Ethnic Intolerance Research Articles

A Diverse Minority of Intolerance: Ethnic Relations in a Multicultural Society

This study contributes to the international literature on ethnic relations and multiculturalism by empirically examining the claim that ethnic diversity can undermine social cohesion. The specific focus is on analyzing the attitudes of Canadians toward different ethnic groups to assess the level of ethnic intolerance. Canada serves as an ideal case study for this investigation due to the long-standing federal policy of multiculturalism. The multicultural we is an ideal, composed of many us which are opposed to others, all of which are themselves composed of individuals manifesting a heterogeneity of attitudes and opinions. By studying out-group attitudes, the study seeks to assess the viability of multiculturalism in addressing the challenges posed by ethnic diversity. The study has three primary objectives: firstly, to examine if the distribution of ethnic intolerance varies across different ethnic groups in Canada; secondly, to investigate whether Canadians perceive the Canadian mosaic in a vertical (hierarchical) or horizontal (egalitarian) manner, drawing from group position theory; and finally, to explore whether ethnic groups in Canada hold their own subjective group position hierarchies distinct from the national average. To achieve these objectives, the paper conducts an original quantitative analysis of the 2014 Provincial Diversity Project Survey.

FORECASTING THE CONSUMPTION OF FUEL AND ENERGY RESOURCES FOR MILITARY UNITS IN THE ARCTIC ZONE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

The Russian Arctic is one of the promising economic zones with a rich supply of natural resources. In a world in which territorial divisions, ideological rivalries, ethnic intolerance, and even nuclear proliferation can theoretically be normalized without the use of military force, it is the wealth of energy resources that remains the last casus belli that can lead to catastrophic consequences. That is why the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation are faced with the task of protecting state sovereignty and maintaining security in the Arctic zone. To maintain the combat capability and readiness of a military facility, it is necessary to maintain stocks of fuel and energy resources at the required level. Forecasting the consumption of fuel and energy resources is the most important task. This methodology takes into account factors of various types: periodic (cyclical) and random, including those inherent in military production. All factors affect energy consumption to varying degrees.
 Cyclical factors are the most predictable and have a greater impact on the consumption of fuel and energy resources. Although random factors occupy a small share in the process of energy consumption, the amplitude of deviations can be quite significant.
 The methodology makes it possible to determine the consumption of fuel and energy resources in the context of the increasing complexity of the relationship between the economy and energy and the growing uncertainty of the future development of military units and military bases in the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation based on the applied stochastic differential equation.
 Purpose. Develop a methodology for forecasting the consumption of fuel and energy resources for military units in the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation.
 Methodology in article economic-mathematical methods, and also statistical methods.
 Results: the most informative parameters were obtained, showing some aspects of the process of forecasting the consumption of fuel and energy resources.
 Scope of the results: it is advisable to apply the results obtained in the apartment-operational subdivisions of the logistics management bodies of the military districts to obtain predicted values of the consumption of fuel and energy resources (TER)at military infrastructure facilities (military camps).
 Practical implications it is expedient to apply the received results the economic subjects which are carrying out foreign economic activity, one of which elements are export operations.

Preventing and Combating the Phenomenon of Social Intolerance Analyzed in the Light of National and International Provisions

The realization of liberal principles in contemporary societies has led and continues to lead to overwhelming social movements that have a powerful impact on human destiny. Most often, people are concerned only with strictly personal and immediate interests, so the emphasis is shifting from society/nation to the individual, leading to a relaxed policy, a disintegrated, attractive (due to high living standards), and excessively open social model. Thus, the attractive legal framework of Western Europe is becoming prone to migration processes that are currently gaining massive proportions. In this context, migration is having an eloquent impact on the rise of both ethnic intolerance and xenophobia, as well as on the development of pro–racist movements and sentiments.

