Transformation Of Ethnic Identities Research Articles

ТРАНСФОРМАЦИЯ ЭТНИЧЕСКОЙ ИДЕНТИЧНОСТИ: КОНЦЕПТУАЛЬНЫЙ АНАЛИЗ

Ethnic identity as a phenomenon of human nature has a mobile nature, which depends on various factors that accompany a person's life. The author analyses this aspect of ethnic identity, which is closely related to the term "transformation". It is analysed this term in order to further substantiate the significance of the process of transformation of ethnic identity into an all-Russian civic identity. The study is based on the analysis of the relationship of ethnic identity with such factors as the natural and biological maturation of the individual, the emotional and evaluative attitude of the individual to his identity, external historical and cultural events. These factors, as the analysis showed, determine two key scenarios for the transformation of ethnic identity. The first scenario is associated with the process of transformation of ethnic identity with respect to positive ethnic identity, recognized as the norm of interethnic interaction. This process is realized within one form of identity, in particular ethnic. The second scenario assumes the participation of a different form of identity, in particular the all-Russian one. Much attention is paid by the author to the correlation of these forms of identities, different points of view of individual scientists on this issue are given. The significance of such a form of identity, which combines both the values of ethnic identity and the all-Russian civic identity, is substantiated. Such a process of transformation of ethnic identity into an all-Russian civic identity involves the generation of a new supra- ethnic identity, in which the traditional ethnic identity does not disappear anywhere, but becomes the basis for the adoption of other, in particular civic all-Russian values.

Státní ideologie a národnostní otázka v sovětské Střední Asii na příkladu proměny etnické identity Dunganů

The paper shows the role of the totalitarian state in the transformation of ethnic identity. The Soviet Union’s approach to the national question was based on the ideologies of 19th century ultra-radical theorists, whose aim was to change society by eliminating a number of institutions – in addition to membership of a national group, this included the elimination of private property or the family. There were many paradoxes in putting these theories into practice because the initial theories were fraught with internal contradictions. The example of the Central Asian Dungans shows how the state created a new ethnic group, which it supported in every possible way, and in the next stage, on the contrary, it was clearly persecuted. In the implementation of state intervention, it is evident that the main declared elements of ethnic identity (in the case of the Dungans, it is mainly the Muslim religion) are very volatile and their meaning changes considerably. While earlier Soviet ideology sought to present the Dungans as a group very different from their ancestors in China, a Chinese ideology is now emerging that points to the similarities between the two groups.

The Influence of the Soviet Regime on the Religious Beliefs of Ethnic Minorities

This article explores the development of religious relations in modern post-Soviet republics with reference to mobility and the imprint of the influence of the Soviet regime. Populations with different religious beliefs in Kazakhstan are reflective of the country’s geographical position and the migrations and deportations during the Soviet regime. This article aims to identify and reveal the processes of transformation of religious thinking and beliefs of ethnic minorities in the USSR, as well as to uncover the notion of transformation of ethnic identity and self-consciousness. The leading approaches to the study of this topic are the descriptive method, the method of historiographical analysis and synthesis, as well as the problem-chronological approach. In addition, the article presents an analysis of various normative acts, examines the development of the Soviet regime’s pressure on religious institutions and organisations of national minorities.

ТРАНСФОРМАЦИЯ ЭТНИЧЕСКОЙ ИДЕНТИЧНОСТИ РОССИЙСКИХ НЕМЦЕВ (НА МАТЕРИАЛАХ КРАСНОЯРСКОГО КРАЯ)

The article considers the nature of ethnic identity transformation of Russian Germans and their descendants currently residing in Krasnoyarsk Region. Ethnic and demographic development of Russian Germans is characterized by depopulation, migration loss and irreversibility of ethnic assimilation. This actualizes the problem of finding effective mechanisms for preservation and ethnical and cultural reproduction of the German ethnic group. Analyze of the ethnic identification model of the deported Germans and their descendants allows to determine key ethnic-forming factors. It is concluded that traditional markers, such as language and religion, have lost their meaning in the process of ethnic self-identification. Their reproduction was destroyed by alien ethnic environment with the spread of nationally mixed marriages. The article notes the increased role of historical memory in the post-deportation period, which is formed through interfamilial and intergenerational communication. Images of the past are represented and transmitted, first of all, through family and other social institutions. The otherness of the Russian Germans is manifested through their opposition to Germans of Germany. The study is based on biographical interviews of deported Germans and their descendants taken by a group of Krasnoyarsk historians during a field expedition to the south of the region in 2017 in termd of the project «Ethnic groups in Siberia: conditions for cultural memory preservation» with the support of the Russian Foundation for Basic Research. The article is dated to the 80th anniversary of the Russian Germans deportation.

