Survey. The outcome was receipt of cervical cancer screening (completion of Pap or Pap/human papillomavirus [HPV] co-test) or CRC screening (completion of FIT/gFOBT, sigmoidoscopy, or colonoscopy) within 3 years of cohort entry. Multilevel logistic regression was used to calculate association of segregation and screening while adjusting for patient- and census-travel level covariates (age, race, sex, year of cohort entry, comorbidities, healthcare system, and census tract level poverty rate.) Results Of 164,238 and 652,719 patients eligible and due for cervical cancer or CRC screening respectively, 106,753 (65.0%) and 465,042 (71.2%) received timely screening. Black patients (6.4% of cervical screening and 15.7% of CRC screening sample), compared to White patients, were more likely to live in neighborhoods in the highest quartile of Black segregation (cervical sample: 44.1% vs. 17.6%; CRC sample: 51.8% vs. 19.4%). Greater exposure to segregation was associated with lower odds of cervical cancer screening (Quartile [Q]4 vs. Q1 odds ratio [OR]=0.92; 95% CI 0.89-0.94) and CRC screening (Q4 vs. Q1 OR=0.91; 95% CI 0.89-0.92) in unadjusted models; these associations were attenuated in adjusted models for cervical (Q4 vs. Q1 adjusted OR[aOR]=0.99; 95%CI=0.95-1.03) and CRC screening (Q4 vs. Q1 aOR=1.0; 95% CI 0.97-1.02). Notably, in adjusted models for both screening types, higher census tract level neighborhood poverty rate was associated with lower odds of screening, and Black (vs. White) race was associated with higher odds of cervical cancer screening but lower odds of CRC screening. Discussion In this study within five healthcare systems, Black residential segregation was not associated with screening after adjustment for other variables. Additional analyses will assess potential for effect measure modification by patient race, healthcare system, and other factors. Citation Format: Sandi L. Pruitt, Lynn N. Ibekwe, Kaitlin Todd, Erica S. Breslau, Andrea N. Burnett-Hartman, Cheryl R. Clark, Natalie J. Del Vecchio, Jennifer S. Haas, Stacey Honda, Christopher I. Li, Rachel L. Winer, Christine Neslund-Dudas, Rachel Issaka. Association of racial residential segregation and screening uptake for cervical and colorectal cancer among Black and White patients in five diverse U.S. healthcare systems [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 15th AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2022 Sep 16-19; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2022;31(1 Suppl):Abstract nr A114.

‘Alien Seamen’ or ‘Imperial Family’? Race, Belonging and British Sailors of Colour in the Royal Navy, 1939–47

Abstract In October 1939, the British Government lifted a formal ‘colour bar’ to military service for the duration of hostilities. Yet despite the state’s rhetoric of a multi-racial, multi-ethnic ‘People’s War’, racial discrimination continued to pervade Britain’s wartime armed forces. In particular, the Royal Navy (RN) fiercely resisted opening up naval service to eligible British men of colour. Providing a fresh critical perspective on wartime Admiralty records, this article establishes that the Second World War catalysed a significant shift from a codified de jure structure of racial exclusion in the Navy, to a more informal system that was rooted in a complex and diffuse web of de facto racist recruiting practices. It demonstrates the ways in which, between the temporary removal of the formal ‘colour bar’ to naval service in 1939 and its permanent abolition in 1947, the RN enacted a series of complicated covert mechanisms that were designed to shut out men of colour by stealth as far as possible. The article also scrutinises a number of letters of protest that were written to the Admiralty on behalf of Black West Indian, Maltese and Anglo-Indian individuals who were denied entry to the Service. These letter-writers collectively sought to expose the Navy’s hidden racial discrimination and to challenge, with varying degrees of individual success, the naval institution’s continued practices of racial exclusion. Overall, this article ascertains how complex and contested meanings of ‘race’, national ‘belonging’ and ‘Britishness’ were invested in the Royal Navy during the Second World War.

Toward a ‘Migrant Trap’? Local Development, Urban Sustainability, Sociodemographic Inequalities, and the Economic Decline in a Mediterranean Metropolis

