Ethnic Equality Research Articles

Grouphood Promotion v. Grouphood Destruction: China’s Regional Ethnic Autonomy as Antithesis to Genocidal Intent

Abstract China’s ethnic policy is characterized by a strong promotion of ethnic equality and unity and regional ethnic autonomy under the unified multi-ethnic State framework. With regional ethnic autonomy at its core, this is a policy of precision autonomy and grouphood promotion. On the other hand, genocide is a crime of grouphood destruction, committed with the specific intent (dolus specialis) to “destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group, as such”. An examination of the main tenets of China’s ethnic policy and the specific intent element of the crime of genocide makes it crystal clear that, instead of aiming to “destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group, as such”, China’s ethnic policy aims to do the opposite, i.e., to promote the perception of the grouphood, the wellbeing and flourishing of every ethnic group. China’s policy of ethnic equality and unity and regional ethnic autonomy under the unified multiethnic State framework is thus the antithesis to genocidal intent of grouphood destruction. The increase of the Uygur population from 2.2 million to 12 million and of the life expectancy of the group from 30 to 74.7 years in Xinjiang over the past 60 years and the idolization of Uygur actors and actresses across China and beyond put on conspicuous display the successful reality of this policy.

Uniting through green chemistry lab a inclusive, responsive pedagogical approach. Experiences from Malaysia

There has been a noticeable surge in the number of publications focusing on diversity, equity, and inclusion within the realm of chemistry education. While these publications have shed light on various strategies to foster gender and ethnic equality, a consensus is emerging regarding the integration of these concerns into the landscape of chemistry education. Notably, in Malaysia, where this study was conducted, there has been limited emphasis on inclusivity in chemistry education. This study aims to introduce "UnityChem: Uniting Through Green Chemistry Lab," an innovative and inclusive pedagogical approach designed to bridge this gap. The approach focuses on training a group of 35 pre-service chemistry teachers on inclusivity in chemistry education. At the heart of UnityChem lies the application of green chemistry as a foundational framework for teaching and learning, with a specific emphasis on transesterification chemistry. This approach actively involves students through hands-on activities, leveraging green chemistry principles to produce biodiesel from a variety of vegetable oils. UnityChem intentionally incorporates articles that emphasize gender and ethnic disparities to promote preservice teachers' awareness of these issues while they engage in biodiesel production and learn about transesterification. Pre-service teachers have expressed that UnityChem not only delivers a meaningful chemistry lesson but also nurtures gender sensitivity and underscores the impact of deforestation on the well-being of indigenous people living in forested areas. The design of UnityChem caters to students with diverse abilities, including those with lower abilities. This study collectively presents UnityChem as a viable approach to utilizing green chemistry to make chemistry education more inclusive and comprehensive.

Between the Picturesque and the Political: Judith Gautier and Pierre Loti’s Play La Fille du Ciel

ABSTRACT In La Fille du Ciel (1911), a play co-authored by Pierre Loti and Judith Gautier, allusions to ethnic equality between the Manchu and the Han celebrate the political thinking of Kang Youwei (1858–1927), a Chinese reformer who figures in the play as Puits-des-bois, the emperor's minister. In this article, I use the picturesque and the political to show how the play combines Orientalist fantasy and late-Qing politics. Conceived as a French melodrama, the play makes the rift between imaginary narrative and political debate narrower than one might expect, but the picturesque tendency of its performance eventually submerges the political subtext.

CHINA'S POLICY TOWARDS ETHNIC MINORITIES IN XINJIANG: HISTORICAL TRADITIONS AND PECULIARITIES OF TODAY

This article examines the historical and traditional knowledge of China's policy towards ethnic minorities, the main features and main aspects of the CCP's policy today, as well as the Xinjiang issue. The strategic status of Xinjiang and the potential for ethnic unrest lead to a higher level of concern for the Chinese authorities than other provincial regions. Today, official Beijing is faced with the question of whether it protects the rights of minorities from the world community and how it should honor its commitment to minority rights. According to the Chinese historical-traditional understanding, the conflict between ethnic minorities and the Han creates a contrast between civilization and degradation. According to the historical-traditional understanding, this difference concerns obvious «differences» in physical characteristics or language. This is mainly manifested in «cultural differences» with behavioral values and norms. What are the features of the «historical-traditional» approach to minority issues? What are the main factors influencing the ethnic policy of China, forcing the transition from cultural assimilation to the politicization of the ethnic problem? According to the concept and position of the Chinese authorities, the historical-traditional approach considers the unification of political unity, ethnic equality and cultural diversity in order to effectively solve the problem of minorities.

