Questions Of Ethnicity Research Articles

Citizens But Not Americans: Race & Belonging Among Latino Millennials

The US Census Bureau recently announced that it will use the 2010 Census’s separate racial and ethnic category questions for the 2020 Census (Fontenot 2018),1 disregarding research indicating that a single, combined race/ethnicity question would provide more accurate population data. Though US Census racial and ethnic category decisions are not its main concern, Nilda Flores-González’s timely book Citizens But Not Americans offers crucial insight into how such a decision, if approved, would underscore Latino millennials’ sense of estrangement from their homeland by miscounting or misrepresenting them. By examining Latino millennials’ self-understandings of race and belonging, Flores-González contributes to ongoing debates concerning conceptual distinctions between race and ethnicity, the transformation of the US color line, and the ethnoracial dimensions of citizenship. To set the stage for these contributions, which emerged from a careful analysis of 97 in-depth interviews with second-, third-, and fourth-generation Latino millennials in the Chicago area, Flores-González first documents how this group experiences exclusion and discrimination in public spaces that continue to be racially segregated. While signals such as dark skin and Spanish language use subjected some youths to more intense experiences of discrimination, all youths experienced exclusion in public white spaces due to a shared Latin American ancestry that marked them as “not white.” These experiences contributed to youths’ self-understandings of their de jure inclusion but de facto exclusion from full participation in American life. The remainder of the book documents how these self-understandings were manifest in youths’ understandings of their ethnoracial identity, their “racial middle” position within the US racial hierarchy, and their strategies to recast themselves as “real” Americans.

Бурятская интеллигенция: национализм и национальный вопрос

Бурятская интеллигенция: национализм и национальный вопрос

Ethnic bias and clinical decision-making among New Zealand medical students: an observational study

BackgroundHealth professional racial/ethnic bias may impact on clinical decision-making and contribute to subsequent ethnic health inequities. However, limited research has been undertaken among medical students. This paper presents findings from the Bias and Decision-Making in Medicine (BDMM) study, which sought to examine ethnic bias (Māori (indigenous peoples) compared with New Zealand European) among medical students and associations with clinical decision-making.MethodsAll final year New Zealand (NZ) medical students in 2014 and 2015 (n = 888) were invited to participate in a cross-sectional online study. Key components included: two chronic disease vignettes (cardiovascular disease (CVD) and depression) with randomized patient ethnicity (Māori or NZ European) and questions on patient management; implicit bias measures (an ethnicity preference Implicit Association Test (IAT) and an ethnicity and compliant patient IAT); and, explicit ethnic bias questions. Associations between ethnic bias and clinical decision-making responses to vignettes were tested using linear regression.ResultsThree hundred and two students participated (34% response rate). Implicit and explicit ethnic bias favoring NZ Europeans was apparent among medical students. In the CVD vignette, no significant differences in clinical decision-making by patient ethnicity were observed. There were also no differential associations by patient ethnicity between any measures of ethnic bias (implicit or explicit) and patient management responses in the CVD vignette. In the depression vignette, some differences in the ranking of recommended treatment options were observed by patient ethnicity and explicit preference for NZ Europeans was associated with increased reporting that NZ European patients would benefit from treatment but not Māori (slope difference 0.34, 95% CI 0.08, 0.60; p = 0.011), although this was the only significant finding in these analyses.ConclusionsNZ medical students demonstrated ethnic bias, although overall this was not associated with clinical decision-making. This study both adds to the small body of literature internationally on racial/ethnic bias among medical students and provides relevant and important information for medical education on indigenous health and ethnic health inequities in New Zealand.

The Opportunity of a Thousand Years: Chinese Merchant Organizations in the Russian Civil War