Проблема трансформации этнической идентичности служилых мишарей Южного Урала во второй половине XIX - начале ХХ в.

The study aims to determine causes and consequences of transformational changes in ethnic identity among the serving Mishars of the Southern Urals in the second half of the XIX - early XX century. The work is novel in that it is the first to consider changes in ethnic identity of the Southern Urals serving Mishars in connection with peculiarities of the military-service status, political-administrative and other specific historical factors on the basis of archival sources and works of ethnologists of the XIX-XXI centuries. As a result, the researcher has identified the reasons that contributed to ethnic identity transformation among the serving Mishars and provided rationale for their objective regularity.

Ethnic identity and peculiarities of coping behavior of people from interethnic marriages

The article presents the results of an empirical study of self-identification, ethnic identity and peculiarities of the transformation of ethnic identity among people from inter-ethnic marriages (Russian-Tatar families). A socio-psychological analysis of the specifics of coping behavior strategies among immigrants from families of ethnically mixed families, as well as immigrants from Russian and Tatar families is given.

Transformation of Ethnic Identity of Armenian Migrants Involved and Non-Involved in the Activities of Their National Cultural Autonomy

The paper discusses the results of a longitudinal empirical study on the types and manifestations of ethnic identity of Armenian migrants, its transformation depending on the participation/non-participation of representatives of the Armenian ethnos in the activities of the Armenian national cultural autonomy of Penza. The survey sample was formed from representatives of the Armenian ethnic group living in the Penza region: 100 during the initial diagnosis and 92 of them after the repeated diagnosis. The time period between the first and second stages of the study was 5 years. At each stage the sample included two equal subgroups: Armenian migrants who participated and did not participate in the activities of the national community. The features of ethnic identity were diagnosed by means of the Type of Ethnic Identity (TEI) technique (G.I. Soldatova and S.V. Ryzhova) and the technique for assessing the positivity and uncertainty of ethnic identity (A.N. Tatarko and N.M. Lebedeva). Student’s t -test was used for statistical data processing. The results of the study confirm the assumption that migrants who interact over a long stretch of time with their community organisation have less pronounced hyper-ethnic attitudes like ethno-egoism and ethno-isolationism. The repeated diagnosis revealed a decreasing tendency in the number of migrants in both groups with predominant positive ethnic identity and an increasing tendency in the number of migrants with ethnoindifference, which is most likely a natural reaction to their long staying in another culture and adaptation to it. The results of the study are likely to be useful in developing programs for the prevention of inter-ethnic conflicts in modern society, when it is necessary to take into account the role of national cultural autonomies in the process of migrants’ adaptation in the host society.

Development of Ethnic Consciousness of Mordovia People in the Conditions of Globalization

Introduction. The aim of this article is to conduct a theoretical analysis of the ethnic self-awareness of the Mordovians, the dynamics of interaction between the Russian and Mordovian mentalities in a multi-ethnic environment. To determine the general outline of ethnic processes in the global information space on the example of their intercultural communication competence. To identify the most significant trends in the transformation of ethnic identity and their globalization processes impact. To justify the need to address the study of the national identity of the Mordvins. Materials and Methods. The solution to research problems was provided by a set of complementary theoretical (scientific literature analysis of the problem under investigation, comparative analysis, comparison, generalization, systematization) and empirical (expert evaluation method) methods. Results. A number of preliminary observations were made, indicating the peculiarities of the problem under investigation (some experts perceive issues of ethnic identity very acutely. There are works in which attention is paid not so much to understanding the essence of the phenomenon as to its politicized interpretation). Positive (preservation of cultural identity) and negative (assimilation, depopulation, growth in the number of inter-ethnic contacts, contradictory nature of ethnic identity) trends in the development of ethnic consciousness of the Mordovian people are noted. Changes in ethnic self-awareness in the conditions of transformation of Russian society, as well as their consequences, are revealed. The issues of modern ethno-cultural vectors of development of Mordovian self-awareness are discussed. It is concluded that the development of the ethnic self-awaress of the Mordovian ethnic group in the context of globalization is quite successful, but requires serious intervention. Discussion and Conclusion. Ethnic self-awareness is associated with the development and construction of one’s own identity. Over the past two decades, under the influence of a number of factors, ethnic identity has been transformed. Despite the positive dynamics in the development of ethnic consciousness, the population of the Republic of Mordovia began to experience the renewal of culture, which is hindering the preservation of ethnic identity (gradual loss of ethnic identity, language). The catalyst for these trends is globalization, the influence of mass media, which replicate patterns of new behavior. Accordingly, it is necessary to have a competent and theoretically thought-out external and systematic activity of all structures of society that covers all spheres of life and responds to changes in society. A systematic, critically generalized analysis of socio-cultural processes, understanding and preserving elements of Mordovian culture, embedded in the process of social development is essential.

