Ethnic Groups In Vietnam Research Articles

THE ROLE OF THAI PEOPLE IN VIETNAM – LAO TRADITIONAL FRIENDSHIP

Vietnam - Laos has more than 2,000 km of common national borders. The coherent relationship between the two nations and the inhabitants of the two countries has been formed and fostered in history and especially developed over the past 7 decades. The Thai ethnic group in Vietnam has over one million people, residing permanently, concentrated in the Northwest region, the region consists of 8 provinces, of which 4 provinces have the Vietnam-Laos border crossing. This paper focuses on clarifying the practical basis for the Thai people to play a role in the traditional Vietnam-Laos friendship and propose some solutions to promote the role of Thai in maintaining, developing the traditional friendship between Vietnam and Laos, now and in the future.

CURRENT CHANGE OF ETHNIC RELATIONS IN THE CENTRAL REGION AND HIGHLANDS OF VIETNAM

Vietnam is a multi-ethnic country (currently 54 ethnic groups). As a matter from the very early beginning of the nation-building, the ethnic groups in Vietnam have had many multi-dimensional relationships among others. The survival of our shared / private relationships, which have been experied over the years, is changing today under the influence of new factors. The Central Region and Highlands of Vietnam, throughout the national history, has been recognized and considered as one of the cultural regions, one of the most important areas of the country in all aspects of economy, culture, politics, security, national defense and ecological environment, etc. This land is now the homeland and habitation of many ethnic groups among the ethnic groups in Vietnam. Therefore, this is also the place where many special ethnic relations have been taking place between the local / long-standing / indigenous inhabitants and the migrants, migrants / immigrants in lastime and now. The article presents ethnic relations, the changes of ethnic relations in the central region and highland Vietnam currently with the philosophy of unity in diversity and diversity in unity.

Study of CYP3A5 genetic polymorphism in Vietnamese Kinh ethnic group

Cytochrome P450 3A5 (CYP) belongs to the CYP3A cluster, which encode for several enzymes involved in metabolism of various drugs, endogenous substrates as well as exogenous compounds. Among the four genes of CY3A cluster, CYP3A5 plays an important role in pharmacogenetics since this enzyme metabolizes over 30% of the clinically prescribed drugs. The inter-individual variability in clearance of CYP3A substrates mainly depends on the genetic factors. In the present study, after collecting peripheral bloods samples from 100 unrelated healthy Kinh ethnic group in Vietnam, Sanger sequencing was used in order to determine the CYP3A5 variants responsible for enzyme activity alteration (*3, *6, *8 and *9). It was shown that CYP3A5*3 is the most prevalent variant with 67.5%, in which a haft of individuals carrying *3 were homozygous for this allele. In contrast, the variants *6, *8 and *9 were not found the study subjects. The data observed in current study would support dosing of drugs that metabolized by CYP3A5 and thereby increase treatment outcome.

Ethnic Variations in Nutritional Status among Preschool Children in Northern Vietnam: A Cross-Sectional Study.

(1) Background: Vietnam is a multiethnic country undergoing rapid economic development, the improvement in nutritional status in preschool children is not equally shared by all ethnic groups; (2) Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed from September–December 2018 on 16,177 children aged 24–60 months representing Kinh (n = 14421), Muong (n = 1307) and Tay (n = 449) ethnic groups. Prevalence of malnutrition, overweight, obesity and anthropometric indices were compared across ethnic groups, using WHO 2006 child growth standards; (3) Results: The prevalence of malnutrition among children of Kinh, Muong and Tay origins was 14.7%, 34.3% and 43.2%, respectively. The corresponding data for overweight was 5.5%, 2.7%, 2.2% and for obesity 2.8%, 0.8% and 0.4%, respectively. The prevalence of stunting remained the highest in three subtypes of malnutrition in all ethnic groups. Kinh children were heavier and taller than the other groups, while Muong children were taller than Tay children (p-value < 0.001); and (4) Conclusions: Malnutrition remains a major public health issue among children of minor ethnicities while overweight and obesity is an emerging challenge for the Kinh ethnic group. The results imply that a community-based intervention should be specific to ethnicity to reduce the gap in nutritional status between ethnic groups in Vietnam.

