Ethnic Revival Research Articles

Communication

December 1, 2009To the Editors:In his review (vol. 89, no. 1, pp. 184 – 85) of my book Remembering the Hacienda: Religion, Authority, and Social Change in Highland Ecuador (University of Texas Press, 2006), Mark Thurner graciously praises my writing and my ethnographic material, but his review distorts or omits some of my major arguments.Thurner says that the book “leaves history behind” after an early “background” chapter. It is true that the next five chapters take a largely synchronic analytic approach, while arguing for an alternative to the moral economy school’s common focus on historical memory as an ideological source of resistance. The book’s last two chapters, which the review ignores entirely, return to a diachronic analysis. Here I show that structures of religious authority and notions of respect that were hegemonic in the hacienda era shaped both the agrarian transformation in the 1960s – 70s and the ethnic resurgence and religious change of the 1980s – 90s, even as those structures and notions were themselves transformed and reinterpreted in the process. These chapters make the case that anthropology’s tools for understanding a sociocultural system synchronically, with its internal coherence and contradictions, can enrich our understanding of that system’s persistence and transformations through time. Indeed, any history that aspires to social depth must in practice alternate between and synthesize synchronic and diachronic analytic moments.The reviewer misses much of my argument about the so-called “triangle without a base,” the outworn image of hacienda residents as lacking in any horizontal solidarities. I do analyze hacienda residents’ web of social relations and the ways it sustained resistance, as he indicates, but my argument goes beyond that point in significant ways. First, I demonstrate that relations among kin and neighbors were shot through with a hierarchical dimension linked to hacienda hegemony. While others have described this hierarchical dimension, I believe my book goes further in analyzing its hegemonic force and explaining how even horizontal relations provided openings for hegemony. Second, I build on one point that was central to some of the “open triangle” scholarship, namely, that ties to formal organizations could facilitate the flow of information about the broader political environment. I show that hacienda laborers’ lack of such ties and misunderstanding of the broader environment handicapped them in the agrarian reform period.The main contribution that I would hope historians and others take away from the book concerns what I term the “respect complex,” a topic the review only mentions in a single clause. The book describes rituals of discipline, purification, and authority that had precolonial and colonial roots and were reinvigorated under the late nineteenth-century García Moreno regime. It shows how hacienda landlords, overseers, and religious elders drew on this ritual language as they disciplined laborers, juniors, and quarreling spouses and neighbors, and it analyzes the transformations of this complex in recent decades. Theoretically, my analysis of the respect complex revises common understandings of the relationship between coercion, persuasion, hegemony, and resistance. Despite changes in academic fashions in recent decades, I show that the concept of hegemony remains a powerful theoretical tool, one that new research continues to refine.Thurner also faults me for anachronistically “refer[ring] to colonial composición titles as ‘property.’ ” This is a misquotation — I did not use the word “property” in connection with composiciones — but I would like to know what in Thurner’s opinion was mistaken in my one-sentence reference to composiciones. I do acknowledge having deviated from “the established practices of historians” by using very abbreviated in-text citations of archival documents, though I provide full information on these sources in my bibliography.

Communist Multiculturalism: Ethnic Revival in Southwest China. Susan K. McCarthy

Previous articleNext article No AccessREVIEWSCommunist Multiculturalism: Ethnic Revival in Southwest China. Susan K. McCarthy James LeiboldJames Leibold Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by The China Journal Volume 64July 2010 Published on behalf of the Australian Centre on China in the World at the Australian National University Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/tcj.64.20749264 Views: 17Total views on this site © The China JournalPDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.

Ethnic Resurgence, Minority Communities, and State Policies in a Network Society: The Dynamics of Malay Identity Formation in Postcolonial Singapore

While much has been written about identity formation and the politics of ethnicity among minority communities in various parts of modern-day Southeast Asia, the same cannot be said regarding the Malay community of Singapore. This article seeks to address this scholarly neglect by bringing into sharp focus the dynamics, processes, and circumstances that shaped Malay identity in postcolonial Singapore during the 1980s. By interweaving historical data with theoretical insights derived from the works of Andrew Willford, Manuel Castells, and Richard Jenkins, among others, this article provides an analytical reading of the global, regional, and local developments that brought about an ethnic resurgence within one of the largest minority groups in this island city-state. Such developments prompted the Singapore government to devise new laws and employ multi-faceted strategies to regain its legitimacy in the eyes of a certain segment of the population, and to enhance its ruling capacity. The problematics embedded within the state's interpretation of Malay identity and the effects of citizen resistance against state policies are considered in detail in the final sections of this article.