The Opportunity of a Thousand YearsChinese Merchant Organizations in the Russian Civil War Yuexin Rachel Lin (bio) Historians have recently begun to engage more systematically with the regional and intercultural dimensions of the Russian Revolution and Civil War. Attention was first focused on Russia’s provinces, where revolutionary processes adapted to local economies, institutions, and structures of power. The revolution’s impact on various ethnic and religious groups—such as Ukrainians, Jews, and Muslims—has also been studied. The Russian Empire’s size, the diversity of its periphery, and its complex relationships with both European and Asian neighbors made non-Russian and cross-border interests impossible to ignore. Such perspectives are gradually making their way into the historiography of the revolution in Siberia and the Russian Far East. For a long time, scholars working on these vast areas have had the difficult task of tracing the general contours of the revolution and Civil War there. Their accounts of White militarists, the Kolchak regime’s misgovernment, and the diplomatic tug-of-war over Allied military intervention have traditionally centered on domestic or Western narratives. Until now, questions of ethnicity and nationality or of Russia’s position in the wider Northeast Asian region have been under-explored.1 Far less has been written about the revolution in the Far East as an Asian phenomenon, in which Russia was but one contender in a territory marked by powerful imperial conflict, and where porous borders led to significant minority populations in Russia itself. Two recent works, Willard Sunderland’s The Baron’s Cloak and Ivan Sablin’s Governing Post-Imperial [End Page 745] Siberia and Mongolia, have broken new ground on this issue, but many aspects of the revolution’s Asian dimension remain undiscovered.2 This gap is especially notable given the proliferation of such research on the late imperial period and in the field of émigré and East Asian studies. Several works have appeared on the transnational aspects of Russia’s colonial projects in the Far East, including David Wolff’s To the Harbin Station, Wolff’s and Stephen Kotkin’s Rediscovering Russia in Asia, and David Schimmelpenninck van der Oye’s Toward the Rising Sun.3 With rare exceptions, however, they usually conclude their narratives in 1917. Histories of Russian emigration to Manchuria, such as those of Olga Bakich and John Stephan, have also focused overwhelmingly on the Russian experience and less on Asian perceptions of émigrés.4 Finally, although the experiences of Chinese, Japanese, and Koreans in the Russian Far East have garnered attention among East Asian and Russian-language scholars, cross-pollination with mainstream Western historiography on the revolution has been limited. The formidable linguistic and cultural barriers to a sensitive study of the Russian Revolution’s trajectory in Northeast Asia only compound the problem. The prerevolutionary situation in eastern Siberia and the Russian Far East is now understood in a fair amount of detail. These territories were situated in a deeply contested frontier zone claimed by—among others—the Russian, Chinese, and Japanese empires. Tsarist policies of colonial consolidation were undertaken with the express purpose of fending off perceived Chinese territorial revisionism and Japanese ambition.5 Ironically, these same developmental policies led to a wave of Asian migration into the region. The Chinese formed [End Page 746] the majority of these migrants, making up 10–12 percent of the population in the Russian Far East in 1910 and a third of the population of Vladivostok in 1916.6 It stoked further fears of a “Yellow Peril,” in which the Chinese (and Japanese) seemed poised to out-compete the Russians demographically and economically. The Chinese, for their part, had lost the far eastern territories to Russia a mere 60 years before 1917, in a process beginning with the signing of the Treaty of Aigun in 1858. Aigun became a key episode in China’s litany of “national humiliation” (国耻, guochi), in which the once-great Qing empire came to offer multiple concessions to other imperial powers. Added to the list of territorial losses were the semicolonial China Eastern Railway zone in Manchuria, under Russian control; Russia’s persistent attempts to block China from accessing the Amur River; the imposition...

La identidad nacional del emigrante representado en el cuento ecuatoriano

An analysis of Ecuadorian national identity as displayed by emigrants depicted in stories published between 1974 and 2014 is presented in this paper. Using a theoretical basis stemming from social and human sciences and combined with documentary research literature, a complex yet fruitful literary recreation of Ecuadorian national identity is achieved, as rendered by the characters in the stories analyzed. This essay’s analytical content is broken down into three sections: the characters´ Ecuadorian national identity, depicting people who have emigrated to more developed countries of the northern hemisphere, in particular the United States and Spain; the main distinguishing features of this national identity´, taking into account an analysis of the Ecuadorian landscape, the question of ethnicity, the three-colored flag and sport; and finally, the production and enjoyment of music as another distinguishing feature of Ecuadorian national identity among emigrants while they stay away from their home country.

Harriet Clisby’s ‘Sketches of Australia’: travel writing and colonial refigurations in Boston’s Woman’s Journal

ABSTRACTDuring the late nineteenth century, the British-born Australian physician Harriet Clisby became involved in the vibrant social reform circles of Boston, Massachusetts. Her ‘Sketches of Australia’, a journalistic series of travel writings, were published in the reform-oriented Woman’s Journal in 1873. This series provides insight into the discursive construction of Australian colonial society in a transnational context. Thematically, the ‘Sketches’ explored questions of geography, culture, class, labor, ethnicity, race, and gender, often embracing popular scientific discourses about race and universalist visions of women’s rights. While such perspectives were common among Anglophone social reformers of the era, Clisby also portrayed Australia as a multiracial nation of immigrants rather than as a collection of white settler colonies. By making colonial Australia accessible for a specifically American readership, the ‘Sketches’ also established a sense of a budding international relationship between Australia and the United States prior to the twentieth century.

