Ethnic Identity Research Articles

Соотношение языковой и этнической идентификации

The proposed article is devoted to the substantiation of the introduction into scientific use of the concept “linguoethnos”, defined as an association of people for whom a certain language is their native one. This concept is used as a basis for identifying possible types of correlation between linguistic and ethnic identification of a person: linguoethnos establishes the peculiarities of the implementation of ethnic self-determination in relation to the linguistic identity of a person. The definition of the linguoethnos is based on the concepts of “national language” and “native language”. In this concept, the national language is a complex of idioms associated with one ethnic group, for which one linguonym is used as a hyperonym. The article describes the situations of the formation of a superordinate linguoethnos combining several basic linguoethnoses that use different national variants of the same language, and the lack of a linguonymic definition of an idiom. Peripheral characteristics of the national language are “the presence of a literary form of existence” and “the presence of an official status.” When describing the features of the first characteristic, the situation of linking several literary standards with one national language is considered separately: geographically loose (Bukmol and Nynorsk in Norway) and geographically fixed (Mari meadow, Gornomari and northwestern Mari in Mari El). The latter case is interpreted as a situation of formation of a superordinate linguistic ethnos. When describing the second characteristic, a list of official language statuses is given (state, official language of the province, regional language). Two approaches to the definition of a native language are stated: constructivist (native language is the language of my nation) and primordial (native language is functionally the first language of an individual). The primordial approach is considered the only acceptable one for determining the linguoethnos, since it takes into account the deep connection of language with ethnic identity. Two types of relations between linguoethnos and ethnos are established: isomorphic (basic, transformed and selective) and non-isomorphic (genetic and opportunistic).

Sudden weather disasters as triggers for ethnic protest in autocracies?

Under what conditions do disastrous storms and floods provoke anti-government protests in autocracies? While grievances, as they often occur after disastrous weather events, are necessary preconditions for protests, they are by no means sufficient. This is particularly true in undemocratic states, where protesters typically fear repressive sanctions. Therefore, this essay hypothesizes that disastrous storms and floods primarily result in anti-government mobilization in autocracies when they occur in the homelands of marginalized ethnic groups. In such scenarios, the immediate hardships caused by the disaster come on top of underlying more structural grievances. Moreover, groups with shared ethnic identities are more likely to mobilize for collective action. This argument is tested using quantitative cross-national protest-event data from the Mass Mobilization in Autocracies Database (MMAD). The results of numerous regression analyses on a sample pre-processed with Coarsened Exact Matching to address potential concerns of endogeneity yield robust support for the outlined hypothesis.

Ethnic cosmopolitanism, cultural identity and conflict dynamics in the Kusaug Traditional Area of Northern Ghana

ABSTRACT This study investigates the perceptions of ethnicity and their impact on conflict dynamics and cultural identity with the aim of proposing a pathway towards the building of an ethnic cosmopolitan worldview for peaceful coexistence. The research adopted a qualitative methodological approach with interviews and focus group discussions involving 50 purposively sampled participants from the Kusaasi, Mamprusi, Mossi, Busanga, and Hausa ethnic groups resident in the Kusaug Traditional Area of northern-eastern Ghana. Participants recognize the possibility of developing a cosmopolitan worldview that respects divergent identities and values but also acknowledge the challenges and complexities involved. The study argues that the development of ethnic cosmopolitanism that integrates all the core values of the differentiated ethnic groups in Kusaug holds the potential to de-escalate conflicts and to promote peaceful coexistence. Public sensitization, education, and awareness programmes are recommended to promote tolerance, respect, and appreciation of unity in diversity.

Enculturation and ethnic identity: the second-generation Malayalee diaspora in Ontario, Canada

ABSTRACT Malayalee immigrants from Kerala, a southern state of India, constitute an ethnic diaspora community in Ontario, Canada. Though Malayalee diaspora is smaller, ccompared to other diasporas in Ontario, including various Indian ethnic diasporas, it is the fastest growing one. The second generation in the Malayalee diaspora is more prone to the host culture by means of acculturation and education. To preserve their own ethnic culture, the Malayalee diasporic communities enculturate their children in multiple ways. The present article explores the process of enculturation of the second-generation Malayalee diaspora happening through family, religion, ethnic organisations, and ethnic clusters. Family is instrumental in the enculturation process for maintaining the ethnic identity of the second-generation Malayalee diaspora by preserving ethnic food, dress, language, values, and other cultural traits. Ethnic associations, ethnic clusters, and religion also make significant efforts to encourage them to maintain ethnic Malayalee identity.

