Ethnic Relations Research Articles

Exploratory study of race- or ethnicity-based discrimination among patients receiving procedural abortion care

ObjectiveExplore relationships of race and ethnicity with experiences of race- or ethnicity-based discrimination during abortion care. Study DesignEnglish- or Spanish-speaking individuals aged 18 to 50 completed cross-sectional, self-administered online surveys within 30 days of procedural abortion at 5 Northeastern U.S. reproductive health clinics from June 2020 toFebruary 2021. We considered any affirmative response on the Discrimination in Medical Settings (DMS) scale evidence of race- or ethnicity-based discrimination. We performed bivariate analyses and logistic regression examining discrimination among Black non-Latinx, Latinx any race, Other race non-Latinx compared to White non-Latinx participants. We assessed associations between discrimination and healthcare quality and satisfaction. ResultsParticipants (n = 163) averaged 27(±6) years and self-identified as Black non-Latinx (36.2%), White non-Latinx (28.8%), Latinx of any race (27.0%), and Other non-Latinx (8.0%). Most were publicly insured (52.8%) and <14 weeks gestation (90.8%).Overall, 15.3% reported race- or ethnicity-based discrimination during abortion care with Black non-Latinx more likely to report discrimination (23.7%; OR 7.00, 95% CI 1.50–32.59), while Latinx any race (15.9%, OR 4.26, 95% CI 0.83–21.74) and Other race non-Latinx participants (15.4%, OR 4.09, 95% CI 0.52–32.35) demonstrated statistically nonsignificant trend toward increased odds of discrimination compared to White non-Latinx (4.3%). Discrimination was associated with negative perceptions of: time with physician (p = 0.03), patient care involvement (p < 0.05), physician communication (p = 0.01), care quality (p = 0.02), and care satisfaction (p < 0.01). ConclusionRacially minoritized participants were more likely to report race- or ethnicity-based discrimination during abortion care; Black non-Latinx reported highest odds of discrimination compared to White non-Latinx. Discrimination was associated with unfavorable healthcare quality measures. ImplicationsRace- or ethnicity-based discrimination during abortion care is disproportionately reported by racially minoritized populations, especially Black individuals, compared to White non-Latinx individuals. Discrimination is significantly associated with negative experiences of care. Future work should verify findings in different regions and larger studies, and design and test discrimination-reduction interventions.

The French Proposal: A Turning Point in the Balkans or a Dead End?

North Macedonia’s long-standing bid for EU accession was hindered by a Bulgarian veto that had lasted for two years until a French proposal emerged as a last-minute solution. However, this proposal presents potential pitfalls for new vetoes and has exacerbated political polarization in North Macedonia, thereby threatening inter- ethnic relations in the country. The proposal requires North Macedonia to include ethnic Bulgarians in its constitutional preamble, a move that seems unlikely given the opposition’s firm resistance to any such constitutional amendment. This raises questions about the EU’s decision to comply with the Bulgarian demands and the likelihood of achieving a sustainable solution to long-standing bilateral issues.

The Oromo-Amhara Ethnic Conflicts in Gidda Ayana and Kiramu Districts, North- Eastern Wallagga: Integrating Instrumentalist and Primordialists Theories

This study investigates the Oromo-Amhara ethnic conflicts in Gidda Ayana and Kiramu districts of North-Eastern Wallagga, with a focus on integrating instrumentalist and primordialist theories. The objective is to gain a comprehensive understanding of the conflicts by examining the interplay between instrumentalist motivations, such as breaches of contractual agreements over land and differing interpretations of constitutional rights, and primordial expressions, including the crystallization of ethnic identities and historical resentments. The methodology employed in this study involves a combination of qualitative research methods, including literature review, analysis of historical documents, and interviews with key stakeholders from both the Oromo and Amhara communities. The findings reveal that the conflicts are driven by a complex interaction between instrumentalist and primordialist factors, with resource interests and power dynamics playing a significant role in shaping ethnic relations. The study underscores the malleability of ethnic relations in response to shifting resource interests and power dynamics, demonstrating the utility of ethnicity in these contexts. Based on the findings, the study recommends, first promoting dialogue and reconciliation between the Oromo and Amhara communities is crucial to foster understanding and peaceful coexistence. Second, addressing land disputes through fair and transparent mechanisms can help alleviate tensions. Third, enhancing economic opportunities for both communities can mitigate resource competition. Fourth, strengthening governance and the rule of law is essential to ensure equal representation and address grievances. Fifthly, promoting cultural understanding and appreciation can counter historical resentments. Lastly, supporting community-based conflict resolution mechanisms to facilitate sustainable conflict resolution and peace building efforts.