Racialisation, Ethnicity and Governance: Conceptual Clarifications and Critical Analysis

The questions of racism and ethnicity have featured prominently in public debates over the years. It is a day to day social problem that continues to fester with no actual solution in sight in many countries. While there are concerns about systemic racism, ethnicity and stigmatisations of minorities within some systems, government assertion that ‘the greatness of a nation’ lies in the unity and collective contribution of diverse communities to a country is becoming a mirage. Although, this article is a very ambitious and very sensitive one, the social problem in focus must be addressed and properly investigated. Consequently, the article explores the issue of racism and ethnicity in many countries; using empirical evidences and literature reviews. The authors examine the complexity and varied places of ‘racialisation’ and ‘ethnicity’ within the social structures of such countries while investigating the impacts on governance, institutions and the entire systems. We focus on various examples and many spheres of life where racial discriminations and ethnicity are being experienced in our samples. This paper will contribute to the ever-growing literature and knowledge on racism, ethnicity and governance.

A sensitive question? The effect of an ethnic background question in surveys

Nearly half of European countries choose not to collect data on their citizens' ethnicity. One of the reasons is related to ethnic background being, potentially, a sensitive issue. We explore this social sensitivity in relation to questions asking about respondents' ethnic background through a survey experiment that compares two multicultural and liberal democracies with different traditions related to the collection of data on residents' ethnic background: Sweden and Canada. The findings demonstrate that, when the ethnicity question produced a significant effect on survey evaluations, it was always positive. Similar results were found in both countries. Thus, we conclude that—in terms of survey methodology and the reaction of individuals to such questions—there does not exist a valid justification to omit questions on ethnic background from surveys or censuses in pluralist societies.

The Alash movement and the question of Kazakh ethnicity

This paper considers how the Alash movement, the Kazakh national movement led by Russian-educated Kazakh intellectuals in the Russian Empire at the beginning of the twentieth century, redefined Kazakh ethnicity into the Kazakh nation. Aimed at modernizing Kazakh society by declaring itself a nation, the movement used the myth of common descent. It is not surprising, then, that the movement took on the name of Alash, a mythical figure believed to have been the father of all three Kazakhzhuz(tribal confederations). This paper examines the discourse around Kazakhness and its distinction from its Muslim neighbors with respect to five factors; the “true” myth of common descent of Kazakhs, Kazakh history as one of common fate, a nomadic way of life, the weak links to Islam among Kazakhs, and, finally, the legitimization of the Alash leaders as the legitimate speakers for the Kazakh nation. This analysis, in turn, may provide a better understanding of the ways in which social and intellectual movements can redefine belonging, depending on historical circumstances and opportunities and constraints in the social sphere.

Entre a aceitação e a negação: a construção literária do negro como modelo em <i>O mulato</i>

Aluísio Azevedo publica em 1881 o romance O mulato e inaugura o Naturalismo no Brasil (ABREU, 2013, p. 213; RIBEIRO, 1995, p. 205). A obra do autor, no entanto, pode ser considerada duplamente fundacional, ou pelo menos em uma segunda esfera igualmente fundacional, porque ela aborda e problematiza o nascimento da nação e de uma identidade que pudesse ser chamada de brasileira. Ao tratar da questão étnica nos últimos anos do sistema escravista no Brasil, o autor critica e rechaça a conduta discriminatória dos maranhenses, ao mesmo tempo em que deixa transparecer os próprios preconceitos em relação à população afrodescendente. Trata-se, portanto, de uma obra ambígua, na qual faz-se evidente o desejo de Azevedo de integrar a população negra na nação que se formava no final do século XIX e sua dificuldade em reconhecer valor na cultura afro-brasileira. O presente artigo tem como objetivo analisar a imagem do personagem afrodescendente partindo da premissa de que a alteridade e conceitos identitários sempre surgem em um contexto histórico e discursivo. Nas entrelinhas desse romance, buscaremos, assim, resposta para a caracterização ambivalente do personagem afro-americano como modelo para o futuro da nação. ---DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22409/gragoata.2017n43a878.