Hindu kingship, ethnic revival, and Maoist rebellion in Nepal - By Marie Lecomte-Tilouine

Hindu kingship, ethnic revival, and Maoist rebellion in Nepal - By Marie Lecomte-Tilouine

The Social Movement of the Phuan in Thailand

Problem statement: The changing, modernization and globalization had t he impact to the Phuan ethnic in Thailand. They faced the problem to adapt themselves and they returned to have ethnic resurgence. The purpose of the article were to stud y the social movement forms of social organization and to study the causal factor effecting or involvi ng the identity construction in various contexts li ke capitalism and marginality. Approach: It was a qualitative research. Data collection inc luded interviews and participation observations, document analysis and data fields. Research data was classified into groups on study topic and analyzed on the purpose of study by using descriptive analysis. Informants included 65 key informants wer e the Phuan informants from 4 provinces were Nhong Khai, Sukhothai, Nakhon Nayok and Lopburi. Results: The results of the study were as follows: The social movement of the Phuan in 1975 a group of the Phuan people who separately earned their living in Bangkok made an appointment to gather, interact and hold the meeting and having the get-together party starting from a small group and gradually enlarging later. In 1977, they establish the club and draft the regulations for en forcement. There were some Phuan volunteers to study as the Phuan co-ordinators in their own provi nces. In the first meeting, there were 8 representative attendants' provinces from 25 provin ces-Nakhon Nayok, Pracheen Buri, Chacherngsoa, Suphan Buri, Singh Buri, Sukhothai, Pichit and Lop Buri. The organization for social and cultural operation movement in the form of club was an obvious starting point of the Phuan identity construction and resurgence and became the first st ep to collect the resource and capital for establishing the foundation and Thai Phuan Monks United-geographical Organization of Thailand (Sahaphoomsong Thai Phuan). The Phuan organization was firstly for collecting groups for only cultural and traditional preservation. Because they believed that even though some parts of traditiona l culture were destroyed by globalization, some other parts were still existing especially ethnic consciousness, shared descent feeling and social va lue which changed more slowly than material culture and could be resurged. In fact, the present state of 30 years old Thai Phuan Club and foundation with steadily increasing members from various walks of life from the Phuan themselves and outsiders. From this point of view, it meant th at opening more space or public exposure of the Phuan society was to satisfy social acceptance need s or to be regarded as equivalent part of national state society and deserved hearing in the public forum involved in their own interest, economic, politic and social status. Conclusion: The using of culture as the tool for group collect ion and coordination was the best way of constructing and motivating the sense of selfness and same party of the Phuan. Thus, the Phuan culture was the Phuan so cial practice at present.

Paradoxes in the Social and Cultural Transformation of the European North of Russia

Using recent sociological and demographic data, this article reviews the vibrancy of several ethnic minority groups in the European North of Russia. The article is framed in terms of three paradoxes. The first paradox is that the group thought to be the most vulnerable—the Samis of the Kola peninsula—have the strongest ability to preserve their identity. The second paradox is that the process of de-ethnicization, which refers to the assimilative pressure of urban settings, continues despite institutional structures designed to prevent it. The final paradox is that ethnic revival can be identified in unexpected places relatively independent of the structural factors of language and birthrate that are traditionally associated with ethnic reproduction.

Narrated Sámi Sieidis. Heritage and Ownership in Ambiguous Border Zones

This article analyses different individuals' actions in relation to Sami sacrificial stones (sieidis) as they appear in narratives, missionary reports, and research; and relate them to discussions on heritage politics and the establishment of cultural ownership, In the long historical perspective, ownership to such cultural heritage sites can be understood both as sites of intercultural conflict leading to destruction or plunder, and as sites of ethnic revival leading to claims of repatriation and heritage status. But the sites and the narratives connected to them can also be understood as reports from a cultural border zone, where new cultural meanings are being developed all the time. Setting the stones in motion have changed their (de)localized meanings, and changing contextualizations have continued to generate new interpretations.