Challenges of Brexit for a medical fellowship in the United Kingdom

: Brexit is expected to have a negative impact on the National Health Service (NHS) and the healthcare workforce. As a result, international medical graduates who consider migrating to the United Kingdom (UK) may encounter challenges and uncertainty. Here, we describe the process required to be followed by overseas-qualified doctors who wish to complete fellowship training in the UK, including registration with the General Medical Council (GMC) and application for a Health and Care Worker visa. We subsequently discuss negative consequences of Brexit on medical staff, such as legal barriers for international doctors, understaffing, and potentially less opportunities for research, as well as how these may deter them from working in the NHS. To mitigate the negative effects of Brexit on doctors, the UK medical system and health policy makers must take early measures. Such measures may include continued recognition of medical qualifications from the European Economic Area, preservation of the quality of NHS employment, continued UK participation in research programmes funded by the European Union, eradication of ethnic intolerance and discrimination, as well as provision of equal opportunities for career progression. Ensuring that the NHS remains an attractive destination for international medical practitioners is closely related with maintaining high standards of patient care.

Conflictology and the Law «On Mediation»

Modern realities in a rapidly changing world are condensing events with conflict potential, which will certainly affect the prospects for the further development of mankind as a whole, as well as in relation to individual states and social groups. Such phenomena as social disunity, racial and ethnic intolerance, terror, often resulting in dramatic social and interethnic conflicts, actualize the need to develop the institution of mediation. In October 2021, at a meeting of the Assembly of the People of Kazakhstan, President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev noted «It is necessary to actively use the capabilities of public legal institutions, in particular, mediation». As the next priority task, the Head of State noted «that for ethnomediation in our conditions the format of professional negotiators is the most effective».The January events of last year exposed a number of social problems, including the gap between the poor and the rich. In his speech, the Head of State emphasized that «the country has changed, and the attitude of Kazakhstan to power, the economic system and life in general has also changed. And now there is a strategic task of a deep transformation of the entire social structure. In the discourses of modern foreign and domestic experts, questions about the problems of world development through the escalation of social conflicts are more often raised. Based on this, we consider it important that real reforms should contribute to meeting the security interests of modern Kazakhstan. This requires further formation and systematization of the institution of mediation in the socio-cultural life of Kazakhstan.

Digital ethics challengers in Russian and English media texts: Migrant discourse case study

With digital technologies penetrating all spheres of life, the problem of digital ethics has become one of the most perspective and widely researched tasks of modern science and linguistics in particular. Digitalization influences the processes of media communication, which requires development of certain ethical standards in virtual environment. The given study aims at analysing and comparing digital ethics in Russian and English media texts. Within the framework of this study, digital etiquette is seen as a continuation of speech etiquette aimed at neutralizing aggression towards vulnerable members of society in the online environment. Using a combination of methods, namely sentiment analysis and analysis of lexical associations, messages about migrants in social networks, forums, blogs, instant messengers and microblogs were analyzed. The sentiment orientation of the text was determined using an automatic text analysis program and subsequent linguistic expertise. For this study we collected social media data of 8,478,629 characters (VKontakte, Odnoklassniki, YouTube, etc.). For the analysis of English-language media texts, iWeb data on the input word migrant was collected. The total volume of the analyzed English-language Internet messages is 1,185,200 characters. Migrant discourse in Russian and English social media texts is polythematic. The results show that negative and neutral tone prevail in English media texts while in Russian there are neutral, positive and negative texts. In English media texts, there are messages expressing solidarity with migrants. At the same time, the problems of ethnic intolerance and religious stereotyping still require consideration and further development of regulatory tools.