Etničko nasilje i terorizam kao unutrašnji izazovi nacionalnoj bezbednosti Kine - studija slučaja Sinđanga

The national security of the People's Republic of China is susceptible to an array of intricate internal challenges, risks and threats. This includes challenges that may be of a political nature, risks caused by economic and social differences, threats caused by tensions in ethnic relations, as well as many others. This paper seeks to concentrate on ethnic tensions, namely ethnic violence and terrorism, as the most substantial factors that pose a significant threat to the country's stability and security. The paper delves into the development of ethnic tensions and conflicts resulting from the interaction between Chinese authorities and factions within the Uyghur movement for national self-determination. It emphasizes the extremist current within the broader Uyghur ethnonational movement that utilizes violence and acts of terrorism in political activism. This paper aims to follow the evolution and changes of strategies and tactics employed by Uyghur nationalists in Xinjiang over time and present the most characteristic violent and terrorist incidents that occurred in Xinjiang to exemplify these alterations. These changes are reflected in increased violence, a shift in targets from primarily security forces to civilians, including violent clashes between Uyghur and Han citizens and an expansion in the geographic reach of attacks.

Relationship of Neighbourhood Social Deprivation and Ethnicity on Access to Transcatheter and Surgical Aortic Valve Replacement: A Population-Level Study.

Wide geographic variation in access to transcatheter (TAVR) and surgical (SAVR) aortic valve replacement exists, but the impact of socioethnic factors on the geographic variation of AS management in Ontario, Canada, is unknown. Neighbourhood rates of AS admissions, as a proxy for AS burden, and downstream TAVR and SAVR referrals and procedures were estimated for the 76 subregions in Ontario. To determine if the socioethnic geographic variations in referrals and procedures were concordant or discordant with AS burden, we calculated Pearson correlation coefficients to determine the relationship between AS burden and each of TAVR referrals, TAVR procedures, SAVR referrals, or SAVR procedures. We developed generalised linear models to determine the association between social deprivation indices captured in the Ontario Marginalization index and the rates of AS burden as well as TAVR/SAVR referral and procedures. There was wide geographic variation that was concordant between AS burden and the referral and procedure rates for TAVR and SAVR (correlation coefficients 0.86-0.96). Increased dependency was associated with higher rates of both TAVR/SAVR referrals and procedures (rate ratios 1.63-2.22). Neighbourhoods with a higher concentration of ethnic minorities were associated with lower AS burden as well as lower rates of both SAVR and TAVR referrals and procedures (rate ratios 0.57-0.85). An important ethnic gradient exists in AS burden and in both referral and completion of TAVR and SAVR in Ontario. Further research is necessary to understand if this gradient is appropriate or requires mitigation.