After years following the breakdown of the Great Recession in Europe, crisis-driven urban shrinkage can be adequately investigated considering changes over time in selected demographic indicators, with a specific focus on migration. Using official statistics and a literature review, the present study documents the inherent demographic decline in metropolitan Athens (Greece) as a response to economic stagnation after a long-lasting expansion. The empirical results of our study delineate metropolitan shrinkage in Southern Europe as a process associated with complex socioeconomic conditions leading to (possibly counterintuitive) demographic outcomes as far as migration trends are concerned. Recession has determined unsustainable economic conditions especially for non-native population segments, promoting both class and ethnic segregation. The negative migration balance in the 2010s led to an intense population decline hitting settlements made already demographically fragile because of low fertility and aging. Athens became a sort of ‘migrant trap’, being progressively unattractive for incoming migration flows—both internal and international—and losing an increasingly high number of non-native residents settling in the area, especially during the ‘gold’ decade of the 2004 Olympics. A sudden reduction in immigration rates reflected both economic (recession) and non-economic (population aging, fertility reduction, and childbearing postponement) factors, causing an incipient shrinkage after secular urban growth. The empirical results of our study add to the traditional literature on ‘industrial cities shrinkage’ in Europe and contribute to (re)formulate short- and medium-term development scenarios in large agglomerations, shedding further light on the role of migration in crisis-driven processes of urban decline in Mediterranean Europe.

Ethnicity, Language, and Work Segregation: A Cohesive and Profitability Perspective

This research aims to obtain the benefit of the organization in the work place, the employee cohesiveness and positive perspectives could be focus on some various factors such as; cultural differences, (ethnicity), language differences and injustice over the separation of one group from other in the workplace (exclusion). The purpose of the research that carried out qualitatively. The approach in this research is descriptive method by using this descriptive method is to describe whether cultural differences (Ethnicity), differences in language (Language) and different treatment of employees in the work environment (Workplace Segregation) have an effect on good or bad employee cohesiveness. (A Cohesive) in carrying out its main duties and inherent functions and how it affects the employee's perspective on his ability to bring benefits to himself and his organization (Profitability Perspective). Based on the research model framework the researcher concludes 16 research hypotheses that Ethnicity, language, work segregation has positive effects toward employee’s cohesiveness and profitability perspectives. But Gender can have positive and negative effects toward Interpersonal Attractive.

Segregasi Etnis dalam Perkembangan Kota Manggar, Belitung Timur, pada Abad 19 Hingga Abad 20

Several cities in Indonesia that was built and developed during the colonial era can be categorized as planned cities and grew due to industrial and mining activities. Manggar is a city that grew due to tin mining activities on the east of Belitung Island. This paper will examine the cityscape of Manggar which developed from a simple settlement into a complex settlement. In addition, this paper will also discuss ethnic segregation in Manggar which is one of the characteristics of the city that grew in the colonial era. The source of the data in this article is the result of archaeological research conducted by the Archaeological Center of South Sumatra in 2021. This research compared archaeological data with historical data together with old maps. The results of the analysis showed that Manggar had four phases of development between the early nineteenth and twentieth centuries. In addition, there is also a clear pattern of separation between settlement of one ethnicity with the other ethnicities scattered in Manggar City. The separation of these settlements was a manifestation of the policy of the Dutch East Indies Government issued in 1854 regarding the stratification of social classes based on ethnic groups.

An Analysis of Urban Ethnic Inclusion of Master Plans—In the Case of Kabul City, Afghanistan

This study examines the history of master planning in Kabul city and how the government approaches segregation through urban planning. There are five master plans made for Kabul city, starting in 1964, with the others being conceived in 1970, 1978, 2011, and 2018. The civil war exacerbated the ethnic segmentation in Kabul city. The city is ethnically divided mainly among the different ethnicities of Pashtun, Tajik, and Hazara, which live in three different zones. The urban planning literature and master plans for Kabul city are surveyed, starting from the 1960s with the first master plan to the 2018 Kabul urban design framework. The first three master plans were designed on technical rather than communitive rationalities, with authoritarian planning. However, the fourth master plan of 2011 was developed through engagement with citizens and addressed the ethnic segregation in the city in abstract ways. The fifth masterplan, Kabul urban design framework, was a step backward in participatory planning; it also ignored the ethnic segmentation in the city by unequally distributing the future economic zones, administrative and facilities hubs. The past master plans have ignored the ethnic segregation of the city; there is no detailed plan on how the city will approach segregation through urban planning.

Breaking the ‘colour bar’: Len Johnson, Manchester and anti-racism

This article explores the overturning of the ‘colour bar’ in a Manchester pub in 1953. Led by Black boxer and Communist Len Johnson, the resistance and ultimate success in breaking the ‘colour bar’ tells much about Black agency, the relationship between anti-racism and the Communist Party, and the making and unmaking of race in modern Britain. The article outlines Johnson’s life up until 1953 and the history of the ‘colour bar’ in Britain that shaped Johnson’s career trajectory. In Britain, formal ‘colour bars’ existed, like that in boxing, but it was far more common for informal ones to operate that were only revealed through resistance to individual impositions. In the post-war years, Johnson spent much of his time challenging these unwritten ‘colour bars’ in Manchester as well as creating a new and explicitly anti-racist space, the ‘New International Club’. Such actions were part of a vibrant and dynamic politics led by Black activists in 1940s and 1950s Manchester. This piece shows how Johnson’s Communist Party membership was both central to Johnson’s activism, which included hosting Paul Robeson in Manchester to the consternation of the Pan-Africanists, as well as how the Party itself held back on its commitment to fighting for racial equality.