Cuisine of Nung Chao Ethnic at Hoang Viet Commune, Van Lang District, Lang Son Province

Nung Chao is a Nung ethnic group in Vietnam originating from Long Chau, Guangxi, China, they has migrated to Lang Son province (Vietnam) and has lived here for a long time. In the course of history, cultural exchange with local people in Lang Son province, at same time, inheriting the culture of the Guangxi region (China), the Nung Chao people have drawn up the cultural characteristics of extremely identity richness, especially cuisine culture. The cuisine of the Nung Chao is extremely diverse with a mixture of Kinh, Tay and Chinese cuisine and cultural institutions related to cuisine to be a valuable heritage not only of Lang Son province but also of the Vietnamese ethnic community.

CYP2C19 genetic polymorphism in the Vietnamese population

Background: Genetic polymorphism of CYP2C19 has been shown to affect enzyme activity and thereby contribute to inter-individual variability in drug metabolism and response. The complete genetic variation of CYP2C19 in Vietnam still remains obscure even though data of common alleles in Vietnamese Kinh have been reported.Aim: To establish the extent of CYP2C19 polymorphism in Vietnamese.Subjects and methods: The promoter and all nine exons of CYP2C19 in 100 healthy unrelated Vietnamese Kinh subjects were sequenced. Additionally, the CYP2C19 variants, *2, *3 and *17 were analysed by RFLP-PCR in 275 subjects of four minor ethnic groups in Vietnam (Tay, Muong, H’Mong and Nung).Results: In 100 Kinh subjects, the percentages of CYP2C19*1, CYP2C19*2, CYP2C19*3 and CYP2C19*17 alleles were 76%, 20.5%, 2.5% and 1%, respectively. Three novel variants in introns 2, 5 and 8 had no impact on mRNA splicing according to the Human Splicing Finder. The prevalence of CYP2C19*17 in Vietnamese Kinh was significantly lower compared with figures found in Western Asia and Europe, while CYP2C19*2 frequency was statistically higher than that in Western Asia and several countries in Europe. The frequency of CYP2C19*2 in Kinh was significantly lower than in the other four ethnic minorities.Conclusion: These results provide information on CYP2C19 polymorphism in the Vietnamese population, which could be useful for optimising drug therapies and precision medicine studies.

The dental arch dimensions in Vietnamese children at 7 years of age, and their variation by gender and ethnicity

PurposeDental arch dimensions are important not only in dentistry (e.g. orthodontists and prosthodontists, and forensic odontology), but also other medical fields, biology, biometrics, painting or sculpture. This study aimed to determine these dimensions in Vietnamese children and compare these measurements across four ethnic groups and genders. MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted on 3204 Vietnamese children at 7 years of age from four major ethnic groups in Vietnam (Kinh, Tay, Thai and Muong). ResultsThe means variables in study subjects were 33.72 ± 2.16 mm for upper inter-canine width (UCW); 52.74 ± 2.55 mm for upper inter-molar width (UMW); 8.69 ± 1.79 mm for upper anterior length (UAL); 29.59 ± 1.97 mm for upper posterior length (UPL); 26.94 ± 2.49 mm for lower inter-canine width (LCW); 45.89 ± 2.59 mm for lower inter-molar width (LMW); 5.04 ± 1.53 mm for lower anterior length (LAL); and 26.22 ± 2.07 mm for lower posterior length (LPL). The UCM, UMW, and LMW of Muong were significantly wider in males, but narrower in females compared with other ethnic groups. The Kinh, Tay and Thai groups had no significant differences between genders in all dimensions, but these sizes were significantly larger in males than females of Muong group. ConclusionsThis study presents the means of dental arch dimensions in 7 year-old Vietnamese children, and there is no statistical differences in these dimensions between genders of almost studied groups, except Muong group. Ethnic differences are observed only in UCW, UMW and LMW of Muong vs other groups. Furthermore, Vietnamese children have dental arch width similar to the African and Caucasian.

