Ethnic Groups In Vietnam Research Articles

Introduction to the Point of View on Conservation – Promotion and Succession – Development for the Oral Music Backgrounds of Ethnomusicology Industry

The achievements of the branch of Ethnomusicology (Ethnomusicology) have become views, theories and methods used by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization - UNESCO in its progressive activities around the world. The views and theories of this science have also begun to appear, strongly developed in the music studies of ethnic groups in Vietnam since the 1980s of the twentieth century, impact, influence and are used in many state policies for the preservation and promotion of historical monuments, types of culture and art. However, in some places, there is still a need for analysis, explanation as well as introduction to use. This article aims to introduce the views, theories and methods of the ethnographic music industry on the issue of Conservation - promotion or Inheriting - development of the music of ethnic minorities in Vietnam.

“The Philosophy of Ethical Education” In Family Relationships of the Southern Khmer Ethnic Group in Vietnam

Ethics is an area of social and spiritual life, which born from the practice of social relationships between people. It encompasses all notions and beliefs held by humans on morality, conscience, duty, happiness, justice, and other related topics that associates with rules of evaluation, adjustment, and orientation and human's behavior in that society. For that reason, morality, as a type of social consciousness, always represents distinct facets of the social existence of humans. Which is the value that elevates human virtue as the aim and focal point of growth and a gauge of civilization, emphasizing its role, goodness in the core of the human soul and the advancement of human civilization so the Southern Khmer people in Vietnam always take “Ethics” as the foundation and center of organizing, building, and developing society in their educational philosophy. Starting from the above reason, in this entire article, the author only focuses on researching the moral education philosophy of the Khmer people of Southern Vietnam in family relationships to see the diversity deeply rooted in the cultural traditions of a community with a long history of settlement and birth in Vietnam. For the reasons outlined above, the author only focuses on researching the philosophy of ethical education of the Khmer people in family relationships to see the diversity and depth in a group of people who were born and have lived in Vietnam for a long time.

Revitalizing Bahnaric Language through Neural Machine Translation: Challenges, Strategies, and Promising Outcomes

The Bahnar, a minority ethnic group in Vietnam with ancient roots, hold a language of deep cultural and historical significance. The government is prioritizing the preservation and dissemination of Bahnar language through online availability and cross-generational communication. Recent AI advances, including Neural Machine Translation (NMT), have transformed translation with improved accuracy and fluency, fostering language revitalization through learning, communication, and documentation. In particular, NMT enhances accessibility for Bahnar language speakers, making information and content more available. However, translating Vietnamese to Bahnar language faces practical hurdles due to resource limitations, particularly in the case of Bahnar language as an extremely low-resource language. These challenges encompass data scarcity, vocabulary constraints, and a lack of fine-tuning data. To address these, we propose transfer learning from selected pre-trained models to optimize translation quality and computational efficiency, capitalizing on linguistic similarities between Vietnamese and Bahnar language. Concurrently, we apply tailored augmentation strategies to adapt machine translation for the Vietnamese-Bahnar language context. Our approach is validated through superior results on bilingual Vietnamese-Bahnar language datasets when compared to baseline models. By tackling translation challenges, we help revitalize Bahnar language, ensuring information flows freely and the language thrives.

The festival of singing love songs with fairies of the Bố Y ethnic group in Vietnam

The detailed study explores a festival of the Bố Y people in Vietnam, where fairies from the moon are invited to the earthly realm to sing serenades. The research identifies that despite the influence and homogenization of the Han culture on the language of this ethnic group, they still retain and express many traditional cultural values through the festival. This serves as evidence for the significant role of the festival in preserving cultural heritage and coping with the strong influence from the Han culture. Our aim is to provide a profound insight into the important role of the festival in cultural preservation and propose directions for policymakers to promote and conserve the cultural identity of ethnic minorities.