DEMOCRACY VS. POPULISM: THE TRANSFORMATION OF POLITICS IN NIGERIA?

Since the return of electoral democracy to Nigeria in 1999, two of the four elected presidents have been former military dictators who have stressed anti-corruption and national security policies in populist campaigns. As military dictators in previous years, they had instigated regimes that had practiced stern military discipline; as populists they have leaned toward these two policies. Reactions to civilian corruption and threats to national security have represented the primary military rationales for military intervention in the past. A popular vote in 2015 for former military dictator General Muhammadu Buhari seems to have represented a continuing preference for populism over democracy. We will examine the new populism in Nigeria, complicated as it is by questions of ethnicity, religion and military identity, with a view to explaining the likely outcome of the first peaceful transference of power from one political party to another in Africa’s most populous country.

The Ethnic Avant-Garde: Minority Cultures and World Revolution

The Ethnic Avant-Garde: Minority Cultures and World Revolution

A descoberta de uma identidade pós-colonial em <i>Esse cabelo</i>, de Djaimilia Pereira de Almeida

Neste ensaio, pretendo analisar como o cabelo, parte do corpo escolhida por Djaimilia Pereira de Almeida como foco da sua obra Esse cabelo (2015), entra em diálogo com questões de gênero, de sexualidade, de classe, raça e etnicidade no Portugal pós-colonial.--- DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22409/abriluff.2017n18a371

Does psychiatry link culture and symptoms?

IntroductionTranscultural psychiatry is a branch of psychiatry where cultural context for psychiatric symptoms is studied. It emerged as a consequence of migration of diverse ethnic groups and questions whether international diagnosis classifications fit in different cultures.ObjectivesThe aim of this review is to make professionals aware of the importance of cultural context for the way mental disorders present themselves depending on the patient's origin.Materials and methodsWe report the detailed case of a 23-year-old Moroccan woman, attended for the first time by the mental health services when she was 8. Since that moment, she felt herself possessed by a strange being. Auditory hallucinations appeared. It was only when her father or her husband were at home that she felt the “being” was gone. Her husband, as formerly his father, represented a symbol of protection against that evil being and indeed against her mental disorder, which was directly related to her cultural beliefs.DiscussionEvery country has a different culture and every migration brings with it a new environment. The way people adapt to it may result in mental illness. We want to discuss if symptoms fit international diagnosis classifications.ConclusionPsychiatrists should become aware of the limitations of the international classifications when used on different ethnic groups. We should have a cultural approach in order to treat the diverse populations from all around the world.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Counting for what purpose? The paradox of including ethnic and cultural questions in the censuses of Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, and Macedonia

Abstract The Western Balkan countries are on the long road to European Union (EU) membership. One aspect of the accession process is the requirement for a population census, which falls under the acquis communautaire chapter covering the statistics needed. In the Western Balkans, censuses have included questions on ethnicity, language, and religion. The collection of data on ethnic and cultural characteristics raises an unresolved paradox: such questions are highly sensitive, but, in order to be able to protect minorities through, for example, antidiscrimination laws, the authorities need to know that these minorities exist. This article uses the additional coverage model mixed methods approach to illustrate the effects of including ethnic and cultural characteristics in the census questionnaires in Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, and Macedonia, where population numbers are used to determine group rights and/or proportional representation. The article argues that, although taking a census forms part of the EU conditions, it is not possible to speak of Europeanization in this area, since there is no coherent European approach on how to collect ethnic and cultural data. However, as what appears in the censuses is linked to rights, the census processes can be highly politicized, and this is being overlooked in the general process of Europeanization.