ACCESS TO HIGHER EDUCATION IN MOZAMBIQUE: BETWEEN HISTORICAL INJUSTICES AND STRUGGLES FOR THE RIGHT TO EDUCATION

This article analyzes the mediations of ethnicity and social class in the process of democratization of access to higher education (HE) in Mozambique as part of public policies. Such a model, to include the Whole, strictly respected the income criteria, without adopting the ethnic criterion that would contemplate the populations of the central and northern regions of the country. Based on the statistical data provided by the Mozambican Ministry of Science, Technology and Higher Education, in the period between 2010 and 2020, we seek to sustain the thesis that, considering the pattern of Mozambican ethnic relations, producer of ethnic/regional asymmetries among groups with specific ethnic marks, ethnic inequalities have in political power their offensive and powerful motto, at the same time that isolated social class is insufficient in the understanding and overcoming of the ethnic problem in HE. The results point out that the discriminatory and institutional mechanisms experienced in the context of HE do not undermine the importance of the idea of its expansion, inclusion and democratization of its spaces; ethnicity, in its political and cultural biases, operates in a relational and independent way with social class in the context of production of regional and ethnic asymmetries in Mozambique in access to HE.

Chil people embracing Protestantism: The impact of the political context in the Central Highlands from the early 20th century to the present

Protestantism is a religion that emerged and developed later than Buddhism, Catholicism and Islam. It was introduced to Vietnam in the early twentieth century after the arrival of these 3 religions. Previous studies examining the process of evangelization and the growth of Protestant followers often cited several reasons for people embracing Protestantism. These reasons include: 1) State leaders seeking to leverage Protestant missionaries for national development, 2) Individuals desiring a modern and inclusive religious belief system, 3) The impact of transnational ethnic relations, offering opportunities for Protestantism to expand, and 4) Economic disadvantaged individuals turning to Protestantism for assistance. Utilizing direct field data collected by in-depth interviews and participant observation in the community from April 2019 to April 2020 and in June 2022, the research aimed to explore the conversion of the Chil people to Protestantism; Specifically, the conversion from the traditional religion (polytheism) to Protestantism is a process taking place during the time, when this ethnic community has had the opportunity to interact with society outside of their traditional bon (from the early 20th century to the present), especially during the time they were forced to live in strategic hamlets built by the government of the Republic of Vietnam. Diverged from previous findings, the study showed that the primary factor motivating the Chil community to embrace Protestantism was the influence of the political context in the Central Highlands. This context was one of the important factors influencing the Chil people's conversion to Protestantism, and as a result, nearly 100% of the Chil people have now adopted Protestantism, making it the predominant religion in their community.

Wybory do Dumy Państwowej i Rady Państwa w Królestwie Polskim i na Ziemiach Zabranych w latach 1906–1912 w świetle korespondencji konsulów austro-węgierskich w Warszawie

The Austro-Hungarian diplomatic services followed the course of the election campaigns for the State Duma in the Kingdom of Poland closely. This is entirely understandable. The Sejm was a novelty in the political life of the Habsburg Monarchy’s northern neighbour. Its functioning could have had far-reaching and difficult to predict consequences for the politics of the Romanov Empire. Reports by Austro-Hungarian diplomats accurately reflected the mood of Polish public opinion and the position of individual groups. They drew attention to the deterioration of ethnic relations in the Kingdom of Poland, both between Poles and Jews and between Poles and Russians. They accurately portrayed the dilemmas of Polish society, its powerlessness and frustration, including disappointment with the State Duma. The parliamentarisation of the political system in Russia and the departure from the self-rule did not improve the position of the Polish people in the tsarist state. The results of the elections to the State Duma confirmed the dominance of national democracy in the political life of the Kingdom of Poland. The Austro-Hungarian diplomats regarded this grouping as the true representation of public sentiment and the dominant force on the Polish political scene. They were not entirely impartial in their reports. Their correspondence shows that they were sympathetic to Polish conservative circles and clearly disliked socialist groups.