Reconsider How Did Chinese Historian Represent Hsiung-nu in Light of Han Histories

In this paper, through a comparative study of some fragments about Hsiung-nu in Shih Chi and Han Histories, we can conclude that Ban Gu rewrote Shih Chi by changing words, moving sentences, and deleting them to reflect his thoughts and the purpose of writing history. The analysis of these changes in this paper focuses on the details. From the details of Ban Gu's rewriting of Shih Chi, we can find that Sima Qian had a view on ethnic equality, while Ban Gu had a derogatory view of Hsiung-nu.

Moving policies toward racial and ethnic equality: The case of the supplemental nutrition assistance program*

AbstractWe analyze the role played by the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) in alleviating or exacerbating inequality across racial and ethnic groups in food expenditures and in the resources needed to meet basic food needs (the “food resource gap”). To do this, we propose a simple framework that decomposes differences across groups in SNAP benefit transfer levels into three components: eligibility, participation, and generosity. This decomposition is then linked to differences in food expenditures and the food resource gap. Our results reveal that among the three components, differences in eligibility contribute the most to SNAP benefits differentials for Black and Hispanic households relative to White households. Given that SNAP is often a target of policy changes, we employ the framework to provide counterfactual analyses of how selected SNAP policy changes can impact group differences in benefits and, ultimately, disparities in food expenditures and the food resource gap. The proposed framework can be applied to analyze other safety net programs.

МЕЖНАЦИОНАЛЬНЫЕ ОТНОШЕНИЯ В СОВРЕМЕННОМ ДАГЕСТАНСКОМ ОБЩЕСТВЕ: ОЦЕНКА И ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ

The state of the interethnic sphere and the processes taking place within it are indicators of measuring the socio-economic, political, spiritual, ideological picture of society as a whole. In this perspective, it is important to analyze the degree of influence of internal and external factors on the interethnic area, the unresolved problems that are relevant to the population, which can play a destructive function and destabilize society. The author's hypothesis about the fallacy of the opinion that economically developed states can not be afraid of conflicts on their territory (because it is impossible to ensure full ethnic equality and equal access to the material benefits of all the peoples who live in it) is confirmed by the results of the study: the interviewed Dagestani youth sees the nature of conflicts "in human nature, therefore conflicts are inevitable," although other reasons can provoke confrontation of different nature – territorial disputes and lack of mutual understanding between peoples. At the same time, Dagestani youth in general positively assesses the interethnic situation with the argumentation of the existence of "favorable relations between represent-atives of different peoples" and the absence of interethnic confrontation. A negative assessment of the inter-ethnic situation in the territory of their residence is characteristic of a significantly smaller part of the young generation of Dagestanis surveyed, and here it is possible to distinguish representatives of ethnic formations who are in a state of apparently unexpressed ethnic conflict with a number of living peoples.

Digital Ethnic Enclaves: Mate Preferences and Platform Choices Among Chinese Immigrant Online Daters in Vancouver

In light of the growing racialized immigrant population in Canada and advances in dating technologies, this study examines Chinese immigrants' partner preferences and mate selection processes through the lens of online dating. We draw on in-depth interviews with 31 Chinese immigrants who have used online dating services in Metro Vancouver to search for different-sex partners. Chinese immigrant online daters show strong preferences for dating Chinese. They emphasize permanent residency status and similarity in age at arrival when evaluating potential partners. Given their preferences, Chinese immigrants strategically choose the dating platforms they primarily use. Men exhibit higher selectivity in their preferences and choices of platforms. Notably, platforms catering to Chinese users create "digital ethnic enclaves" where Chinese immigrant daters congregate. The findings illuminate the intersection of race, gender, immigrant status, and age at arrival in shaping divergent experiences of mate selection and immigrant assimilation in the digital era.