Comment: Interactive Problem-Solving Interventions as Instrument of Conflict Transformation: Prospects and Challenges

Even though wars between states were historically the major forms of conflict, civil strife based on questions of identity, ethnicity, religion and other similar grounds has become the order of the day after the end of the Second World War. The complexity of mostly overlapping, social, economic, cultural, political and religious factors in these conflicts makes them difficult to deal with. This structural and conceptual metamorphosis in the international conflict paradigm has required the international community to rethink the traditional and formal conflict management and third party intervention techniques and instruments such as negotiation and mediation. In the course of achieving these goals, conflict scholars have focused on multiple but concurrent multi-track diplomacy instruments. Track II of this multi-track diplomacy and its conflict transformation instruments are based on the concerted efforts of unofficial actors to establish unofficial communication channels and facilitate the relations between the conflicting parties. One of the most commonly used instruments of Track II diplomacy is interactive problem-solving. The primary (but not the only) instrument of interactive problem-solving is a problem-solving workshop. This interdisciplinary comment deals with pertinent issues of relevance with regard to the nature and effectiveness of this conflict transformation instrument. In doing so, it makes a practical effectiveness assessment test against one of such methods, i.e., the Kumi method. Key termsConflict, conflict transformation, multi-track diplomacy, Track II diplomacy, interactive problem-solving, problem-solving workshop, Kumi Method

Rwanda Genocide Stories: Fiction after 1994. By Nicki Hitchcott

Can the Rwandan genocide be fictionalized and, if so, how, by whom, and at what price? These are some of the questions posed by this fascinating book. The genocide was first ignored, then misrepresented by the media, and, finally, simplified by the post-1994 Rwandan government, determined as it was to maintain a monolithic version of the facts. In this context, fiction has a role to play and, although it cannot claim absolute truth, it can contribute to a more ethically responsible understanding of the Rwandan tragedy. What we know about this event depends, ultimately, on the geographical, cultural, ethnic, and linguistic factors underpinning authors’ relation to the genocide. Nicki Hitchcott reviews an impressive body of sources but she deplores that our knowledge of the genocide has been predominantly shaped by ‘outsiders’. If she recognizes the important input of the Fest’Africa authors, and that of some other French- and English-language writers, she is keen to privilege narratives by Rwandan ‘insiders’. However, she insists that the outsider–insider dichotomy be treated with caution as some Rwandan writers — for example, Scholastique Mukazonga and John Rusimbi — did not experience the 1994 genocide at first hand. By means of four subject positions generated by the genocide — witness, survivor, victim, and perpetrator — Hitchcott proceeds to reveal how the ‘multidirectional’ complexity of the genocide is played out in her corpus. These subject positions are heuristic tools to challenge the tendency to define Rwandan society along ethnic lines and question ‘preconceived notions of innocence and guilt’ (p. 46). If the book avoids taxonomic generalizations, it nevertheless identifies some recurring differences between Rwandan and international genocide fiction authors. Fest’Africa writers cannot always eschew the tropes of dark tourism even though their writing reflects by and large their drive to adhere to the testimonial pact passed with primary witnesses, be they Tutsi, Hutu, or even ‘Hutsi’ (p. 117), survivors, or perpetrators. Rwandan ‘insiders’ — for instance, Camille Karangwa, Anicet Karege, and Vénuste Kayimahe — embrace historical realism and portray the genocide in graphic terms. For those ‘who saw the horror with their own eyes’ (p. 104), this literary posture represents the most truthful and ethical way of commemorating what they experienced. They also regard it as a strategy to implicate their readers as ‘potential collaborators’ (p. 197) away from Eurocentric explanations. Outsiders such as Koulsy Lamko and Boubacar Boris Diop, on the other hand, can, in some cases, indulge in trauma aesthetic and formal experimentations, and transform their readers into vicarious victims at the expense of a more Rwanda-centred and critical approach. It is argued here that the Holocaust, as a template for all genocides, is of limited use. Trauma theory, and the underlying assumption that its findings can be applied universally, is challenged for the same reason. Although it would have been interesting to know how some specifically Rwandan concepts — that of ibitero (p. 167), for example — can account for notions of individual and collective responsibility, this book provides a most compelling examination of the link between fictional writing and the memories of a tragedy that ‘cannot be encapsulated in a single narrative’ (p. 158).

‘I am really expecting people to judge me by my skills’: ethnicity and identity of international students

There is an increasing volume of international students enrolled in the vocational education and training sector in many countries. However, questions of ethnicity and identity in VET have not been explicitly examined in relation to this group. This paper offers some valuable insights into the complex and varying ways in which ethnicity is interrelated to the issues of identity of international students who have non-citizen status in the host country. It draws on a four-year qualitative study funded by the Australian Research Council that includes 105 interviews with international students and fieldwork in VET institutes across three states of Australia: New South Wales, Queensland and Victoria. The research highlights forms of injustice including non-recognition of skills due to skin colour, disadvantage with regard to employment opportunities, being positioned as deficient in the classroom and workplace, unjust stereotypes and violation of rights. The research also reports international students’ specific strategies in exercising both individual and collective agency to seek a ‘space’ for comfort, mutual support and communal strength and to confront injustices. The paper concludes with some practical recommendations for institutions to support international students’ agency and build an inclusive environment for international students in VET.