421 CARDIO-NEURO ABLATION WORKFLOW OPTIMIZATION USING THE CARTO 3 SYSTEM CFAE MODULE

Abstract Introduction Ganglionated Plexi (GP) ablation has been revived by the recent interest in cardioneuroablation (CNA) in the field of vasovagal syncope (VVS). Many small observational studies and a multicenter registry showed a valuable effect of GP ablation on vagal hyperactivity modulation, eliminating the need for a permanent pacing device implantation in both functional atrioventricular block (AVB) and sinus node block (SNB). We suggest a standardized approach to fragmented activity signal analysis and automated workflow using CARTO3 mapping system (Johnson & Johnson Biosense Webster Inc., CA, USA) built-in CFAE software to pursue vagal denervation in different clinical settings. Methods The first patient enrolled was a 28-year-old lady admitted to the emergency department of IRCCS Cà Granda Hospital, in Milan, for yet another episode of syncope of undetermined origin complicated by facial trauma. Since the rest electrocardiogram (ECG) was completely normal and family screening was negative for sudden cardiac death (SCD), we decided for long term ECG monitoring with an implantable loop recorder (ILR). During follow-up, another traumatic syncope occurred and a 26 sec sinus arrest interrupted by a single escape beat was recorded. We advised a pacemaker implant proposing the CNA as a therapeutic alternative. Technique: We used CARTO3 mapping system and the ablation and mapping catheter for electroanatomical model creation of both atria. Left atrial access was granted via transeptal puncture using a Brockenbrough Needle (BRK1, Abbott) and a Preface 8.5 f transeptal sheath. We used the complex atrial fractionated electrograms (CFAE) software to localize the GP. The target signal was characterised by more than 3 deflections, named confidence interval levels (ICL) on the system, lasting at least 2 msec each and an amplitude above 0.06 millivolts. Since the system acquires points analyzing 2.5 sec (2 sec before and 0.5 sec after the reference), in this time the total number of ICL is strongly dependent on the heart rate (HR). The settings for the color bar confidence level extremities should be established considering the number of beats every 2.5 sec and the desired minimum number of ICL plus the ventricular deflection in the areas surrounding the mitral and tricuspid valves. It must be considered that this feature, whose intention was to map AF, interferes with the accuracy of the window of interest including the ventricular far fields in the counts. We choose duration value intervals ranging from 2 msec, to include rapid deflections of the fragmented activity, to 140 msec to be as inclusive as possible. The selected threshold values ranged from 0.06 millivolts, in order to exclude noise and necrotic areas, to 1.5 millivolts, trying to avoid ventricular far field signals. We set the color bar limits from 15 to 20, eliminating the less fragmented signals as we decided to target areas with more than 7 deflections (Figure 1). The maps we obtained showed fragmented activity in the areas corresponding to the right superior GP in the superior vena cava, the right inferior GP close to the fossa ovalis, the left superior GP on the anterior aspect of the left superior pulmonary vein antrum and the left posteromedial GP in the posteromedial region, behind the aortic non coronary cusp. We started the CNA in the right atrium and then in the left atrium and we observed progressive increase of HR. ILR monitoring after ablation highlighted a reduction of daily heart rate variability and an increase of average heart rate especially at rest, confirming the effectiveness of CNA. Conclusions We find that CARTO3 mapping system may be used for GP detection and ablation as effectively as other mapping systems in a “non-visual” approach. Automatization and optimization of the workflow requires further improvements in the CFAE module. The opportunity to avoid device implantation in younger with functional syncope is, in our humble opinion, a milestone in the history of electrophysiology. In our ongoing center experience, the GP ablation is proving to be a promising option also for quality of life improvements in brady-tachy patients.

Schools’ priority rules and ethnic school segregation

Although previous studies have investigated the contribution of several components of the school choice paradigm to school segregation, one critical aspect has not received attention from segregation scholars: schools’ priority rules, that is, the rules schools apply in case of oversubscription. We evaluate how three priority rules – grade-based, distance-based, and random-based – shape school segregation. Using Swedish register data on students’ applications to upper secondary education in Stockholm, Sweden, we assess the effect of these priority rules from two counterfactual frameworks. One uses actual students’ rank-ordered lists, and the other relies on a large-scale simulation framework. We show that grade-based and distance-based priorities produce higher levels of segregation than random-based priorities through different mechanisms. Our results hold, even when we control for students’ school preferences and residential segregation.