The Ruc people and the process of integration into the ethnic communities in Vietnam

The Ruc people are the last discovered community among ethnic groups in Vietnam. In 1959, during a patrol, Ca Xeng Border Guard soldiers stationed in Thuong Hoa commune, Minh Hoa district, Quang Binh province discovered a group of "forest people" living in caves in the mountainous area bordering with Laos. After a period of approaching the Ruc people, the army and local authorities could call for them to leave caves to live and settle in villages in Thuong Hoa commune. Before leaving the cave, the Ruc people lived in isolation for a long time in the deep mountains and were isolated from other ethnic groups, so they still preserved their ancient socio-economic cultural features. Since the Ruc people settled down until now, the State has implemented many policies to help stabilize their life and develop this community. Nowadays, the Ruc people are gradually integrating into the Vietnamese ethnic community. Their integration process has created the two opposites: on the one hand, it allows this ethnic group to have access to the outside world to learn and absorb good things and humanity’s new sources of knowledge to promote the development; on the other hand, it also imposes challenges in the context that this ethnic group’s "endogenous strength" is not ready to enter the integration process. The influence of modernization and the process of contact with other cultures lead the Ruc to be at risk of losing their ethnic cultural identity. The study was conducted by the methods of in-depth interviews and participatory observations during the field trips in the Ruc community in 2018 and 2019, and telephone interviews in 2022. This article presents the integration process of the Ruc community in economic, cultural, and social aspects and discusses opportunities and challenges for the Ruc community in the integration process. On that basis, the article offers solutions to develop the Ruc community in a sustainable way.

THE SYMBOL “LANH” IN HMONG ETHNIC MINORITY GROUP’S SPIRITUAL CULTURE ON DONG VAN KARST PLATEAU, HA GIANG PROVINCE, VIETNAM

The article researches the “Lanh” symbol in the spiritual culture of the Hmong ethnic minority group in Dong Van Karst Plateau, Ha Giang province, Vietnam to indicate that Lanh is not just a plant that uses fibers to weave cloth for clothing and daily life. Besides, Lanh is the symbol of Hmong ethnic minority group. It is a symbol for the personality and soul of Hmong women. Discovering the symbol will be the key to opening the door to the culture, history, beliefs, religion, and human outlook of the Hmong people. Living scatteredly on the high mountainsides in the middle of the rocky plateau, the material life is still difficult, but the Hmong people have a rich spiritual life, contributing to the cultural diversity of the ethnic groups in Vietnam.<p> </p><p><strong> Article visualizations:</strong></p><p><img src="/-counters-/edu_01/0202/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /></p>

Law on Right to Education of Ethnic Minorities in Vietnam

The article aims to clarify the law on the right to education of ethnic minorities in Vietnam. Based on document sources, especially documents of the Vietnamese government and state, the article analyses three basic issues: 1). Legal provisions on the right to study of ethnic minorities in Vietnam; 2) Achievements and limitations of human rights law enforcement in Vietnam; 3) Some suggestions on improving the effectiveness of the enforcement of the right to education of ethnic minorities in Vietnam. The research results contribute to shed light on ensuring the educational rights of digital-savvy ethnic groups in Vietnam now and in the future.

Why do aspirations matter for empowerment?: Discrepancies between the A-WEAI domains and aspirations of ethnic minority women in Vietnam

Empowerment programs for women have been key development initiatives toward achieving gender equality. Projects, models, and measurement tend to focus on resources and agency as core to empowerment. Missing from most models and research is women’s own aspirations, or what they value for their futures, that affect how women use their resources and agency to achieve wellbeing. Aspirations are central to a sense of a good life and are necessary to strengthen among poor communities, but they are often overlooked among women, particularly those who are not pursuing formal schooling and who work in informal labor. This paper examines how aspirations matter for women in poverty who are working in informal sectors (agriculture and tourism) in Vietnam. It argues that without examining women’s aspirations for themselves, their family, and community, development projects may miss achieving their outcomes because they are not valued by women. Using data from the abbreviated version of the Women’s Empowerment in Agriculture Index (A-WEAI), and qualitative interview data from women and men from minority ethnic groups in Vietnam, we show that women and men achieve similar rates of adequacy in their access to resources and decision-making as measured by the A-WEAI, and that women’s aspirations for themselves and their community emphasized other valued outcomes from projects aimed at economic empowerment.