Content-Based, Procedural and Discursive Features of Ethnic Identity Transformation under Conditions of Cross-National Relations

The paper demonstrates the role of psychological security in the process of cross-national interaction. The condition of psychological security can reduce barriers, giving people an opportunity of interacting freely with the world around them. Criteria and indicators of ethnic identity formation were developed, depending on the degree of intensity of individual’s psychological security; these were classified into cognitive, affective and behavioral components and considered at two levels: in relation to oneself and to others. A series of expert interviews was conducted based on the developed system of criteria and indicators of ethnic identity transformation. During this interview series, experts were offered to identify the most significant criteria of individual’s ethnic identity transformation, in their view, depending on the degree of his/her psychological security. To identify the most relevant criteria in experts’ opinion, a variation coefficient was calculated for each of the criteria, and its weight was identified based on experts’ estimates. Contentbased, procedural and discursive features of ethnic identity transformation under condition of cross-national relations were identified, along with their dependency on psychological security.

On Issue of Character of Ethnic Identity Transformation of Tatar Writer Mirgaziyan Yunus

The article deals with the work of the Tatar writer of the sixties Mirgaziyan Yunus. For a long time, Tatar literary scholars considered him as an artist of the word-marine painter, who expanded the horizons of Tatar prose, filled it with romance, enriched it with new topics. The literary debut of the writer took place in Russian. The writer wrote on “marine topics” in Russian and Tatar. In the 1960s the writer, under the influence of circumstances, makes a sharp turn towards a heightened awareness of his ethnic identity. In his work appears a number of works devoted to the comprehension of the Tatar emigration, the problems of the Tatar national character. The article systematizes material related to the reflection of the writer on the subject of his identity. Under pressure from Soviet censorship until the 1990s. his work was politically neutral. M. Yunis preferred writing about the problem of national and ethnic identity in his native Tatar language. During the perestroika period, the writer's work became more politicized and he turned into a fiery patriot of his people, who defended the right to its statehood. M. Yunis is moving from oblivion of his own ethnic identity, distancing himself from his native culture to the realization of its identity, and he is beginning to openly uphold his “Tatar” character.

Gender Specificities of Ethnic Identity Transformation in Cross-National Interaction of the Russian

The transformation of ethnic identity in the course of migration transition has a profound impact on psychological adjustment of migrant to inhabitancy in a new region. The survey is aimed at studying into a gender aspect of ethnic identity transformation in the process of migration. The paper summarizes the results of the survey on people of the Caucasian and Central Asia descent living in Russia. The techniques used include individual in-depth interviews and subsequent group discussions. New concepts into the socio-psychological discourse are introduced: "soft patriarchy", as well as primary and secondary (basic) ethnic identity. The findings allow the authors to argue that changes in ethnic identity can be considered at two levels: formalized relations and interpersonal relations.

Overview of Relevant Regional Culture Studies (the Krasnoyarsk Krai): Challenges and Approaches

This article presents the results of the analysis of relevant regional culture studies. The purpose of this analysis was to determine which areas of cultural research in the modern world are the most promising ones in terms of studying the culture of the regions. Not only the articles of foreign authors were particular examples therein, but also culture studies conducted directly in the Krasnoyarsk Krai. The overview allows to conclude that studies in the following areas are relevant for the Krasnoyarsk Krai at the moment: ethnocultural processes, ethnic identity and its development, transformation of ethnic identity, language and culture of indigenous peoples of the North, migration processes, urban studies, contemporary art, art mediation, musical folklore, the concepts of “war” and “peace”

Koryo-Saram Female Migrants in Japan from the Post-Soviet Era: Understanding Ethnic Identity Transformation through Two Narratives

Koryo-Saram Female Migrants in Japan from the Post-Soviet Era: Understanding Ethnic Identity Transformation through Two Narratives

Historiography and transformation of ethnic identity in the Mongol Empire: the Öng’üt case