Does System Justification Promote Establishment Voting? Mainstream Politics in France, Germany, and the United Kingdom

Throughout Europe and North America, mainstream political parties have ceded electoral support to antiestablishment parties from the far left and far right. We investigate the hypothesis that individual differences in system justification—the psychological tendency to defend and justify the overarching social system—would be negatively associated with antiestablishment voting, even among citizens who would otherwise be inclined to support radicalism. In three large, nationally representative surveys conducted in France (N = 14,432), Germany (N = 1,168), and the United Kingdom (N = 2,337), we observed that system justification was positively associated with voting for establishment parties and negatively associated with antiestablishment voting. System justification was associated with reduced support for antiestablishment parties on the right and left—even among respondents who were high on ethnic intolerance, opposition to the European Union, economic distress, and support for income redistribution. Thus, all other things being equal, system‐justification tendencies reinforce political moderation, establishment voting, and therefore social stability.

The framing effects of COVID-19 on ethnic intolerance: evidence from Romania

ABSTRACT Studies of tolerance often employ an ethnic lens. Reports of increasing anti-Chinese racism during the pandemic is evidence. Yet, COVID-19 is a global pandemic. How the disease is framed matters. We employ a survey experiment in Romania – where there is a large Chinese population and an even larger Romanian migrant population – to show that when primed about COVID-19, people responded with Chinese exclusion – a result consistent with the ethnic politics literature. But surprisingly, we find no evidence of Romanians cutting their coethnics a break. These results challenge how we think about identities when studying ethnic politics and group (in)tolerance.

Vignette experiment on the acculturation of internal migrants in the Kenyan Rift Valley

The acculturation process for internal migrants in ethnically diverse societies has received little academic attention. This is even less in the context of low-income countries where internal migration is often a cause of hostility. We filled this gap by building a more comprehensive picture of the dynamics of acculturation in the Rift Valley. This is particularly, so because Rift Valley has witnessed deep-seated ethnic intolerance between internal migrants and their hosts. We used a survey-based vignette experiment to assess the perceived relative importance of nine migrant characteristics for four acculturation preferences. These include marginalisation, separation, assimilation, and integration. Using a conditional logistic regression model to analyse the vignette experiment's data, we found that levels of education and experience of ethnic discrimination were perceived as substantial contributors to acculturation processes. We concluded by relating the findings to policies aimed at enhancing the experience of acculturation in order to produce more positive outcomes.

Racial and Ethnic Discrimination in Portugal in Times of Pandemic Crisis

During the last two years, the pandemic has dominated the public attention and debate around the world, centering on socio-economic aspects and having camouflaged other social, cultural and even environmental issues. This study sought to analyze ethno-racial discrimination processes, identifying significant events in Portugal during the period of the current global crisis. We utilized document analysis of national and international reports produced in the last five years, complementing with secondary statistical data and the analysis of online news and users’ comments published in national media during the last two years. The results show that, although there has been a development in Portuguese legislation and in anti-discrimination measures, there has been an increase in racist and xenophobic phenomena in Portugal. Citizens’ perceptions, indicators and reports from official bodies show evidence of discriminatory behavior. Additionally, within this framework, we see a greater political presence of extreme right-wing movements, as well as an increase in hate speech in online news comments. Thus, although there is an awareness of the seriousness of these phenomena, there is an urgent need for actions against racial and ethnic intolerance and greater effective measures for ideological crimes.

ETHNIC INTOLERANCE IN THE CONTEXT OF THE SPREAD OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC: CHALLENGES AND CONTROL MEASURES

The article identifies the main ethno-political challenges of the COVID-19 pandemic, which had global consequences for the level of social cohesion and social stability, as well as the pace of further sustainable development at the international and national levels. The global COVID-19 pandemic has had a negative impact on human rights worldwide and has led to growing social inequality and discrimination against individual minority communities, as well as to the conflict potential of ethnic/racial relations in societies through the spread of ethnic xenophobia and intolerance.
 The article aims to analyze the main trends of interethnic intolerance during the COVID-19 pandemic in Ukrainian society and to identify public policy approaches to ensure domestic political stability and social cohesion in the field of interethnic relations. The article analyzes the manifestations of the main tendencies of the coronavirus pandemic influence on the state of ethnic groups in the Ukrainian society, the level of ethnic tolerance and the manifestations of interethnic intolerance. The article concludes that despite a growing trend of xenophobia towards ethnic groups, no significant increase in hate crimes has been registered in Ukraine. However, shortcomings of the legal framework negatively affect the ability of the authorities to effectively register and confront the manifestations of ethnic intolerance at the national level.
 The article also analyzes the influence of socio-economic instability on the manifestations of xenophobia and the perceived/real threat of discrimination based on ethnicity. The author defines the need to overcome socio-economic inequality of vulnerable minority groups, which is an important component of state policy of sustainable development in the post-COVID period. The article also considers the risks of spreading interethnic prejudices and hate speech in the domestic information space, their impact on the state of interethnic relations in Ukrainian society, social consolidation for sustainable development of Ukraine.