Social Life And Islamic Education On Ethnic Madurese And Malays In The Sungai Besar Besar Darat

This research was highly intention by the researcher's interest in social life and Islamic education on ethnic Madurese and Malays in the Sungai Besar, Darat Besar. Although there have been ethnic conflicts in several areas in West Kalimantan, but it contrast to the two ethnic groups namely Malay and Madurese in the area in Sungai Pinyuh Subdistrict and Sungai Besar, Darat Besar. Both ethnic relations are fairly good (harmonious). The focus of this research was to describe how Islamic Education has big influence in people social life. The method in this research was descriptive with qualitative research form and historical approach. The subjects of this research are religious leaders, local political figures, government officials, Karang Taruna community, BPD and Madurese and Malay Communities. The data in this research study was interviews and documentation. Data collection techniques conducted in this research used data reduction, data presentation and drawing the conclusion. The result of this study is the education and social condition of the community seems very good, with harmony atmosphere in society. In Sungai Bakau Besar Darat, even though they are have different ethnicities and religions, but they can live in harmony, as the way to live together peacefully. They respect each other and make their differences as a new lesson for seeking the pleasure of Allah SWT.

Symbiosis Identity: Islam, Culture (Urf) and Social Mobilization in Indonesia

&lt;p&gt;This article demonstrates that the extraction of Islamic value must be coped with social mobilization in the current situation. Voicing the importance of Islamic identity is to deal with the threat of global identity due to preserving the normative value. This article proposes that Islamic identity as the ultimate instrument to face the current challenges. Islamic Identity took a special code for anyone to insert oneself involved reality. Contrary with the assumed concept of globalism that could dismantle the traditional relation symbols amid the ethnicity is perceived as the stabilizer of social disruption in digital era. Recently, ethnicity gets the limelight due the globalism to strengthen the cohesive traditional connection to emerge showy. This article brings proven evidence to show a strong relations of ethnicity with nationality and religious values, which defend the establishment of the social order in nations such as Indonesia. Furthermore, this article found that the recent phenomena within the democracy system is to intake the dominant ethnic as the patron in politics, society, or religion. However, it is harnessed as potential threat to minorities’ identity in many fields.&lt;strong&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

Race, ethnicity, and literacy and Essential Skills in Canada

ABSTRACT I argue that local adult literacy programming involves consciousness and praxis that obscures and renders invisible the social relations of race and ethnicity, and a key mechanism that enacts these processes in Canada are the Essential Skills Framework. Race and ethnicity, as social relations, have both a muted and active presence in the experiences of learners and adult literacy workers engaged in transitions to further education and work. However, the ideology within local program activities like registration, assessment, and goal development show the treatment of race and ethnicity as separate from issues of work and economy, giving it an invisible presence that can reproduce racialised divisions of labour. The Essential Skills are an important tool in these local processes that impact racialised, ethnic, and migrant communities. Ultimately, adult learners build a praxis of self-identifying with the same racialised division of labour that organises their arrival and participation in Essential Skills-based training and vocational learning.

Everyday politics of care and exclusion: Conceptualising agency in rural south India

Confronting social exclusion is considered critical for grappling with poverty, livelihoods, inequality and participation in rural India. Studies highlight how exclusion is produced through hierarchical relations of caste, gender, class, religion, disability and ethnicity, while documenting people's agency to confront exclusions. However, the making of such agency through people's relations with ecologies and technologies is currently neglected. To address this neglect, we focus on different sociomaterial ways of relating – care and exclusion – which constitute people's agency. We argue that giving close attention to multiple ways of relating that coexist and interweave with each other, may be crucial for supporting grassroots transformations for justice and sustainability. To illustrate this ways-of-relating approach to agency, we rely on oral history narratives with three elderly people from rural Tamil Nadu, while building on insights from feminist scholars as well as science and technology studies. Central to the people's histories narrated in this article are uncertainties that yield non-linearities and loose ends. They foreground plural and flexible dimensions of each of our core concepts, from care and exclusion to intersections and relational agency. This open-ended plurality of dimensions, we conclude, may be crucial for concepts to find relevance in widely different settings.