Throughout their history, Inner Asian empires used familiar imperial institutions to rapidly impose new ethnic designations and their attendant languages, such as ‘Türk’ or ‘Mongol’, on their subjects. The swiftness of this integration into new ethnic designations should not be taken to mean that this integration was painless, however. In the well-documented Mongol empire, for example, this incorporation was extremely traumatic for many Inner Asian ethnic groups, even where the subordinate local elites achieved high status in the new regime. This may be seen in the case of the Öng’üt, a Christian Turkic-speaking people of Inner Mongolia whose rulers then became key marriage partners of the Mongol aristocracy. Successive iterations of the origin story of the Öng’üt rulers show how these histories went through vast changes as they were forcibly incorporated into the new empire, and dealt with the internal conflicts sparked by that incorporation. Previously central parts of their historic past, such as Christianity and service as border guards to the previous Jin dynasty, had to be marginalized and a new historical past had to be created. Historiography thus reflected and shaped changes in ethnic identity in a traumatic dynastic transition.

The Transformation of Ethnic Identity of Korean-Chinese and Cultural Otherness in the daily Life

The Transformation of Ethnic Identity of Korean-Chinese and Cultural Otherness in the daily Life

Challenging ethnic citizenship: German and Israeli perspectives on immigration

Levy, Daniel, and Yfaat Weiss, eds. Challenging Ethnic Citizenship. German and Israeli Perspectives on Immigration. New York: Berghahn Books, 2002.282 pp. $75 hardback, $25 paperback. Germany is the last place one would expect Israel to turn for lessons regarding citizenship and identity. Their fates inextricably intertwined by way of the Holocaust, these countries were forced to shape and legitimize their nation-building and migration policies in direct response to World War II. Both embraced a type of ethnic citizenship warranting a right of return to German emigre and Jewish diaspora groups, paradoxically invoking the same jus sanguinis ideal that had precipitated mass expulsions and genocide in the first place. Both states employed an ethno-organic concept of citizenship after 1948, as an ideological weapon against other populations making claims on the same territory and as a barrier to the incorporation of easily exploited migrant laborers across three decades. Levy and Weiss have compiled fifteen fascinating essays on German and Israeli citizenship, rules, minority dynamics, incorporation regimes, and the transformation of ethnic identities. Rainer Muenz supplies a data-rich, demographic overview of migration patterns in Germany encompassing migrant laborers, WWII expellees, and ethnic resettlers. Yinon Cohen surveys migration waves to Israel encompassing North Africans, Ashkenazi, and a dramatic influx from the former Soviet Union. The temptation to draw immediate comparisons between the lousy treatment of non-German Turks and non-Jewish Arabs is almost irresistible. Dieter Gosewinkel draws a clearer line between the two, reviewing nationally unique aspects of German citizenship law across the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. he shows that bureaucratic discretion, usually secret in nature, rendered akin to an act of grace (62) under Prussian rule; the German lack of faith in the assimilatory power of naturalization persisted until 1999. Ralf Fuecks explores the contentious nature of dual citizenship in the FRG as rooted mainly in this psychological and political resistance. Yfaat Weiss contends that the self-proclaimed Jewish state has created its own Golem, allowing ever more non Jews (as defined by orthodox halachic criteria) to enter Israel to strengthen a nation-state positing Jewishness as its sole raison d'etre. Israel finds it impossible to embrace Palestinians as citizens under this definition; amendments to the Law of Return have rendered it a multi-ethnic society devoid of equal rights, or any rights at all, if the ethnicity in question is Arab. Prior to 1999, the Federal Republic used comparable blood-and-culture arguments to declare generations of Turkish residents incapable of Germanness. Gilad Margalit weaves German-Jewish parallels into the fabric of the post-war Federal Republic, offering an intriguing comparison of Roma and Sinti efforts to render themselves full members of the polity. Ironically, the Sinti succeed in securing legitimation by echoing post-war Jewish activities and insisting on their Holocaust-victim status. Levent Soysal attempts to situate Turkish youth of the second and third generations, rejecting notions of cultural in-betweenness (the analysis is too abstract for my tastes). Zeev Rosenhek's description of Israeli migration regimes and social rights accorded (or not) to migrant workers conveys the sense of deja vu all over again vis-a-vis Turkish guestworkers in the FRG. …