The first data of allele frequencies for 23 autosomal STRs in the Ede ethnic group in Vietnam

Settled in Vietnam, the Ede ethnic group exhibits unique heritages that belong to the Austronesian-speaking groups. In this study, we genotyped 23 autosomal short tandem repeat (STR) markers in 397 unrelated samples from the Ede population and recorded the first data of allele frequencies and forensic parameters for the Ede. Data analysis revealed high values of the combined discrimination power (0.999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 950) and the exclusion power (0.999 999 999 999 998). Within the Ede population, D12S391 was indicated to be an informative autosomal STR marker for individual identification and paternity testing. A phylogenetic tree of the Ede and nine other Austronesian groups, spanning from Africa to Asia and Oceania, asserted a close relationship among these groups, especially among the Ede, Malaysian Malay, and Indonesian populations.

Trees Are Gods: The Sanctification of Forests in the Traditional Worldview of the Co Tu People in Vietnam

Purpose. Co Tu is one of the ethnic minorities among the 54 ethnic groups in Vietnam that still boldly preserve their cultural values. They live in the mountainous areas of the Annamite Range, Vietnam where they depend on the forest for their livelihood. The people attach great importance to trees and forests. In their traditional worldview, trees are not merely immovable objects but have hidden souls. Trees are called abhui whose souls mainly inhabit the forest. Those residing in any tree have the same characteristics as that tree. Tree souls can protect people but can also harm them. By using primary and secondary documents obtained during the years 2009–2020, focusing on 2017–2019; emic, etic, and direct field trip methods as the unstructured in-depth interview, semi-structured interview, and group discussions, we want to approach the ethnic minority’s way of thinking and learn about the relationship between the ethnic group and the plant world.Results. Trees have been personified as gods, and from that respect, the people have also sanctified forests and created customary law to protect forests, i.e., tree souls, the sacredness of forests.Conclusion. In promoting relationships with nature, protecting and preserving the environment, these indigenous practices are a very positive form that should be encouraged.

MARRIAGE FORMS IN VIETNAMESE FAIRY STORIES VIEWED FROM ETHNOGRAPHIC PERSPECTIVES

Human society has passed through three ages, from wildness to barbarism, then from barbarism to civilization. In each of those ages, there were different forms of marriage such as intermarriage, group marriage, dual marriage, and finally, monogamy. From the important meaning and richness and complexity of this issue in life, the oral writings were soon concerned and reflected it and therefore. Marriage became one of the themes that frequently appeared in most genres of Vietnamese folklore, in which it is fully and most clearly concentrated in the genre of fairy tales of many ethnic groups in Vietnam. Fairy tales have recreated not only the movement, transformation and progress in human marriage, but also the burning desire of workers for love, a free marriage, for justice, for good human qualities. By surveying a collection of Vietnamese fairy tales, including those of ethnic minorities reflecting the theme of marriage, analyzing, explaining, and comparing from an ethnographic perspective, the article pointed out the imprints and characteristics of marriage forms reflected in the fairy tale genre.