Irish, Catholic, and scouse: the history of the Liverpool-Irish, 1800-1939

List of Tables List of Abbreviations Acknowledgements Preface Introduction: 'A Piece Cut Off from the Old Sod Itself' Part One: 1800-1914 1 Poor Paddy: The Irish in the Liverpool Labour Market 2 'The Lowest Depth': The Spatial Dimensions of Irish Liverpool 3 The Holy Sanctity of Poverty: Welfare, Charity and the Sacred Irish Poor 4 Faith and Fatherland: Ethno-Sectarian Collective Mutuality 5 Electoral Politics: Towards Home Rule 6 Extra-Parliamentary Politics: The American Connection 7 'Pat-riot-ism': Sectarian Violence and Public Disorder 8 Cultural Politics: National Regeneration and Ethnic Revival 9 Leisure: Irish Recreation Part Two: 1914-39 10 The First World War: Free Citizens of a Free Empire? 11 The Liverpool-Irish and the Irish Revolution 12 Depression, Decline and Heritage Recovery Bibliography Index

Naxi Intellectuals and Ethnic Identity

This article examines the role of Naxi intellectuals in the ethnic identity resurgence of the Naxi since the 1980s in China. The article illustrates 3 aspects of Naxi intellectuals' approach to the identity construction of the Naxi: researching the Naxi, engaging in cultural activities and exhibitions, and teaching the Naxi culture to the younger generation.

The Janajati/Adivasi Movement in Nepal: Myths and Realities of Indigeneity

The ethnic revival after the restoration of democracy in 1990 is one of the key topics of Nepal's recent political and cultural history. The Nepali janajati/adivasi organisations intend to promote their own culture and to rectify the discriminations suffered by tribal groups in all spheres of social life. Besides cultural demands, they are calling for a reservation system (which does not yet exist in Nepal) to ensure a better representation at national level. This article intends to explore this ethnicising discourse in matters of autochthony, social grouping, religion, and federalism. It discusses its essentialist rhetoric and its possible contradictions with democratic rules and practices.