Nationalities relations in a totalitarian state. The case of East Central Europe under Soviet occupation (1939-1941) – methodological issues and a research agenda

The aim of the article is to present the specific nature of research on the issues of national relations in a totalitarian state based on the example of the lands of Central and Eastern Europe under the Soviet occupation from 1939-1941. In order to achieve this, the literature on the subject (in English and Polish) was reviewed as well as the most important methodological problems encountered by researchers. The research program was also outlined, along with a proposal for their conceptualization in the form of signalling the main aspects of the above-mentioned issues, including the specificity of the Soviet occupation of 1939-1941, social and ethnic relations in this area, and the Soviet nationalities policy. Several research methods and postulates were proposed, as well as perspectives and theoretical approaches that could facilitate the study of this complex and controversial subject, e.g., the interdisciplinary nature of research, methods of bottom-up formation of political attitudes of the population (the so-called “bottom-up” method), application of theories of the totalitarian state, and different theories of ethnicity. As a result, an interdisciplinary program of comparative studies of ethnic relations in Central and Eastern Europe under Soviet rule (1939-1941) was outlined, taking into account the transnational character of historical processes and the need to conduct micro historic analyses and case studies that would allow capturing of the diversity of ethnic relations and verify the effectiveness of the policy of the central Soviet authorities. The article argues that it seems obvious that the specificity of the analysed problematics can be properly grasped only by consideration it in the historical and theoretical context, adopting a comparative and transnational approach, from a micro-historical as well as everyday-life perspective that highlights the most important social factors which facilitated changes in interethnic relations.

Strangers Made Intimate: Ethnic Minority - Kinh Relationships in a Sino-Vietnam Border Commune (Case Study in Muong Khuong District, Lao Cai Province, Vietnam)

This article analyses the relationships between the ethnic minorities and the Kinh through the lens of “the stranger” theories. Via the testimonies of daily inter-ethnic encounters in a border commune in Muong Khuong district, Lao Cai city, it argues that putting the strangers in the intimate positions has been the cause of several ethnic minority - Kinh conflicts in their everyday encounters. Through the utility of “the stranger" theories, the article contributes to broadening the approach to ethnic relations in Vietnam and urges for more studies on contemporary ethnic conflicts, which demand new approaches and new solutions.

A Generational Divide? Coping With Ethnic Prejudice and Inequality Among Romanian Roma Transnational Returnees

Roma people are likely Europe’s most discriminated and marginalized minority. In the past years, increasing attention has been paid to their migration to Western Europe and their limited social mobility in their countries of destination. Our article focuses on the “post‐return” experiences of Roma and the changes generated by return migration in their communities of origin, a topic largely neglected so far. We build on recent debates around post‐return positionality, asking how adult and old Roma returnees experience return. We thus contribute to the growing literature on return migration and lifecourse that distinguishes between the return migration of children and youth, that of adults, and that of older migrants. Focusing on Roma returnees, we employ an understanding of migration not just as a means of generating resources, but also as a learning process where the Roma population acquires new ideas and a sense of agency and dignity. Informed by long‐term fieldwork in ethnically mixed localities in Romania (including participant observation and 76 semi‐structured interviews), we inquire into the ethnic relations and negotiations between Roma and non‐Roma populations. Migration results in a weakening of the economic dependency of the Roma on the non‐Roma. In this new context, which is still marred by ethnic prejudice and inequality, we analysed how local interethnic relations were reshaped by the returned Roma’s new consumption practices, new modes of communication, and new claims for equality. While adult Roma tend to demand equality and decent treatment, setting in motion a process of ethnic change, older returned Roma tend to maintain more submissive practices.

Aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage in Māori and European New Zealanders – A comparative study

A retrospective analysis of 358 patients admitted to the neurosurgical unit at a tertiary referral centre in Aotearoa New Zealand between 2010 and 2017 was undertaken to describe the relationship of ethnicity to demographic, disease characteristic and outcome data in Māori and European New Zealanders experiencing aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage (aSAH). Māori had a higher incidence (RR 1.38, p = 0.01; 95 % CI 1.08–1.77) and presented at a younger age (mean age difference of 5 years). Higher rates of smoking and hypertension were observed in the Māori population studied. However, these do not fully explain any other differences observed. There was no significant difference in clinical grade at presentation. However, despite experiencing lower rates of posterior circulation aneurysms (adjusted OR 0.33, p = 0.05) and radiological findings predicting highest risk of vasospasm i.e., Modified Rankin Scale 4 (OR 0.54, p = 0.02), Māori had a higher incidence of clinical vasospasm (adjusted OR 1.40, p = 0.048, 95 % CI 1.01–1.98). While there was no observed difference in mortality, Māori may experience lower rates of excellent neurological recovery and survive with greater disability compared to European New Zealanders. Overall, this study is suggestive of inequities between Māori and European New Zealanders and highlights the need for further investigation in this area.