The way to write and use Chinese characters in ancient Nom culture of Tay ethnic group in Vietnam: the case study of the work “Han Vuong Luu Bang” currently kept at the Institute of Han Nom Studies

The way to write and use Chinese characters in ancient Nom culture of Tay ethnic group in Vietnam: the case study of the work “Han Vuong Luu Bang” currently kept at the Institute of Han Nom Studies

Ethnicity And Risk Sharing Network Formation: Evidence From Rural Vietnam

The ethnic divide remains a persistent challenge for Vietnam. This paper explores one mechanism that could drive ethnic inequalities by analysing risk-sharing networks in rural communes. After finding substantial differences in size and composition between ethnic minority and Kinh household networks, we explore homophily patterns in link formation as drivers of these differences. In particular, we disentangle baseline homophily stemming from the different local distributions of ethnic groups from inbreeding homophily resulting from mechanisms such as ethnic-based preferences and/or biased matching processes and its effects on network structure. We find that ethnic segregation in social networks (inbreeding homophily) leads to ethnic minorities having smaller, less diversified networks than the Kinh majority. We show that inbreeding homophily is more frequent in Kinh networks than in other groups; and seems to be driven in part by segmentation of social interactions within rural communes. This pattern means that compared to other groups, Kinh could be more efficiently insured against covariant risks as they can rely on larger and more diversified risk-sharing network in terms of member occupation and location. Under this view, inequalities among ethnic groups in Vietnam appear to be partially rooted in the cultural and social distances between them.

Epic space of Dam San: a cultural picture of the Ede ethnic group in Vietnam

This article studies the epic space of Dam San that is associated with traditional beliefs, rituals in festivals, and contexts associated with Ede’s productive labor and living activities. In that context, the image of the hero Dam San is an ideal leader with strength, talent, courage, virtue, great ambitions, and great ideals, and those ideals also represent the ideals of an ethnic group. The epic space of Dam San is just like a large theme reflecting the cultural life and anchoring, transmitting traditional cultural values of the Ede ethnic group in Vietnam.

Text in the Social Life of Ethnic Groups in Vietnam

More than half of ethnic groups in Vietnam have their own scripts. These writing systems are fairly diverse in terms of forms, origins, changes, and social functions. In Vietnam nowadays, except Quốc ngữ writing (Quoc ngu - the script of the Vietnamese), other writing systems do not have positive social functions or significant roles in the social life. Language education and language interactions in the areas of ethnic minority people do not generally include the writing. Many ethnic minority groups are at risk of losing their languages and their traditional cultures maintained and developed through their mother tongues. Writing can help manage this risk as shown in the example of the Quốc ngữ writing. What can be done to diffuse and use writing more effectively? This is an urgent issue for the writing systems in the social life of ethnic minority groups in Vietnam.

Applying Folk Games for Teaching Children in Order to Preserve the National Cultural Identity of Vietnam

The organization of playing folk games is a means to help students develop affection, morality, solidarity, awareness, love of nature, and love of the homeland. Thereby, we contribute to educating the children about cultural traditions of the community of ethnic groups in Vietnam in particular and in other areas in the world in general. These activities surely bring a new atmosphere, make the school more bustling, happier and more vibrant in the sessions of the main course and extra-curricular and thereby also direct students to the beauty of truth-beauty-beauty. Bringing folk games into schools not only brings joy to students, helps them access the beauty of the national culture, but also trains them in life skills, solidarity, and mutual support skills. Students may not play games well, but they could be happy and excited since these folk games help them develop physically and mentally. By carrying out the survey and oral interviews, these folk games have been mentioned in the paper with the aim to help young students feel much more enjoyable when being at school. Besides, by reading recent journals, folk games in Vietnamese community and school environment show the great effectiveness when teaching and as a result, we will understand that preserving and using folk games in an increasingly developed society is a thing needs to be encouraged.

Study on genetic variations of the D-loop region in three Vietnamese ethnic groups Kinh, Lolo and Lahu