Evaluation of dental arch dimensions in 12 year-old Vietnamese children - A cross-sectional study of 4565 subjects

This study aimed to define the width and length of the dental arch in 12-year-old Vietnamese children, and to elucidate differences between genders and among ethnic groups. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 4565 12 years-old children from the 4 major ethnic groups in Vietnam (Kinh, Muong, Thai, and Tay), with a healthy and full set of 28 permanent teeth that had never had any orthodontic treatment and with no reconstructive materials at the measured points. The mean variables in all subjects were 36.39 mm for upper inter-canine width; 46.88 mm for upper inter-first molar width; 59.43 mm for upper inter-second molar width; 10.41 mm for upper anterior length; 32.15 mm for upper posterior length 1; 45.52 mm for upper posterior length 2; 28.31 mm for lower inter-canine width; 41.63 mm for lower inter-first molar width; 54.57 mm for lower inter-second molar width (LM2W); 7.06 mm for lower anterior length (LAL); 26.87 mm for lower posterior length 1 (LP1L); and 41.29 mm for lower posterior length 2. Significant differences in these parameters between genders were found in all ethnic groups, except for LAL in the Kinh and Thai groups, and LP1L in the Tay group. Significant ethnic differences were also found in almost all parameters except LM2W in both males and females. Taken together, the representative sizes of dental arches of 12-year-old Vietnamese children have been defined. Our data indicate that there are some variations in dental arch dimensions among ethnic groups and between genders.

The effect of various income sources on income inequality: a comparison across ethnic groups in Vietnam

This study explores the dynamics of income and income inequality in Vietnam from 2004 to 2014. Two main population subgroups are investigated: the ethnic majority, known as the Kinh people, and the minority group, which includes 53 minor ethnicities in Vietnam. The findings show that the income gap among ethnic groups has increased over the last decade. The Gini index decomposition indicates that wages and nonfarm business income are the two main determinants of income inequality. Cultivation and agricultural side-line incomes were relatively evenly distributed, despite their recent smaller equalizing effect. Both sub-population groups have experienced a declining contribution from the agricultural sector to overall household income. Changes in income inequality in Vietnam by income source reflect the change in the structure of the economy from reliance on agriculture to non-agricultural economic activities.

Polymorphic analysis of CYP2C9 gene in Vietnamese population.

Genetic variations in CYP2C9 are associated to inter-individual variability of drugs metabolism and response. The only report has been done previously mainly focusing on the common variant alleles of CYP2C9 in Vietnamese Kinh subjects. However, little is known about the complete spectrum of this gene polymorphism in different ethnic groups of Vietnam. We sequenced the promoter region and all exons of CYP2C9 in 100 healthy unrelated Vietnamese Kinh subjects. Additionally, common CYP2C9 variants, *2 and *3, were also analyzed by RFLP-PCR in extra 194 Kinh subjects and 279 of other four ethnic groups in Vietnam. The results of these common variants observed from five ethnic groups were compared with other populations in the world. Seven previously reported alleles and two genotypes were determined in Kinh subjects. The percentage of CYP2C9*1 and CYP2C9*3 alleles are 96.5 and 3.5%, respectively. We found one novel non-synonymous variant in exon 7 leading to amino acid change at 363 position from proline to histidine. Functional analysis by SIFT and Polyphen-2 indicated that this mutation is intolerant and probably damaging. Prevalence of CYP2C9*2 observed in Vietnamese population was significantly lower compared with that of other populations in the South and West of Asia as well as in Europe. This study provides information of genetic distribution pattern of CYP2C9 in Vietnamese, which would be useful for optimizing drug therapies in Vietnam.

The Ngai People as a Trans-border Ethnic Group: Reconsidering the Han Ethnic Groups in Vietnam

The Ngai People as a Trans-border Ethnic Group: Reconsidering the Han Ethnic Groups in Vietnam

Homegardens of the Cao Lan, a Tai-Speaking Ethnic Minority in Vietnam's Northern Mountains