Disparities in Air Pollutants Across Racial, Ethnic, and Poverty Groups at US Public Schools.

We investigate socioeconomic disparities in air quality at public schools in the contiguous US using high resolution estimates of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) concentrations. We find that schools with higher proportions of people of color (POC) and students eligible for the federal free or reduced lunch program, a proxy for poverty level, are associated with higher pollutant concentrations. For example, we find that the median annual NO2 concentration for White students, nationally, was 7.7 ppbv, compared to 9.2 ppbv for Black and African American students. Statewide and regional disparities in pollutant concentrations across racial, ethnic, and poverty groups are consistent with nationwide results, where elevated NO2 concentrations were associated with schools with higher proportions of POC and higher levels of poverty. Similar, though smaller, differences were found in PM2.5 across racial and ethnic groups in most states. Racial, ethnic, and economic segregation across the rural-urban divide is likely an important factor in pollution disparities at US public schools. We identify distinct regional patterns of disparities, highlighting differences between California, New York, and Florida. Finally, we highlight that disparities exist not only across urban and non-urban lines but also within urban environments.

Is there greater ethnic mixing in residential or workplace spaces?

ABSTRACT While much of the ethnic and racial segregation literature concentrates on residential neighbourhoods, a growing body of research demonstrates how levels of inter-ethnic mixing vary between home and other spaces, including workplace environments. Using alternative population bases from the 2011 Census for England and Wales, we explore how levels of ethnic segregation and diversity compare for working-age people in residential (‘nighttime’), workday (‘daytime’) and workplace (‘employment’) environments. Analyses of Middle Layer Super Output Areas reveal that a larger number of these zones had low residential ethnic diversity than had low workday or workplace diversity. We also find higher levels of residential segregation than workplace segregation for all ethnic groups, including the White British (majority) and minoritised groups. Notable differences in segregation between residential and workplace spaces for the Pakistani and Bangladeshi ethnic groups, for example, demonstrate that more commonly applied measures of residential segregation fail to capture the extent of inter-ethnic mixing across spaces, and at different times of the day. Commuting data are analysed to explore the role of daily mobilities in shaping these patterns. The findings nuance understandings of levels of ethnic mixing, and emphasise the need for segregation analyses across multiple spatio-temporal contexts.

The Hierarchy of Care Work: How Immigrants Influence the Gender-Segregated Labor Market

Abstract The devaluation of care work is regarded as a main explanation for the dominance of women in care work. However, less attention has been paid to how such devaluation affects not only the gender balance of jobs but also their ethnic and racial composition. This article examines patterns of gender and ethnic segregation and inequality within different types of care work. Using high-quality linked administrative register data covering the period 2004–2017, the analysis shows that although the strong female dominance in care work is relatively stable, a shift in the composition of workers has occurred. While native women are leaving the most devalued types of care work, they are replaced by immigrants—both women and men. The findings underscore how patterns of gender segregation are influenced by immigration, and that not all men benefit from being men in female-dominated occupations.

A Coding Basis and Three-in-One Integrated Data Visualization Method 'Ana' for the Rapid Analysis of Multidimensional Omics Dataset.

With innovations and advancements in analytical instruments and computer technology, omics studies based on statistical analysis, such as phytochemical omics, oilomics/lipidomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and glycomics, are increasingly popular in the areas of food chemistry and nutrition science. However, a remaining hurdle is the labor-intensive data process because learning coding skills and software operations are usually time-consuming for researchers without coding backgrounds. A MATLAB® coding basis and three-in-one integrated method, 'Ana', was created for data visualizations and statistical analysis in this work. The program loaded and analyzed an omics dataset from an Excel® file with 7 samples * 22 compounds as an example, and output six figures for three types of data visualization, including a 3D heatmap, heatmap hierarchical clustering analysis, and principal component analysis (PCA), in 18 s on a personal computer (PC) with a Windows 10 system and in 20 s on a Mac with a MacOS Monterey system. The code is rapid and efficient to print out high-quality figures up to 150 or 300 dpi. The output figures provide enough contrast to differentiate the omics dataset by both color code and bar size adjustments per their higher or lower values, allowing the figures to be qualified for publication and presentation purposes. It provides a rapid analysis method that would liberate researchers from labor-intensive and time-consuming manual or coding basis data analysis. A coding example with proper code annotations and completed user guidance is provided for undergraduate and postgraduate students to learn coding basis statistical data analysis and to help them utilize such techniques for their future research.