Orthodox Christians in Lithuania

Abstract In this article we will examine how ethnicity (Russians and Russian speakers of mixed ethnic identities) and religion (Orthodoxy) interact and construct ethnoreligious identity in the case of Orthodox Christians in Lithuania. To investigate these aspects, the article will draw on data from qualitative fieldwork (2019–2021) and the analysis of articles from the official journal of the archdiocese of Vilnius and Lithuania. We argue that for the Orthodox community in Lithuania, the historically established close links of Orthodoxy with Russian Orthodox tradition and Russian identity are important today. However, a significant part of the Lithuanian Orthodox community identifies with the global (Byzantium) and/or local (Grand Duchy of Lithuania) Orthodox tradition and faces the challenge of including the Lithuanian language in religious education and practices.

We are not a virus: repercussions of anti-Asian online hate during the COVID-19 pandemic on identity and coping strategies of Asian-heritage individuals

ABSTRACT Current scholarship has identified online hate speech as one of the main threats in digital spaces, leading to an ever-heightened marginalization of ethnic minorities. The COVID-19 pandemic has given racist expressions of hate a new momentum, directed particularly at Asian-heritage individuals who were scapegoated as the originators of the virus. This study explores the repercussions of this for Asian-heritage individuals living in Europe, specifically their (1) identity and (2) coping strategies. Using semi-structured interviews with N = 14 Asian-heritage individuals, the study shows how this group was hatefully othered online, with severe consequences for its members’ sense of hybrid belonging and ethnic identity. Initial defense attempts were muted, and individuals surrendered to passive coping strategies, withdrawing from mainstream discourse. The study shows how identity and coping were inextricably intertwined. Taking this case as an example for minority victimization during crises, we discuss potential empowerment perspectives for ethnic minority individuals.

Ethnic identity as a challenge to antidiscrimination law: protection, positionality and liminality

ABSTRACT Constitutions and antidiscrimination provisions tend to compartmentalise and operationalise ethnicity through religion, ethnic origin or country of origin, nationality, language and race. The growing focus on religion and race contributes to the entrenchment of ethnicity in religion and race, and this is not always fruitful. This article argues that antidiscrimination law should explicitly and robustly integrate ethnic identity as a protected (personal) characteristic in domestic law, independent of any other descriptors that may be recognised, and independent of existing group-based protections. Furthermore, this article argues that anti-discrimination infrastructure needs a provision of positionality and liminality. The concept of positionality facilitates the recognition of power dynamics present in the ascription of otherness, as well as the potential incongruences between identity ascription and actual self-identification. The concept of liminality enables the consideration of fluid and more flexible forms of self-identification across multiple public and private spaces.

Is ethnic and racial identity a potentiating or protective factor in the association between youth victimization and gang-joining? Distinguishing between exploration and affirmation

Youth gang membership is a significant public health concern linked to violent victimization. However, not all victimized youth join gangs, highlighting the need to study mitigating factors. Ethnic and racial identity (ERI) is a potential factor, but research has shown mixed results. This study used longitudinal self-report data from the Pathways to Desistance project to examine ERI’s two facets – exploration and affirmation. Findings revealed that victimization increased both ERI aspects, but they had opposite effects on gang-joining. Higher affirmation reduced gang-joining odds and higher exploration increased them. These results highlight the importance of promoting ERI affirmation in gang involvement prevention.

Post-traumatic stress disorder among long-term resettled Syrian refugees in Turkey: a comprehensive analysis of pre- and post-migratory factors.