Koreans in Japan: Critical Voices from the Margin (review)

in Japan: Critical Voices from the Margin, SONIA RYANG, ed. London and New York: Routledge, 2000; 240 pp. Reviewed by CHUNGHEE SARAH SOH San Francisco State University in Japan is a valuable collection of critical yet sympathetic articles that explore from anthropological, sociological, literary, and/or cultural studies approaches the issues involved in the formation, reproduction, and transformation of ethnic identity among Koreans or living in Japan permanent alien residents. The book is both an elaboration and extension of the themes raised in the editor's earlier work, North in Japan. As a result of the postcolonial vision of Japanese nationhood culturally integrated under the emperor (p. 27) that guided the re-formation of nation-state in occupied Japan (1945-52), the myth of Japan an ethnically homogeneous nation has spread not only among the Japanese themselves, culminating in the popular discourse on their cultural uniqueness (nihonjinron) in the 1970s, but also virtually blinding the Western academy to the existence of a discriminated ethnic minority community in Japan. Based on her educational experience Melissa Wender gives personal testimony to the invisibility of in Western studies of Japan. She studied Japanese history at a reputable (but, in retrospect, conservative) university in the United States (p. 74) but she knew nothing about resident until her first stay in Japan in 1986 when she learned about their protest against the fingerprinting requirement of the Alien Registration Law. Wender as a different sort of foreigner (p. 101) gave her prints without a second thought (p. 74) when she registered an alien. How do we explain such different reactions to the same legal requirement? What are their implications for the issues of identity? The editor's Introduction provides a succinct overview of the colonial and postcolonial history of in Japan and their expatriate politics (polarizing the community into supporting North and Mindan supporting South Koreans), before outlining the subject matter of the volume. The contributors include Japanese scholars trained in English-speaking countries and teaching in Japan, an Australian, and Americans of Korean, Japanese, and non-Asian ethnic backgrounds (all with personal experiences of living in Japan aliens), well the editor who is herself a Japan-born, stateless Chongryun currently residing in the United States. From the volume, readers learn interesting details of major historical/political events and connotations of key terms, albeit somewhat redundantly, that have helped shape the evolving, ambiguous contours of the ethnonational identity of a diasporic people living in twentiethcentury Japan. The volume may be divided into three topically connected groups of three chapters each, plus a brief but provocative concluding chapter that questions the effectiveness of the socialscientific approach to ethnic identity. The first three chapters (by Chikako Kashiwazaki, Sonia Ryang, and Koichi Iwabuchi, respectively) highlight the historical, political, and sociocultural dimensions in the legal status of resident and their exclusion from Japanese society. Kashiwazaki analyzes the sociohistorical dynamics involving the alien status of resident in terms of the interactions between Japan's postwar reorganization of nationality regulation and the ethnonationalist politics of Korean organizations in Japan, and discusses the concept of denizen for resident aliens with partial citizenship rights (p. 14). Ryang explores the concept of home found among by examining the meaning of the past repatriation to North Korea (many of whom originated from southern Korea) and the contemporary reality of double homelessness (p. 51) for the second-generation overseas nationals of North Korea. …

Juan Gregorio Palechor: Tierra, Identidad y Recreación Étnica

The life of Colombian indigenous leader Juan Gregorio Palechoris used to explore the theme of the transformation of ethnic identity and the interplay between individual and collective identity. The emergence of indigenous organizations over the last twenty‐five years of Colombia's history demonstrates the redefinition of ethnic identities and the role territory played in the construction of contemporary ethnic identities. Just as ethnicity moves in permanent tension, susceptible to the “loss of roots,” so Juan Gregory Palechor left his community to redefine a political identity with an ethnic base. It is through the constantly changing and contradictory character of ethnicity that he expressed a renewed sense of personal politics.

People of the zongo. The transformation of ethnic identities in Ghana

People of the zongo. The transformation of ethnic identities in Ghana

People of the Zongo: The Transformation of Ethnic Identities in Ghana

Dr Schildkrout probes questions of ethnicity, religion, cultural change and the African national identity in this study of the immigrant community of Kumasi, Ghana's second largest city. She compares first- and second-generation immigrants - those born in their rural homelands, and those born in Ghana - in terms of their orientation to politics, to kinship, and to community participation. The author explores the meaning of ethnic identity for rural- and urban-born immigrants, and establishes certain generalizations about ethnicity based on these comparisons. The book discusses the issues of migration, particularly interregional migration; the position of the 'stranger'; questions of cultural change in modern Africa; the 'generational gap' in the African context; the questions of citizenship and national identity in Africa today, and the emergence of new identities, regional, national and religious. This book has importance not only as a local case study that gives a full description of West African urban life, but also as a theoretical reconsideration of ethnicity that has application outside the African context.