The Influence of Ethnic Identity on the Academic Performance of Chinese College Students: An Empirical Study Based on the Administrative Data of a University

The policy of ethnic equality and solidarity aims to narrow the ethnic gap and develop harmoniously. At the level of higher education, it should promote the equity of ethnic education. This paper uses the administrative data of undergraduate students from 2008 to 2015 in a liberal arts university in southwest China to study the differences, causes and dynamic trends in the scores of college students from different nationalities. The results show that compared with Han students, the average GPA of ethnic minority students is 0.13 points lower (equivalent to 0.23 and 0.3 standard deviations of the scores of ethnic minority and Han students), the fourth grade scores are 0.28 standard deviations lower, and 7.3% lower. This difference is more significant in the western region, especially in Xinjiang, Yunnan, Hubei and other provinces inhabited by ethnic minorities; Kazak and uygur are the nationalities with the biggest gap with han students; The difference between girls is more significant than that between boys. The "peer effect" and cultural distance between roommates are important reasons for this difference. Further analysis shows that although the ethnic differences in academic performance are gradually expanding, the growth rate tends to converge. The above conclusions are helpful to clarify the object and time of making national higher education policy, and also have important reference significance for primary and secondary education.

The Trouble with Diversity: The Cultural Sector and Ethnic Inequality

Diversity has increasingly become coveted in the Creative and Cultural Industries (CCIs), with a significant presence in institutional and policy vocabularies. The concern to employ diverse staff and cater to diverse audiences is driven by socio-economic rationales and in terms of ethnicity, the focus of this article, is justified by the levels of ethnic inequality within CCIs. This article argues that the painfully slow progress in advancing ethnic equality in CCIs pertains to the discursive conceptualisation of diversity, which translates into practices lacking in efficacy and legacy. It traces the evolution of the diversity discourse in CCIs from impassioned calls against racial inequality to a less politically conscious multicultural vision of society, and shifts to a discourse on creative diversity. Focusing on the production of, rather than representation in, culture, the article draws uniquely on an intensive institutional ethnography and interviews in two organisations in the museum and TV production sectors, both of which had committed to diversifying their workforce and practice. With a recognition of the historical and contextual differences in the two sectors’ approaches to diversity, we present an analysis of the micro institutional ways in which diversity is performed as a way of understanding the macro workings of diversity in CCIs at large. Our empirical discussion examines Equality, Diversity and Inclusion (EDI) policy as one of the more institutionally entrenched and visible practices of diversity and explores diversity schemes as a ‘quick fix’ that cultural organisations have increasingly pursued. While examining these practices, we centre the experiences of ethnically diverse cultural workers as the bearers of diversity work in the context of what we term white institutional benevolence. Those accounts reveal a complex web of intersecting institutional and socio-cultural barriers that need to be urgently addressed for a future cultural sector that is purposely anti-racist, equal and representative.

The Evolution of Nostalgia in Britain 1979–2019

This paper uses the British Election Surveys from 1979 to 2019, together with the 2016–2019 CSI Brexit online panel, to explore how nostalgia has changed over time. Our interpretation of the data is that there was a shift in the content of nostalgia from regret about the decline of traditional ways of life and family values toward regret over the rise of inequality and the emergence of social media. At the same time, we find continuity in the kinds of people who are likely to feel nostalgic: they tend to be members of older generations and to be less well educated (which we take as a proxy for being “left behind” culturally and economically). However, we also find that, on the items for which we have comparable time series—on immigration, same‐sex relations, ethnic equality, and gender equality—both age and educational level have reducing explanatory power over time. In contrast, for these items, there is a trend toward greater politicization and an increased influence of an English national identity. Political divisions show increasing explanatory power as sociodemographic divisions decline.

Just energy transitions? Energy policy and the adoption of clean energy technology by households in Sweden

The Nordic countries, including Sweden, are often considered to be at the forefront of the drive to introduce sustainable energy technology, including at the household level, as part of the transition to sustainable societies. For a transition to become reality, all groups of society have to be part of it, and the social sciences have a role in investigating the conditions for these groups to be involved. The extent to which diverse (including marginalised) communities and households are part of this transition and have equitable access to the relevant technologies, including smart technologies, and the degree to which the transition is a shared value and aspiration is still unclear. We want to explore what steps are being taken in Sweden to incorporate these groups in planning and technology access, and to what extent this is supported by a range of entities, from the Swedish Energy Agency to grassroots organizations, with a particular focus on social, gender and migrant perspectives. Our preliminary evaluation of Swedish energy policy documents indicates that, while social justice and gender considerations are acknowledged, little funding is actually allocated towards social science covering these areas. Moreover, there is no mention of ethnic equality or the inclusion of migrant communities in the documents that we reviewed. With this Perspective we highlight the need for further research to develop a more nuanced understanding of the different narratives embedded in household sustainable energy usage and decision-making around the adoption of sustainable energy technologies at the household level.