Swedish Oregon by Lars Nordström

R?ssel Lawrence Barsh carries thediscussion further,arguing that the successWashington tribeshave had in re-establishingfishing rights has created "thefictionof collective tribalown ership" of resources thathad been controlled by extended family units (p. 217). He brings his cogent analysis to bear on the question of ethnogenesis, and its impact on the rights of tribalmembers as their basis of identity changes over time.Bruce Rigsby concludes part 3by arguing that tribes reserved treatyrights, including "the rightto curate graves and burial sites"on treaty-ceded lands, in a case studyof theKennewick Man controversy (p. 245). Part 4, "Power Relations inContemporary Forums," moves history into the present. Arthur J. Ray leads readers through the dif ficulties expert witnesses have in educating judges,based on his own trialexperiences, and exposes some of theweaknesses of delivering evidence in the adversarial conditions of the courtroom. Ravi de Costa writes about mod ern treaty making effortsinBritish Columbia and argues forfluidity as opposed to rigidity in the agreements. He argues that modern treaties should not be shaped by the historic and "anachronistic" treatymaking process (p. 314). Robert T. Anderson believes modern agreements such as thatnegotiated byNative Alaskans (ANCSA) and theNez Perce (2004 water rights agreement) resemble nineteenth centurytreaty negotiations inthattribalpeople must negotiate from a position ofweakness. While the essays do amarvelous job defin ing power relations between tribal groups and western governments, thework is also exemplary inexploring power relations among tribes.This text should serve as a model for thosewho would produce books derivingfrom conference papers. Itprovides valuable com parative insights, for beginners and experts, into treatyand resource issues and histories across national, tribal (and disciplinary) bor ders in thePacificNorthwest. David R.M. Beck University of Montana SWEDISHOREGON by Lars Nordstr?m Swedish Roots inOregon Press, Portland, 2008. Photographs, bibliography, index. 339 pages. $22.00 paper. In Swedish Oregon, Lars Nordstr?m compiles articlesand other shortpieces thattellthecom pelling storyof the state'sSwedish immigrants. Arranged chronologically, chapters representa fullrange of immigrant experience: the trans atlantic voyage, transcontinental train travel, rural and urban settlement, ethnic entrepre neurship, Swedish-language newspapers and literature, religious and secular institutions, and twentiethcentury assimilation and ethnic revival. For scholars of the Swedish immigra tion, thisOregon material isboth familiar,fit tingthepatternsof SwedishAmerica elsewhere in theUnited States, and informative,filling in gaps in our knowledge. Especially valuable isNordstr?m's analysis of trends in recent Swedish immigration, including how experi ences of late twentieth and early twenty-first century immigrants are qualitatively differ ent from their earlier counterparts. Scholars of Swedish America will also be interested inNordstr?m's work with the papers of two well-known Swedish-American intellectuals who had Oregon connections, SamuelMagnus Hill and Ernst Skarstedt. For non-Swedish readers, Nordstr?m's translations of autobiographies, journals, and letterswill broaden their understand ing ofOregon history and culture to include information about this important non-Anglo group. Probablymost valuable are the1908-1911 excerptsfromAnton Swanson's diary, in which we hearfrom Swanson's point ofview about the difficultiesan immigrantcould face inan urban setting without the safety nets of labor lawsand health insurance. Swanson contractspolio, and during his long recovery,he, his wife Huida, and their son George, are forced to live sepa rately, withHuida working as a live-indomestic to support thefamily. Hill's journal recounting Reviews 631 his second-class sea voyage to America and Anna Birchman's contrasting description of her passage in second-class accommodations provide readerswith varied socioeconomic and gender experiences. These translated primary sources also help readers perceive the immi grants' range of literacy levels. Swedes were generallywell educated during theperiod they came to thePacific Northwest, butmany had written littlebefore leaving familyand friends in Sweden. Nordstr?m does an excellent job of rendering their distinctive writing voices in simple prose, in Swanson's and Birchman s texts, or more elevated prose, in Hill's. Nor dstr?m also translates three of Hill's poems written late in life, when he was disillusioned with America and homesick forSweden. These and a chapter byVictoria Owenius recounting thehistory of themost long-lived ofOregon's Swedish-language newspapers, Oregon Posten, remind readers thatAmerican literature is multi-lingual. In addition toOwenius's study of Posten, Nordstr?m selects severalpreviously published but difficult to obtain articles about...

Post-Soviet Chaos: Violence and Dispossession in Kazakhstan by Joma Nazpary (review)