(ProQuest: ... denotes non-US-ASCII text omitted.)(ProQuest: ... denotes formulae omitted.)IntroductionAfter Terra's pioneering descriptions of the different types of homegardens associated with different ethnic groups in the Indo-Malayan region (Terra 1952-53; 1954; 1958), few additional studies were published about Southeast Asian homegardens until the 1980s when homegardens emerged as a major focus of agroforestry research. Much of this research was concerned with describing the architecture, species composition, and functions of homegardens of different ethnic groups in the tropics. Since that time, a considerable number of studies have been published describing the structure, species diversity, and functions of homegardens of ethnic groups in different Southeast Asian countries, including Burma (Terra 1954), Indonesia (Soemarwoto and Soemarwoto 1984; Wiersum 2006), Laos (Kou et al. 1990; The SUAN Secretariat 1990; Dyg and Saleumsy 2004; Nawata et al. 2009), Thailand (Moreno-Black et al. 1996; Jiragorn and Nantana 1999; Nawata et al. 2009; Thanakorn et al. 2010; Kamonnate et al. 2012), and the Philippines (Snelder 2008). There has also been considerable research on homegardens in Vietnam (Le Trong Cuc et al. 1990; Karyono et al. 1993; Hodel et al. 1999; Dao Trong Hung et al. 2001; Luu Ngoc Trinh et al. 2003; Vlkova et al. 2011) but it has mostly been focused on the Kinh (ethnic Vietnamese), the majority ethnic group. Only a very few studies have been done on the homegardens of ethnic minorities. In the case of the Cao Lan, a Tai speaking minority group living in the Northern Mountain region, there are only 2 brief reports (Gillogly and Nghiem Phuong Tuyen 1992; Le Trong Cuc and Rambo 2001) which describe the species composition of their homegardens but not their ecological structure or the functions of the different species.It was in order to obtain information about the structure and species composition and functions of Cao Lan homegardens, that we carried out a short field study in a Cao Lan community in Tuyen Quang province in Northern Vietnam. This case study was done as part of a larger comparative study of the ecological structures of homegardens of different ethnic groups in Northeast Thailand and Vietnam which was designed to assess the relative importance of culture and environment as determinants of agroecosystem structure (Pijika 2014). The aims of this paper are to describe the modal ecological structure of the Cao Lan homegardens, identify all of the plant species grown in these gardens and categorize their functions, and compare the modal structure of the Cao Lan gardens with those of their Kinh neighbors and ethnically related Tai minority groups in Northeast Thailand.BackgroundThe Cao Lan Ethnic GroupThe Cao Lan speak a language belonging to the Tai family of languages. They are one of 54 officially recognized ethnic groups in Vietnam. They are known officially as San Chay (also often called Cao Lan-San Chi). They first immigrated to Vietnam from China beginning in the 1600s. The Cao Lan numbered about 169,000 people in 2009. They are mainly settled in Tuyen Quang, Bac Can, and Thai Nguyen provinces. Settlements of this ethnic group are also scattered in Yen Bai, Vinh Phuc, Phu Tho, Bac Giang, and Quang Ninh provinces (Dang Nghiem Van et al. 2000; Sumitre et al. 2003; Ethnologue: Languages of the World 2013). According to the 1999 census, a few thousand San Chay live in the Central Highlands, mostly in Dac Lac with smaller numbers in Binh Phuoc, Dong Nai, Gia Lai, and Kon Tum provinces (General Statistical Office 2001). It is likely that these people migrated south to the New Economic Zones in the 1980s.According to Gregerson and Edmondson (1998), the Cao Lan-San Chay ethnic group is actually a composite of two groups with two different languages and two nonoverlapping cultures. The Cao Lan language has been classified as a Central Tai language of the Kam-Tai sub-branch of the Tai-Kadai language family, while the San Chay language is Han Chinese. …

Southeast Asianwaxymaize (Zea mays L.), a resource for amylopectin starch quality types?

AbstractAmylose-free (waxy) maize has been a vegetable (cooked ears) and staple food in Southeast Asia for centuries, resulting in hundreds of landraces (LRs) across the region. The recessivewaxyallele induces soft grains with preferred cooking and flavour properties. We hypothesized that eating preferences resulted in the additional selection for different starch properties, reflected in altered starch granule morphology or amylopectin structure. A total of 41 LRs were available as starting material that had been used by different ethnic groups in Vietnam and Thailand. Unluckily, some LR were not purewaxy, but we successfully regained the original purewaxystatus for most. Twenty LR were chosen for analysis of starch traits according to their purity. Four differentwaxymutations were identified, including two unknown alleles. This is a strong proof for parallel independent selection ofwaxymaize in the region. Starch granule morphology and size were similar among all LRs. Gelatinization properties differed only betweenwaxyand wild-type LR, and allwaxyLR were comparable to a commercialwaxyhybrid. The fine structure ofwaxyamylopectin had fewer short chains compared with that in wild-type. So far, the differences observed in starch properties are likely associated exclusively with thewaxytrait. Despite the strong selection for amylose-free starch, there was no evidence for additional region wide selection for other special starch properties in our collection. In conclusion, all analyses did not encourage further targeted research on allelic variation of other starch metabolism genes for future use in the food and feed industry.