POLITICAL COMMUNICATION: POLITICAL RALLY MESSAGES EFFECT ON ETHNIC INTOLERANCE AND CONFLICT AMONG VOTERS IN MIGORI COUNTY, KENYA

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to establish political rally messages effect on ethnic intolerance and conflict among voters in Migori County, Kenya.
 Materials and Methods: Descriptive research design was adopted. The study targeted a population of 388, 633 respondents made of voters from Migori County. A sample of 400 respondents was used. The sample for quantitative data was obtained using stratified random sampling method and the other section of the sample; media practitoners were non-randomly sampled. The sample for qualitative data was collected through FGDs on a purposefully selected sample. The data collection was conducted through administering of questionnaires and also Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) using a structured and pilot-tested questionnaires. Data was collected using questionnaires and FGDs. Quantitative data was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences computer software package (SPSS statistics version 22). Descriptive statistics drawn include mean, and standard deviation which were presented in tables and graphs. Inferential statistics drawn include multiple regression and correlation analysis.
 Results: The findings revealed that there was a positive and significant relationship between propaganda, stereotype, hate messages and vernacular radio stations to ethnic intolerance and conflict among voters in Migori County, Kenya. Based on the findings, it was concluded that, there is a positive and significant relationship between political rally messages and vernacular radio stations used in this study, and ethnic intolerance and conflict among voters in Migori County, Kenya.
 Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: The study recommends to government agencies such as NCIC and Media Council of Kenya and the IEBC to consider taking measures against these political rally messages as one way to reduce ethnic intolerance and conflict among voters in Migori County, Kenya.

Religious Identification on Facebook Visuals and (Online) Out-group Intolerance: Experimenting the Sri Lankan Case

Following several online and offline ethno-religious tensions in 2018 and 2019, social media (Facebook in particular) has become one of the scapegoats for instigating ethnic intolerance in Sri Lanka. Conjecture suggests that increased religious commitment and frequently shared religious expressions on social media are responsible for provoking ethnic intolerance. Against that backdrop, the present study investigates to what extent Facebook graphics expressing out-group intolerance are associated with in-group religious identification by analysing a sample of graphics posted on Facebook by a Sinhala-Buddhist community from 2011 to 2018. The findings reject the religious rationale and reveal that increased in-group religious identification does not necessarily characterize ethnically intolerant visual content on Facebook. Instead, online ethnic intolerance can be better attributed to threat perceptions and conspiracy theories.

Intensifying the Assimilation of Indians in the Сontext of Implementing the Indian Act