780 SEER, 86, 4, OCTOBER 2008 basis for the current conceptualization of social policies inRussia. Thus, the administrative organization of social and territorial space in Russia is still based on Soviet policies of top-down control (e.g., propiska regulations). The notion of the deserving and undeserving poor continues to prevail over the principles of citizenship rights.The public policy arena is stilldominated by stigma and rigid stereotypes concerning what is 'normal' and 'morally accept able' (only recendyMoscow Mayor Luzhkov denounced a proposed gay rights parade as 'satanic'). Soviet legacies have also been deeply entrenched in wider societal perceptions and attitudes. As the author asserts, homeless people have been perceived as 'pathological' and 'dangerous' by mainstream society. As a result, they have often been denied access to the social capital that has provided most Russians with a safetynet during transition. Stephenson's book has an important political significance in respect of its potential to influence social policy-making Russia. It demystifies and human izes homelessness and challenges the prevailing preconceptions in theRussian society and policy arena. Framed as a sociological study of homeless people, thisbook does not offer specificpolicy recommendations. However, themate rial and analysis of the book present a valuable resource for policy-makers and are sufficientfor informingpolicy programmes on social exclusion and homelessness. Department ofSocial Policy Babken V. Babajanian London School of Economics& Political Science Nazpary, Joma. Post-SovietChaos: ViolenceandDispossession inKazakhstan. Pluto Press, London, 2002. vii + 217 pp. Notes. Bibliography. Index. ?21.99 (paperback). This anthropological study focuses on Almaty, the former capital of Kazakhstan, and isbased on interviews and detailed observation made during the author's stay there between July 1995 and October 1996. The viewpoint he presents is that of the 'dispossessed', themajority who sufferedas a result of the collapse of Communism and establishment of a form of 'wild capital ism'.They lament the loss of a welfare state and of economic and social rights (such as subsidized services and full employment) enjoyed under the Soviet regime. Indeed, there isa general belief that the situation of chaos experienced in themid 1990swas engineered by a conspiracy between Communist Party elites, organized crime and Western, predominantly American, imperialism. Chaos ispresented here as a mode of domination in the service of the ruling elite and world capitalism. It includes an upsurge in violence leading to pro found feelings of insecurity and fear, the prevalence of corruption and arbi trary government. Social disintegration is reflected in widespread begging, scavenging for food, alcoholism and a flourishing sex industry.Nazpary opens with an arresting quotation from a young male Kazakh, that everyone has become a Raskolnikov, but without the fictional character's conscience. The ways inwhich the dispossessed cope with the chaos are discussed in detail, REVIEWS 781 particularly networking, which the author points out has theparadoxical effect of perpetuating the chaos through fragmentation. For example, these include ethnic networks, related to a rise in ethnic tensionswhich inAlmaty focus on state institutions and urban space, reflecting the massive migration of Kazakhs to the city. The tension between these incomers and the Russian-speaking urban Kazakhs reveals how complex the situation is. The author argues that, as yet, there is no ethnic nationalism, and that the tensions transcend tradi tional divisions, such as those between Slavs and Turks, Christians and Muslims. These, however, are not addressed in detail: rather, Nazpary declares that the dispossessed consider themselves to be subdivisions of the same Soviet people who blame the new capitalistic economy for the conflicts. Ways of surviving the chaos include the adaptation of Soviet strategies, such as street trading, but on a much larger scale. The survival strategy based on the trade in sex which is said to be widely practised by young women reveals that the chaos is as much moral as economic. The discourse of Soviet morality, and in particular the notion of themodest Soviet woman, has been used, the author maintains, to legitimize the use of violence against women. In addition, ethnic revival has led to a strong emphasis on the importance of (female) virginity. Thus, women who resort to sexual economic strategies are considered deviant according to both Soviet and pre-Soviet moralities. The ideal is forwomen to be pushed back...

Self-exclusion as a strategy of inclusion: the case of Shas

Among the many paradoxes of Israeli politics, there are the strategies of political inclusion used by organizations and parties representing groups that reject the universalism which Israeli democracy is heir to. This paper develops a model of ‘political inclusion Israeli-style’, illustrated by one party, Shas, which since 1984 proclaims itself the voice of the socially and culturally excluded Sephardi population of north African and Middle Eastern Jews, who represent over 40% of the Jewish population. Shas is also a movement of religious and ethnic revival which, by adopting a social strategy of self-exclusion grounded in strict religious observance, and of independence vis-à-vis established Ashkenazi ultra-Orthodox politics, has gained 11 out of 120 Knesset seats, inclusion in government, and control over a share of educational and welfare expenditure. The paper raises the issue whether such less-than-perfectly universalistic practices are not a variety of corporatism and possibly, for the parties concerned, a more effective strategy of incorporation than the classic social democratic path.

The Praeger handbook on contemporary issues in Native America: v.1: Linguistic, ethnic, and economic revival; v.2: Legal, cultural, and environmental revival

The Praeger handbook on contemporary issues in Native America: v.1: Linguistic, ethnic, and economic revival; v.2: Legal, cultural, and environmental revival

'Is There Any Boudin on the Moon?' Depicting Cajun Ethnicity in Bec Doux et ses amis

The Bec Doux et ses amis comics series, written by Cajun authors in Cajun French, is little known outside of its native French-speaking Louisiana. Although it can be inscribed within the wider Cajun ethnic revival that began in the late 1960s, it constitutes a unique example of graphic self-representation in this field of cultural productions. This article examines how the series' use of regional French, in the context of increasing acculturation by a dominant English-speaking America, is not only a statement of cultural resistance, but also a creative negotiation of communication with a dialectal readership, within the comics format. The article also focuses on the iconic effectiveness of the series, and more specifically on its nuanced and authentic depiction of the Cajun minority's ethnic habitus, in order to understand the complexities of such cultural self-caricature.