Whole genome analysis of a Vietnamese trio.

We here present the first whole genome analysis of an anonymous Kinh Vietnamese (KHV) trio whose genomes were deeply sequenced to 30-fold average coverage. The resulting short reads covered 99.91 percent of the human reference genome (GRCh37d5). We identified 4,719,412 SNPs and 827,385 short indels that satisfied the Mendelian inheritance law. Among them, 109,914 (2.3 percent) SNPs and 59,119 (7.1 percent) short indels were novel. We also detected 30,171 structural variants of which 27,604 (91.5 percent) were large indels. There were 6,681 large indels in the range 0.1-100 kbp occurring in the child genome that were also confirmed in either the father or mother genome. We compared these large indels against the DGV database and found that 1,499 (22.44 percent) were KHV specific. De novo assembly of high-quality unmapped reads yielded 789 contigs with the length greater than or equal to 300 bp. There were 235 contigs from the child genome of which 199 (84.7 percent) were significantly matched with at least one contig from the father or mother genome. Blasting these 199 contigs against other alternative human genomes revealed 4 novel contigs. The novel variants identified from our study demonstrated the necessity of conducting more genome-wide studies not only for Kinh but also for other ethnic groups in Vietnam.

La marge contextualisée: Nguyễn Từ Chi (1925-1995) et une ethnographie alternative dans le Vietnam socialiste

Drawing from archival materials and interviews with family members, friends, colleagues, and students, I will reconstruct a biography of Nguyễn Từ Chi (1925-1995), a prominent yet perhaps the most controversial anthropologist who chose to be at the margins of Hanoi academic life during three decades of ‘high socialism’ (1960-1980), while conducting scholarly works of finest quality. I posit that Từ Chi’s life can be read far beyond an idiosyncratic story of an eccentric person who fell out of grace of the socialist structure, or someone who self-victimized. I aim at exploring the structural conditions within and against which Từ Chi made his choice by asking, What can be said from his choice about the material, social, and political conditions in which Từ Chi and his contemporaries lived? By material conditions I mean the ways scholars made their living, how research was commissioned, how their findings were published, and so on; social—the ways researchers related to one another in daily life and in scholarly arenas, how they came to identify themselves in terms of teacher-student, master-follower, supporter-opponent relationships, and so forth; and finally, political—the ideological settings within which certain kinds of knowledge could be and should be generated while others not. It is ultimately the power relations in the production of knowledge—in this case specific kinds of knowledge of ethnic groups in Vietnam—and the subjectivity of Vietnamese socialist intellectuals in this structuring that I want to uncover.

Factors influencing the illegal harvest of wildlife by trapping and snaring among the Katu ethnic group in Vietnam

AbstractThe harvest of wildlife through hunting, trapping and snaring is illegal in Vietnam but remains widespread and is understood to be the major threat to many species. Clandestine activities such as trapping and snaring, which are deeply embedded in the culture and economy, are difficult to investigate and this study is the first to carry out in-depth research into the illegal capture and sale of wildlife by a major ethnic group in Vietnam. The research focused on two villages of the Katu, a forest-dwelling people living close to the boundary of the newly created Saola Nature Reserve, and involved collecting data from a focus group, 30 semi-structured interviews with trappers, and a number of informal, unstructured interviews with local forest rangers, forest officers and village headmen. We find that trapping is widespread and motivated by financial gain and non-pecuniary benefits such as social esteem and enjoyment, rather than by poverty per se. Trappers’ awareness of wildlife protection law was low and animals were killed indiscriminately in traps and snares designed to catch a range of animal species. With demand for wildlife and wildlife products expected to increase we believe that new approaches will be required to protect threatened species in Vietnamese protected areas.