After the war in Syria, many people were forcibly displaced, and many others migrated to foreign countries. Many Syrians have been exposed to traumatic negative lifeexperiences during this process. In this context, this study was carried out to investigate the effects of pre- and post-migration traumatic experiences and living difficulties on the development of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in Syrian refugees who have been residing in Turkey for more than five years. The sample size of this cross-sectional study consisted of 200 Syrian refugees. Research data were collected using a self-report questionnaire. Refugees' depression and anxiety levels were assessed with The Hopkins Symptom Checklist-25 (HSCL-25), and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms were assessed with the PTSD Checklist for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) (PCL-5). Logistic regression models were created to assess the effects of pre- and post-migration traumas, adverse events, and other sociodemographic variables, including age and gender, on PTSD. The study unveiled a high prevalence of PTSD (55.5%), depression (33.5%), and anxiety(4.5%) among participants. Notably, male refugees and those exposed to armed conflict exhibited a significantly higher frequency of PTSD. In contrast, depression was more prevalent among female participants. Pre-migration traumatic experiences, especially near-death situations, were identified as significant predictors of PTSD. Interestingly, while pre-migration traumatic experiences were higher, post-migration living difficulties also emerged as a concern, with factorslike "inability to return home in emergencies" and "worries about losing ethnic identity" beinghighlighted. Path analysis further revealed that pre-migration traumatic experiences indirectly contributed to PTSD by exacerbating post-migration living difficulties. Syrian refugees in Turkey, even after long-term residence, exhibit high rates of PTSD, depression, and anxiety. While pre-migration traumas play a pivotal role, post-migration challenges further compound their mental health issues. These findings underscore the need for holistic, long-term mental health interventions that address both past traumas and current living difficulties.

Designing Prefaculty Competencies for Diverse Learners Through a Modified Delphi Process

Faculty diversity in academic medicine may better prepare the next generation of equity-minded health care practitioners and leaders. Prefaculty development is an emerging concept to support trainees in achieving key knowledge, skills, and experiences to become successful faculty. To outline competencies, with corresponding milestones, to support the academic career development of learners, inclusive of racial, ethnic, sexual, and gender identities minoritized in medicine. Using a modified Delphi process, a national working group consisting of 13 members was established. The group used the published literature and listening sessions with diverse stakeholders to draft a set of competencies and milestones in July 2022. Diverse expert panelists reviewed the draft set over 2 rounds between September 2022 and January 2023. The group considered qualitative data to further refine the draft set between rounds. Consensus was reached when competencies and milestones were rated as agree or strongly agree on importance or appropriateness by 75% or greater of expert panelists after the second round. A final set of competencies and milestones was generated in February 2023. Data from round 1 were analyzed in October 2022 and data from round 2 were analyzed in January 2023. The development of prefaculty competencies with corresponding milestones by expert panel rankings and comments. The national working group consisted of 13 members who represented diversity across racial, ethnic, and gender identities and academic and career tracks. The working group developed an initial set of 36 competencies and corresponding milestones across 12 domains. After 2 rounds, consensus among 46 expert panelists generated a final list of 32 competencies with corresponding milestones across 11 domains. A total of 26 panelists (56.5%) were women, 11 (23.9%) were Black or African American, 17 (37.0%) were Latina/o/x/e, Hispanic, or of Spanish origin, and 10 (21.7%) were White. Competency domains were divided into 2 groups: foundational (academic career choice and professional identity, mentorship, networking, financial skills, diversity and inclusion, personal effectiveness and self-efficacy, and leadership) and focused (education, community engagement, research, and clinical medicine). Consensus for inclusion or elimination of items was greater than 90% between the 2 rounds. There was consensus among the working group and expert panelists regarding the importance and appropriateness of the competencies and milestones for diverse trainees to successfully obtain faculty positions. Institutions and national organizations can use these competencies as a framework to develop curricula that support diverse learners' career development toward academia.

Anthropometric Study of Nasal Indices among the Akan People in the Assin Districts of Central Region, Ghana

Introduction: Nasal index (NI) may establish racial and ethnic identity and serves as a useful tool in forensic medicine and reconstructive surgery. Previous studies on nasal indices in many races and ethnicities serve as baseline and reference points for forensic and surgical purposes in those populations. However, there is scanty or no data on NI in Ghana including the Akan ethnicity. The study was conducted to provide baseline data on NI among the Akan people in the Assin Districts of the central region of Ghana. Materials and Methods: Four hundred adults between the ages of 20 and 58 years were used. Nasal height (NH) and nasal width (NW) were measured using Vernier caliper. NI computation and statistical analyses such as z-test and Pearson correlation were performed. Results: Mean NI of 91.32 ± 8.66 and 89.39 ± 10.16 were recorded in males and females, respectively, indicating that the predominant nose type in the study population is platyrrhine. There was a strong positive correlation between NH and NW, but there was no sexual dimorphism in NI among the Akan population. Discussion and Conclusion: This study provides a baseline data on NI anthropometry of the Akan people of the Assin Districts and will be a reference point for nasal anthropometry for clinical practice, rhinoplasty, and forensic science.