The article examines the policy of Canadian authorities toward the indigenous population (Indian policy) within the framework of implementing the Indian Act. The analysis concerns the policies from the second half of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century and the long-lasting effects of those, which remained existential in the second half of the 20th century, the Oka crisis in particular. The literature shows it is necessary to identify the whole range of the factors that determined the implementation of assimilationist policies and to trace the influence they had on subsequent events in the historical perspective. To provide a comprehensive outlook, taking into account such processes as territorial consolidation, colonization and demographic tendencies, the research is based on inductive assumptions. The central assumption why such policies arose is the demographic factor, being the key cause of the inter-racial and inter-ethnic imbalance. This, in turn, provoked the assertive stance taken by the political elites toward the indigenous. It is due to the Anglo-Saxon chauvinism that shaped the attitudes of the Canadian elites and thus became the ideological trend of the late 19th ‒ early 20th century Canada. The Anglo-Canadian nationalists’ intention to ensure the predominance of the Britishness element in the emerging Canadian society is demonstrated to have stemmed from the transatlantic ties with the former metropole. The discriminatory measures taken under the Indian Act that were explored in the text demonstrate that the processes of the Canadian state’s evolution and the ideological tendencies were marred by innate discrimination. The connection between the political measures implemented in the past and the current situation is considered. The Indian policy laid down the foundation for the inter-ethnic tensions that can manifest themselves in modern Canada. The Oka crisis of 1990 serves as the example. The scientific discussion of the effects of the Indian policy and of that particular case that involved the indigenous population and the military was analyzed, and alternative perspectives perceiving the Canadian soldiers as peacekeepers were scrutinized. The dominant scientific position based on criticizing the assimilationist Indian policy, discriminatory measures against the First Nations and ethnic intolerance is concluded to be justified. And therefore the study is politically and historically relevant: it is important to understand that the discriminatory ethnic policy is often integral to the development of seemingly respectable political regimes, which maintains the effects, sometimes hidden, of such discrimination on modern social (dis)integration.

SOCIAL DISTANCE AS A FACTOR OF INTER-ETHNIC ATTITUDES FORMATION AMONG THE YOUTH FROM THE ALTAY REGION

Social distance is closely interlinked with inter-ethnic attitudes, and there is a need in a sociological analysis of these phenomena, especially among young people, more vulnerable to the risks of ethnic intolerance and xenophobia. In 2020 in the Altay region a sociological survey was conducted among the young people from 14 to 35 years old (n=507). The article presents its results, revealing the interrelation between inter-ethnic attitudes and social distance with different ethnic groups. It was found that a little distance forms positive context of inter-ethnic relations but can lead to erosion and confusion of ethnic identity among youth. The results obtained can be used as a basis for elaboration of strategies guiding positive ethnic identity formation and grounds for measures of youth policy in the Russian Federation.

Raise Your Voice: The Multicultural Question and the Birth of Migrant Literature in Italy

At a time when Italian society is experiencing a surge of ethnic intolerance and xenophobia, the paper addresses the question: "what role can migrant literature play in creating a multicultural society?" In so doing, the paper continues the debate opened in the 50th issue of this journal concerning the anthropological relevance of migrant literature. It shifts the analysis to Italy and looks at the period of fast demographic, legal, and cultural transformation that occurred between the 1980s and the 1990s. This is the moment when Italy turned into an international destination for global migration; a change that also required a cultural change in the country in terms of multiculturalism. Thus, the paper explores the birth of Italian migrant literature and presents the main steps in the development of this genre, which encompasses both bottom-up and top-down initiatives. The analysis suggests migrant literature is a key cultural medium through which the new migrant communities have negotiated their cultural presence in the country and created a bridge and a comprehensive cultural framework within which the different cultures of the new Italians can coexist and mix with the old ones. In this respect, the development of migrant literature can be read as a tool for integration and a fertile ground for cultural innovation. At the same time, the analysis also points out the power relations that underpin the process of cultural creation and the strategies used by migrants in order to achieve legitimacy.