The Wedge-Impressed Bowl and the Assyrian Deportation

Large, deep bowls with wedge-shaped impressions have been discovered in excavations and surveys in the Samaria region and elsewhere in the southern Levant over the last 100 years. The bowls have typical Iron II forms, but the wedge-shaped incision is unique. These findings enable us to establish the chronology of the bowls, their geographic distribution and the nature of the sites in which they were found. In this article we show that most of the bowls date to the 7th–6th centuries BCE. Many were found at unfortified, single-period rural sites near valleys in the northern Samarian highlands. We introduce a petrographic study, which shows that the bowls were locally produced. We also examine their function and explore the similarities between these wedge-impressions and those found in bowls in Mesopotamia. Based on these considerations, we propose a historical explanation for their appearance, which we maintain is related to questions of ethnicity in the Assyrian period.

From the Editor’s Desk

From the Editor’s Desk Steven N. Handel (bio) As I am writing this letter, the United States has just begun its celebration of Black History Month, the aim of which is to highlight the “the too-often neglected accomplishments of black Americans in every area of endeavor throughout our history.” In previous years, the history of computing community has not had much to contribute to this celebration. Until recently, our discipline has paid little attention to questions of race and ethnicity. This year, I am happy to say, things are different. The triple Oscar-nominated film Hidden Figures, based on the book of the same name by Margot Shetterly, has brought welcome and widespread attention to the stories of Katherine Johnson, Dorothy Vaughn, Mary Jackson, and the many other African American women who worked as human computers and computer programmers at the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). The contributions of these women were essential to both the Space Race and the development of the computing disciplines, and have been shamefully neglected. But as the article by Arvid Nelsen on “Race & Computing: the Problem of Sources, the Potential of Prosopography, and the Lesson of Ebony Magazine” so clearly reveals, the story of these NASA computers is only the tip of the iceberg in terms of African-American contributions to computing. In his close study of both archival and popular sources Nelsen demonstrates that, despite their almost complete invisibility in most of the history of computing literature, people of color were omnipresent in the actual history of computing. In the years between 1959 and 1996, for example, Ebony Magazine alone published 57 profiles of African Americans working in the electronics and computer industry in a broad range of occupations from computer operator to systems analyst to manager of sales for time sharing computing at General Electric. For each of these named individuals, there are certainly many, many more whose mere identities, much less their larger histories, remain to be established. To give just one example, we know almost nothing about the two African American men featured on the cover of this issue of the Annals, other than that they worked (most likely as engineers) at the Burroughs Corporation in the early 1960s. Their anonymity is a poignant reminder of both their vital presence in this history and the enormous amount of work that remains to be done. And as Nelsen’s article reveals, there are formidable barriers—practical and methodological as well as theoretical and conceptual—associated with doing this research. Nelsen, who for many years served as the archivist of the Charles Babbage Institute for the History of Computing, is a skilled researcher with intimate familiarity with the available primary sources, but even for him the work was time-consuming and painstaking. But if our discipline is to come to terms with the critical category of race—beginning with the hidden histories of people of color, but including as well the role of “whiteness” in shaping the dominant narratives in much of our histories, then we are going to need to do pursue the difficult path that Nelsen has described for us. Think of the similar challenges that historians of computing faced while contemplating the incorporation of gender as an analytical category. This too was an effort that began slowly and took decades to realize, but which has culminated in a dramatic and productive reshaping of our very conception of what are the fundamental questions in the history of computing. Consider, for example, the recently published research by Annals associate editor Marie Hicks, which demonstrates the central role of gender in the promising origins of but ultimately disappointing ending to the British computer industry in the mid-20th century.1 For Hicks, gender is central to her analysis, not a secondary curiosity. Similarly, we can expect that as we begin to incorporate race and ethnicity into our scholarship, we will discover new insights, methods, and perspectives that will radically reshape the focus of our discipline. In his article “MCM on Personal Software,” Zbigniew Stachniak argues that the origins of the personal computer industry ought to be pushed back before 1975 (the...