National Resilience and State Defense Regarding Papuan Separatism

The question of separatism in Papua has long been a critical issue affecting Indonesia's national security. This research aims to analyze the dynamics of separatism in Papua as well as the state defense strategy implemented by the Indonesian government in an effort to strengthen national resilience. This research uses qualitative methods with a literature study and documentation approach related to government policies, existing conflicts, and community responses. Research findings show that factors such as socioeconomic marginalization, ethnic identity, and colonial history contribute significantly to separatist aspirations in Papua. In addition, excessive security approaches often worsen rather than improve the security situation. In this context, the concept of national defense is not only understood as a military defense effort, but also as an inclusive strategy that promotes just social, economic and political development. This research recommends that an effective state defense strategy must involve constructive dialogue between the government and the Papuan people, recognition of the rights of indigenous peoples, and greater investment in human and infrastructure development. It is hoped that implementing this approach can reduce tensions and support stronger social integration between Papua and Indonesia as a whole.

Neighborhood mobility and racial disparities in preterm birth: A sibling study in California

Recent work finds that upward neighborhood mobility—defined as reductions in neighborhood socioeconomic disadvantage due to moving—may improve birth outcomes. Less work, however, explores whether changes in socioeconomic context differentially impact birth outcomes by maternal race and ethnicity. In the US, mothers of minoritized racial and ethnic identity often experience worse neighborhood conditions and pregnancy outcomes than White mothers. Using a sibling-linked dataset, we examined whether neighborhood mobility corresponds with changes in preterm birth risk among Asian (N = 130,079), Black (N = 50,149), Hispanic (N = 429,938), and White (N = 233,428) mothers who delivered multiple live births in California between 2005 and 2015. We linked residential addresses at each birth to census-derived indices of neighborhood disadvantage and defined levels of neighborhood mobility as moving-induced changes in disadvantage between pregnancies. We mapped neighborhood mobility patterns and fit conditional logistic regression models estimating the odds of preterm birth in the sibling delivered after moving, controlling for the risk of preterm birth in the sibling delivered before moving, by maternal race and ethnicity. Dot density maps highlight racialized patterns of neighborhood mobility and segregation between Black and White mothers. Regression results show that Black and, in some cases, Asian and Hispanic mothers who experienced upward mobility (moves away from neighborhood disadvantage) exhibited reduced odds of preterm birth in the second delivery. Upward mobility did not reduce the odds of preterm birth among White mothers. Findings suggest that policies and programs that enable opportunities for neighborhood mobility may reduce persistent racial and ethnic disparities in adverse birth outcomes.

Vicarious resilience in ethnic identity among BIPOC counsellors and psychotherapists working with attempted genocide survivors

ABSTRACT BIPOC counsellors and psychotherapists share experiences of identity threats their clients of color face. Refugee attempted genocide survivors have faced the most severe identity threats: persecution of their entire ethnic group, yet they have demonstrated remarkable resilience. Vicarious resilience occurs when client resilience following trauma or adversity is transferred onto the counsellor. The purpose of this qualitative study was to examine vicarious resilience in ethnic identity development among BIPOC counsellors who recently worked with a resilient refugee attempted genocide survivor. Five counsellors who were racial/ethnic minority group members participated in semi-structured interviews analyzed via thematic analysis. The counsellors were emotionally activated by the intersections between their own and their clients’ identities, forcing them to face and embrace their ethnic selves, and recognize cultural strengths and values that can function as “Roots of Survival”. Changes in professional practice were also reported, involving empowering clients to further develop their own identities, and engaging in psychoeducation and advocacy related to oppression.