State information policy of leading Muslim countries in the field of securitization of Islam: experience for Ukraine

The purpose of the article is to analyze the state policy of the leading Muslim countries in the field of securitization of Islam with the definition of the most successful approaches that can be used by the state authorities to prevent radical Islamism in Ukraine.The relevance of the article is that today more and more countries are suffering from terrorist attacks and other manifestations of religious and ethnic intolerance. Most of these actions are carried out by supporters of Islam, a significant number of whom also live in modern Ukraine. In this context, it is important to have an objective view of the situation in Muslim communities, where radical Islamists make up a small percentage and, moreover, have a large number of opponents.Based on the objectives of the study, the methods of system analysis, structural and functional and the method of analogy in public administration were used.As a result, the structural features of the securitization of Islam, as well as the conditions and principles of its application in the state information policy of the leading Muslim countries were clarified. Causal links have been established that have influenced the need to securitize Islam. The main ways to solve the problem are identified, taking into account the relationships identified during the study and the structural and functional features of the environment.Conclusions. It is shown that the significant attention of the state authorities of the leading Muslim countries to the problem of securitization of Islam is caused primarily by the activities of local radical Islamists, as well as the influence of other Islamist centers from abroad. Measures to securitize Islam in leading Muslim countries are systematic, well-coordinated, and use all available resources.In order to improve the state information policy of Ukraine in the field of securitization of Islam, the most effective practices of securitization of Islam, tested in the leading Muslim countries, have been proposed for making administrative decisions by the state authorities of Ukraine.

The formation of tolerance among various ethnic groups as a way to increase well-being

The paper focuses on the development of the ethnic intolerance preventative strategy and the development of ethnic tolerance.The objective of the paper is to study the problem of safe and emollient interaction of ethnic groups through the inoculation of tolerant and dialogoriented relation to each other and the development of the tolerance strategies. In the course of the research, the authors used the following methods: method of sociological survey, psycholinguistic experiment, observation method, and the method of the dialog-oriented competence formation. When solving this problem, the authors obtained the following results: revealed and described the hetero stereotypes about other ethnic groups, developed the strategies of positive perception of ‘others' as ‘our', studied effective ways of manifesting ethnic tolerance and ethnic integration of the peoples to each other. The results are reliable: the basic provisions of the paper were approbated and tested in the course of the free-associative experimentand phenomenological interview. The scientific results are fraught with novelty contributing to the theory of ethnic and communicative tolerance, assist in the development of new strategies and methods of inoculation of adaptive and tolerant behavior, and allow preparing the training programs on the coping behavior of ethnic groups.

Fear-triggering effects of terrorism threats: Cross-country comparison in a terrorism news scenario experiment

Terrorist attacks can instigate widespread and long-lasting fear. Mass media can enforce fear by framing the events and affecting their perceptions. We implemented a news experiment to investigate the fear-triggering effects of different types of terrorist threats. We manipulated the type of terrorist group in three scenarios: a homegrown Islamist group, a foreign Islamist group, and a domestic far-right group. The fourth group served as the control group. The data were collected in early 2017 from Finland (N = 2024), Norway (N = 2063), Spain (N = 2000), France (N = 2003), and the United States (N = 2039). The results showed that in Finland and France, fear was higher in groups primed with jihadist scenarios. Ethnic intolerance was associated with fear related to jihadist news across all of the countries. Institutional trust was positively associated with fear, whereas interpersonal trust was negatively associated when significant. Moreover, highly neurotic individuals were likely to fear more across the cultural context or threat type. The results support previous studies on two cross-culturally merging dimensions of personality and emotions; neuroticism, and negative affect.

Aggressiveness and ethnic intolerance as factors of extremist behavior

The article presents the results of a study of the relationship between aggressive behavior of an individual with the parameters of socio-ethnic intolerance and socio-psychological attitudes in the motivational-need-sphere of the individual, in the context of experiencing intense stress caused by a traumatic event. The study involved 118 people - representatives of the youth of the Chechen Republic in the age range from 18 to 25 years. The results of the study showed that aggressive forms of behavior are accompanied by an increase in the general level of social intolerance, which is one of the significant factors in the growth of tension in society, since the manifestation of disrespect and intolerance towards others in the context of interethnic and interfaith interaction is accompanied not only by the growth of conflict situations in society, but also provokes extremist ideas and forms of behavior. At the same time, certain forms of aggressive behavior tend to intensify when the individual experiences situations of a psycho-traumatic nature, associated with the development of intense stress reactions.