Trajectories of deforestation, coffee expansion and displacement of shifting cultivation in the Central Highlands of Vietnam

Production of commodities for global markets is an increasingly important factor of tropical deforestation, taking over smallholders subsistence farming. Measures to reduce deforestation and convert shifting cultivation systems towards permanent crops have recently been strengthened in several countries. But these changes have variable environmental and social impacts, including on ethnic minorities. In Vietnam, although a forest transition – i.e. shift from shrinking to expanding forest cover – occurred at the national scale, deforestation fronts and agricultural colonization for commodity crops – a.o. coffee – still dominated the Central Highlands plateaus. Previous studies suggested that the dominant land use changes in that region were on the one hand the acquisition and conversion of agricultural lands to perennial crops for external markets by capital-endowed Kinh households – the majority ethnic group in Vietnam – and on the other hand the corresponding displacement of poor households of ethnic minorities relying on shifting cultivation towards the forest margins. This study tested this hypothesis by using remote sensing to analyze land use and cover changes and deforestation trajectories in the coffee-growing area in Dak Lak and Dak Nong provinces over 2000–2010. Land use changes were linked with socioeconomic dynamics using secondary statistics and spatial modelling. Net deforestation reached −0.31%y−1 of the total area between 2000 and 2010. Deforestation was indeed mainly directly caused by shifting cultivation for annual crops, but this was partly driven indirectly by expansion of coffee and other perennial crops over agricultural lands. Displacement of shifting cultivation into the forest margins, pushed by market crops expansion, was the spatial manifestation of the marginalization of local ethnic minorities and poor migrants, pushed by capital-endowed migrants. This marginalization is a long-standing process rooted in the colonization and development strategy for the highlands followed since colonial times. Over the late 2000s, rapid deforestation was strongly reducing the benefits of national-scale forest recovery, and might shift the country back to net losses of natural forest. Implications for policies that may affect deforestation are discussed.

Domestic violence, ethnic diversity, and political and economic change in an upland community of Vietnam

Domestic violence occurs among a variety of ethnic groups in Vietnam, within diverse social, cultural, and environmental contexts. This article explores the role that culture is perceived to play in influencing manifestations of domestic violence among different ethnic groups living in the same community in Vietnam, in relation to the social structural influences on this form of gender violence. It examines the perceptions of wife abuse among members of three ethnic groups—the Kinh, Muong, and Dao—living in an upland community in a province in northern Vietnam. In this article, first, domestic violence is situated among the ethnic groups, who live within a changing social, political, and economic environment, through an exploration of the reasons members of the ethnic groups offered for husbands' abuse of their wives. Second, problems abused women continue to face, despite the implementation of a new domestic violence law, and new orientations among professionals and community leaders toward provision of services for abused women are assessed.

Global Memory Net and World Heritage Memory Net: documenting and preserving threatened cultures

Global Memory Net is a multi-year digital library project supported by the International Digital Library Programme of the US National Science Foundation. It has already digitally preserved and documented a number of art collections relating to indigenous groups, particularly in the Far East. So far it includes those of 56 ethnic groups in China and 54 minority ethnic groups in Vietnam; the Naxi Collection of the Library of Congress Asian Division; Taiwan Memory; and many others are included in its World Digital Collection which relate to relevant populations across the world. A more recent development is a partnership with UNESCO’s World Heritage Center: the establishment of the first virtual US World Heritage Digital Center, using Global Memory Net’s technology to provide multimedia and multilingual information on the 851 world heritage sites of 141 countries.

Ethnic minority development in Vietnam

This study examines the disparities in living standards between and among the different ethnic groups in Vietnam. Using data from the Vietnam Living Standards Surveys and 1999 Census, we show that ‘majority’ Kinh and Hoa households have substantially higher living standards than ‘minority’ households from Vietnam's 52 other ethnic groups. While the Kinh, Hoa, Khmer and Northern Highland Minorities benefited from economic growth in the 1990s, the position of the Central Highland Minorities stagnated. Decompositions show that even if minority households had the same endowments as Kinh households, this would close no more than a third of the gap in their per capita expenditures. While some ethnic minorities seem to be doing well out of a strategy of assimilating with the Kinh-Hoa majority, others groups are attempting to integrate economically while retaining distinct cultural identities, and a third group is largely being left behind by the growth process.