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequence analysis has been widely used to investigate population genetic and evolutional history of different ethnic groups worldwide. In this study, the D-loop region of 119 Vietnamese individuals belonging to three different ethnic groups was sequenced and compared with reference mtDNA on rCRS for genetic variations. Total 218 genetic polymorphisms were found in this population, among which 48 variations appeared with frequencies of more than 0.1. Further statistical analysis showed that there were 23, 13 and 24 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) distributed differently between Kinh vs. Lolo, Kinh vs. Lahu , and Lolo vs. Lahu groups, respectively. The mean pairwise genetic distances between each pair of ethnic groups were 0.0101, 0.0098 and 0.0092 for Kinh - Lolo, Kinh - Lahu, Lolo - Lahu, respectively. This indicated that although the Lolo and Lahu ethnic groups both belong to the Tibeto-Burman language group, the genetic distance between them was no closer than the genetic distances between them and the Kinh group of the Viet-Muong (Austroasiatic) language group. This study was the first research on the D-loop region of the Lolo and Lahu populations in Vietnam. These results provided more data for exploring the genetic background and the history of those ethnic groups as well as other minority ethnic groups in Vietnam.

RAGLAI ETHNIC GROUP’S LIFESTYLE IN KHANH HOA PROVINCE, VIETNAM

Lifestyle is seen as a human product; however, it plays a huge role in helping human define their goals, create motivations, form personality and establish ethical behavior patterns in harmony with ethics, customs and trends of the times, all of which are to ensure a stable and developing community. Raglai ethnic group is one of 54 ethnic groups in Vietnam, which has been distributed mainly in several provinces, mostly in Khanh Hoa province. The goal of the article is to clarify some issues such as views on lifestyle; a profile of the Raglai ethnic group in Khanh Hoa province, and a study about the Raglai people's lifestyles. In order to accomplish our goals, we use several research methods namely analysis, synthesis; logic and history, field trip and interview.
 
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The Change of Residential Space of Ede People in Buon Ma Thuot City after 1975

Over the last half century, there have been many changes taking place in the residential space of ethnic groups in Vietnam, especially those living in the Vietnamese Central Highlands, where the Vietnamese state has implemented a variety of important socio-economic development policies. Studying the residential space of the Vietnamese Central Highlanders, many authors have described the changes in housing architecture or their way of living, paying little attention to the relationship between changes in architecture and changes in indigenous people’s lifestyles, nor do they place these changes in a broader socio-political-economic context. Applying a holistic approach, based on field research conducted by the author during 2016-2017, this article seeks to analyse the complexity of change processes of the residential space of the Ede people in Buon Ma Thuot after 1975. The paper’s key argument is that the crucial changes in residential space, on the one hand, have resulted in acculturation between Ede and Kinh ethnic groups – in which the former accepted many cultural practices of the latter; on the other hand, have motivated them to preserve their traditional culture. Received 10th March 2020; Revised 18th April 2020; Accepted 24th April 2020

Extensive Ethnolinguistic Diversity in Vietnam Reflects Multiple Sources of Genetic Diversity.

Vietnam features extensive ethnolinguistic diversity and occupies a key position in Mainland Southeast Asia. Yet, the genetic diversity of Vietnam remains relatively unexplored, especially with genome-wide data, because previous studies have focused mainly on the majority Kinh group. Here, we analyze newly generated genome-wide single-nucleotide polymorphism data for the Kinh and 21 additional ethnic groups in Vietnam, encompassing all five major language families in Mainland Southeast Asia. In addition to analyzing the allele and haplotype sharing within the Vietnamese groups, we incorporate published data from both nearby modern populations and ancient samples for comparison. In contrast to previous studies that suggested a largely indigenous origin for Vietnamese genetic diversity, we find that Vietnamese ethnolinguistic groups harbor multiple sources of genetic diversity that likely reflect different sources for the ancestry associated with each language family. However, linguistic diversity does not completely match genetic diversity: There have been extensive interactions between the Hmong-Mien and Tai-Kadai groups; different Austro-Asiatic groups show different affinities with other ethnolinguistic groups; and we identified a likely case of cultural diffusion in which some Austro-Asiatic groups shifted to Austronesian languages during the past 2,500 years. Overall, our results highlight the importance of genome-wide data from dense sampling of ethnolinguistic groups in providing new insights into the genetic diversity and history of an ethnolinguistically diverse region, such as Vietnam.