Determinants of Peaceful Cross-Border Co-Existence between the Maasai and the Gusii in Kenya: A Historical Perspective, 1890-2002

The re-introduction of multi-party politics in Kenya in the early 1990s contributed to inter-ethnic violence and clashes. These clashes have preoccupied Kenyan scholars for a long time and, as a result, have created the wrong perception that politics is the main historical determinant of ethnic cross-border relations between Kenyan ethnic communities. Ethnic clashes and conflicts have predated politically instigated ethnic clashes in Kenya. By relying on archival, oral, and secondary data, this study examined other historical determinants of cross-border ethnic relations between the Maasai and the Gusii.

Parameters of Ethnic Minorhood

Abstract The current crisis in China’s ethnic frontiers is animating intense discussion as to whether the present moment is a déjà vu of antecedents or an aberration of the Chinese ethno-political normative. Whereas the bulk of new scholarship focuses on the post-Mao era, few studies exist to elucidate the visuality of ethnic relations in the early PRC when state-building was still unfolding in the ethnic frontiers. This paper investigates how an ethnic hierarchy based on a majority-minority binarism was visually constructed during the formative decade of the socialist era (1949–59). Examining several films featuring Inner Mongolia and the socio-political interaction between Mongol indigenes and Han expeditionary personnel, this paper contends that constructing the visuality of Han superiority as adult guardian overlooking ethnic minors who must answer the interpellation of attaining the likeness of the Han was the centrepiece in substantiating a majority-minority binarism beyond a static ethno- demographic condition.

LANGUAGE RELATIONSHIP IN VIETNAM - SITUATION AND RAISED ISSUES

In the social life of a country, the mentioned relationship are associated with and reflect the enforcement of human rights, the right to protect language and culture of the indigenous population, and at the same time relate to the issue of ethnic identification, cultural rights including the right to use language (and writing) in all aspects of social life (in social communication, in education, in media, etc.).In Vietnam, types of relationships between languages: (i) relationship between Vietnamese and languages of ethnic minorities; (ii) relationship between the language of one ethnic group and the language of another ethnic minority; (iii) relation between languages and dialects within each ethnic group; (iv) relationship between languages across borders.The most important principle when dealing with ethnic relations in general and language relationship in particular of our country presently is: ensuring the common interests and national unity; ensure the cultural rights, language rights, diversity and distinctiveness of peoples in a multi-ethnic and multilingual country.

Gut microbiome associations with host genotype vary across ethnicities and potentially influence cardiometabolic traits

Previous studies in mainly European populations have reported that the gut microbiome composition is associated with the human genome. However, the genotype-microbiome interaction in different ethnicities is largely unknown. We performed a large fecal microbiome genome-wide association study of a single multiethnic cohort, the Healthy Life in an Urban Setting (HELIUS) cohort (N= 4,117). Mendelian randomization was performed using the multiethnic Pan-UK Biobank (N= 460,000) to dissect potential causality. We identified ethnicity-specific associations between host genomes and gut microbiota. Certain microbes were associated with genotype in multiple ethnicities. Several of the microbe-associated loci were found to be related to immune functions, interact with glutamate and the mucus layer, or be expressed in the gut or brain. Additionally, we found that gut microbes potentially influence cardiometabolic health factors such as BMI, cholesterol, and blood pressure. This provides insight into the relationship of ethnicity and gut microbiota and into the possible causal effects of gut microbes on cardiometabolic traits.