For Church or Nation? Islamism, Secular-Nationalism, and the Transformation of Christian Identities in Palestine

This article documents changes in Palestinian Christian identities during the Oslo Peace Process, 1993–2000. Drawing on a year of formal fieldwork in 1999–2000, and five years of experience living in the Occupied Territories during the first intifada (1987–1993), the author uses diaries, field notes, and life history interviews with activists from across the political spectrum to identify diverging interpretations of what it means to be both a Palestinian and a Christian in the face of unrelenting Israeli occupation, sharp demographic decline, a powerful Islamist movement, and the corresponding weakening of the secularnationalist milieu. The resulting portrayal depicts the emergence of three synchronic identity orientations within the generation of Christians who came of age during and after the first intifada. The first tendency perpetuates traditional secular-nationalism; the second advocates for a religio-communal revitalization similar to the Islamist one; the third expresses an apolitical piety resulting in an otherworldly flight from the world. The emergence of these tendencies sheds new light not only on the Palestinian situation today, but also on identity formation processes, generally. The study also raises questions for the comparative analysis of majoritarian religious and ethnic revitalization and its impact on minorities within the modern nation-state.

Remembering the hacienda: religion, authority, and social change in highland Ecuador

Part One: Introduction 1. Introduction 2. A History of Pangor and Monjas Corral Part Two: Society and Resistance 3. Hacienda Society and the Base of the Triangle 4. Saint Rose's Blessings 5. Reciprocity and Resistance Part Three: Respect and Authority 6. Disobedience and Respect: Two Accounts 7. Respect, Authority, and Discipline Part Four: The Legacy of the Hacienda 8. The Demise of the Hacienda 9. Liberation Theology and Ethnic Resurgence

Root of It All

In the mid-1960s, ethnicity took on increased significance for many Americans having recent immigrant origins in Europe, largely but not wholly in response to the ongoing black freedom struggle. In a wide-ranging and continually provocative survey of this phenomenon, Matthew Frye Jacobson completely recasts our previous understandings of the so-called white ethnic insofar as its scope, content, timing, and significance.' Contradicting many contemporary observers who assumed the ethnic upsurge was merely a last gasp before assimilation, Jacobson forcefully argues that the revival has continued into our present day, bolstering this contention with a dizzying variety of examples from the realms of cultural production and politics. result has been a thoroughgoing reformulation of identity in the post-civil rights era-its touchstone moving, in his words, from Plymouth Rock to Ellis Island. Going even further, Jacobson ventures, The ethnic revival recast American nationality, and it continues to color our judgment about who 'we' Americans are and who 'they' outside the 'we the people' are, too (p. 8). Roots Too: White Ethnic Revival in Post-Civil Rights America is cultural and intellectual history par excellence and functions nicely in dialogue with Jacobson's previous works on earlier European immigrant generations.2 It also rides the crest of interest in the history of identity and racialized power in the United States that has mounted since the 1990s. Roots Too is an outstanding and original book. However-like those critics of whiteness studies who have leveled complaints about fragmentary and too-broadlyconstrued evidence3-social, urban, and local historians may come away from Jacobson's work incompletely satisfied. While he irrefutably establishes that the revival of interest in ethnicity took place not only at the individual level of psychic interiors, but also at the level of national political dialogue and mass-media distribution, Jacobson completely overlooks how the revival played out in-between, at the ethnic neighborhood and community level (p. 19). While such a perspective might not significantly challenge his

The Kurdish Nationalist Movement: Opportunity, Mobilization and Identity

The Kurdish Nationalist Movement: Opportunity, Mobilization and Identity. By David Romano. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006. 290p. $75 cloth, $29.99 paper.When the Ukrainians became independent at the end of 1991, the Kurds succeeded to the title of largest nation on earth without its own independent state. This dubious distinction is not due to any dearth of academic attention since in recent years, there has been an explosion of scholarly books and articles regarding the Kurds. David Romano's new publication is clearly one of the best. The author takes the theoretical analysis of Kurdish ethnic resurgence to a new, higher level, while also placing it in the larger context of ethnic nationalist resurgences throughout the world. No other recent analysis of the Kurds has done this.

Asia. Song and silence: Ethnic revival on China's southwest borders. By SARA L. M. DAVIS. New York: Columbia University Press, 2005. Pp. x, 200. Notes, Suggested Readings, Index.

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