:Minzu as Technology: Ethnic Identity and Social Media in Post 2000s China

:<i>Minzu as Technology: Ethnic Identity and Social Media in Post 2000s China</i>

Gendered Racism in Pregnancy and Stress Among Women in the United States During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Abstract: High stress experienced during pregnancy increases risk for adverse birth outcomes such as low birthweight and preterm birth that occur disproportionately among women of color in the United States. Prior research has identified a distinct form of discrimination, gendered racism in pregnancy (GRiP), that likely elevates stress and is suspected to contribute to racial disparities in birth outcomes among American women. We investigated associations of GRiP experiences and distress with two types of stress, pregnancy related and pandemic related, among 2,995 pregnant women in the United States at the height of the COVID-19 pandemic, a time when health care restrictions, social contact limitations, and concerns about COVID-19 infection created added stress for pregnant women. Using data collected online during the second US pandemic surge (December 2020), we found that pregnant self-identified Hispanic/Latina ( n = 233), Non-Hispanic/Latina Black/African American ( n = 182), and Multiracial/Other ( n = 201) women experienced greater GRiP and greater stress of both types than Non-Hispanic/Latina White women. Structural equation modeling indicated a strong association of racial/ethnic identity with prenatal stress that was mediated by GRiP, independent of other contributors to prenatal stress. Focusing on the harmful impact of gendered racism coupled with culturally informed individual interventions and change at multiple societal levels and institutions may help reduce the poorer reproductive outcomes that are disproportionately common among communities of color in the United States. Addressing and alleviating discrimination can improve reproductive justice for all who choose to give birth throughout the world, regardless of their race, ethnicity, nationality, or other identities.

Cultivating Hadhrami Memory: The Politics of Haul in a Malay-Speaking Hadhrami Sultanate in Indonesia

This article identifies haul, an annual commemoration of the death of charismatic figures, in Indonesia as political. The politicization of haul has been accompanied by a proliferation of narratives promoting the history of Hadhrami diaspora while strengthening the relationship between local Hadhramis and the local statesmen. This qualitative research examines the use of haul in Pontianak to commemorate selected syarif aristocrats. Pontianak, founded in the mid-eighteenth century by a syarif statesman, has a long-standing Hadhrami memory. Data for this study were collected through literature review, interviews, observation, and archival research related to Kadriah Sultanate’s haul events. The findings suggest that haul reshapes memories of the Kadriah Sultanate and Hadhrami identity for pragmatic purposes in local politics. By examining this case study of a commemorative religious event in the non-Arab world, it is shown that the local Arab sultanate redefines Hadhrami ethnic identity as nationalist, locally rooted, and heroic. Public haul festivals thus become effective tools for syarif politicians to exert influence in the religious and political spheres.

:Ethnic Identity of the Kam People in Contemporary China: Government Views versus Local Perspectives

:<i>Ethnic Identity of the Kam People in Contemporary China: Government Views versus Local Perspectives</i>

The Interplay Between Ethnic and National Identity of Immigrants in Samira Ahmed’s Internment

The post-9/11 has inspired a great deal of scholarship in the discipline of ethnic and cultural studies, and young adult fiction is no exception to this. Exploring the problems of identity, this article seeks to explain the interplay between an old ethnic and the newly acquired national identity in Internment, a political fiction by Indian American writer Samira Ahmed. Combining Homi K. Bhabha’s model of national identity with Stuart Hall’s model of cultural identity, this article argues that national identity is also shaped and affected by one’s ethnic identity, but prominent nation-states like the limitations of the US to nationality are germane to its racist policies, which in turn cause identity conflicts, especially in second-generation migrants who take themselves as both US nationals and Indian Muslims. In this way, the paper discusses the thematization of oppression of an ethnic minority by national politics questioning their social and political efficacy and their rejection into the mainstream culture. The nuanced understanding of the novel about identities allows us to conclude that the failure to integrate minor ethnicities into the mainstream is also expressed in real-world political decisions and has become a pertinent issue in Young Adult fiction.

Social antagonism, identity-driven beliefs, and loss avoidance: Evidence from Guinea

We use a lab-in-the-field experiment to study identity preferences, other-regarding beliefs, and conflict behavior among the Fulani and Malinke in Guinea, Sub-Saharan Africa. In a hawk-dove game, we explore the existence of out-group hostility and ingroup cooperation compared to the baseline where pairs are uninformed of each other's region of origin. We observe that ethnic identity, especially among the Malinke, encourages loss aversion in situations where negative earnings are possible. Identitydriven beliefs, i.e. expectations of others, lead to either reciprocity among homogeneous pairs or materialism in diverse pairs. Using complementary survey data, we also find that high out-group trust and less linguistic diversity are correlated with conflict avoidance.