The Black Professoriate: Assessing the Landscape Within British Higher Education

The paucity of Black higher education professors within the United Kingdom (UK) illuminates the systemic inequity of the higher education system within Britain. The dearth of Black Professors within the professoriate in UK Higher Education (HE) is reflective of the racially discriminatory landscape. This paper offers a succinct synthesis of recent evidence in relation to assessing how the Academy systemically marginalizes Black academics from the professoriate in the UK. This paper highlights the need for the sector to mobilize greater opportunities for Black academics to progress throughout the Academy to the professoriate, in addition to challenging the sector and HE policy-makers to play more of a pivotal role in advancing ethnic equality in UK universities.

Research and Innovation of Ethnic Policy Based on Marxist Ethnic Theory

Marxism believes that all nationalities, big or small, should be equal. Since the founding of the Communist Party of China 100 years ago, in various historical periods of revolution, construction and Reform in China, the Communist Party of China has formulated a series of effective ethnic policies to solve China's ethnic problems by combining Marxist Ethnic Theory with the specific reality of China's ethnic and ethnic issues. This paper analyzes the ethnic policy of Marxist ethnic theory through the practice of the CPC's ethnic policy in Tibet and Xinjiang.Tibet and Xinjiang are two autonomous regions of ethnic minorities in China. The introduction of Marxist Ethnic Theory and policies into regional ethnic autonomy in Tibet and Xinjiang is not only a great initiative, but also an important measure taken according to the specific conditions of Tibet and Xinjiang. Ethnic equality is the basic premise and the fundamental principle of China's ethnic policy; National unity is the basic means and the general principle of China's national policy; Regional ethnic autonomy is not only the basic policy of China's ethnic policy, but also the fundamental system to solve China's ethnic problems; National Development and prosperity is the basic purpose of China's national policy and the fundamental way to solve China's national problems.

KONCEPT GRAĐANINA U HRVATSKOM I JUGOSLAVENSKOM USTAVNOM PORETKU OD 1944. DO 1990. GODINE

The paper relates to the concept of citizen in the Croatian and Yugoslav constitutional orders from 1944 until 1990. The paper deals with the analysis of the most important constitutional acts that affected citizens starting from those enacted by the Yugoslav and Croatian authorities at the end of the Second World War and its aftermath. In addition, the paper conducts an analysis into the federal and republican constitutional law of 1953, federal and republican constitution of 1963 and federal and republican constitution of 1974. The paper sets forth that the authorities shaped the concept of citizen in line with the socialistic principles while at the same time gradually abandoning individual approach towards citizens. In addition, it is pointed out that socialistic constitutions emphasized class terminology in their constitutional texts and interests of the community over the individual interests. Furthermore, the paper indicates that in the constitutional acts, specifically those enacted in the aftermath of the Second World War and in the acts of 1974, the authority emphasized ethnic equality as an important feature of the constitution.

Rural Revitalisation Process of Nation-Building in Nepal

Government of Nepal has been trying to revitalize rural areas after 1950s as a strategy of nation-building. The demands of ethnic groups are basically inclined with quest for ethnic identity, equality, and greater representation in the political structure. Among the ethnic groups, the largest groups are Janajati, Madhesi and Dalits. In this stance, this library based study tried to look at problems and prospects of balance development as an outcomes of revitalization process of nation-building. At the same time the study also tried to identify essential driver of rural revitalization in Nepali context. The study found that equal distribution of development is difficult in terms of its social, regional and cultural diversity. Poverty, unemployment, landlessness, rapid population is major push factor in Nepal to overcome from this problem. Besides these problems there are some prospects through which rural setting can be revitalized economically, socially, politically such as agriculture. One essential driver of rural revitalization is rurbanomics, an approach that emphasizes the linkages between rural and urban economies. Growing urbanization in most countries enhances the importance of rural areas—by boosting demand for food, diverse diets, and goods and services that the rural economy can meet. Rurbanomics, therefore, frames rural and urban economies as equal partners.Ending hunger and malnutrition to achieve both the Sustainable Development Goals and climate goals requires us to initiate a range of evidence-based actions to advance rural revitalization in all regions of the world. Rural revitalization represents the most realistic way to achieve such a dramatic transformation to ensure that rural people and rural areas can thrive for generations to come.

A research regarding “The Woman who do the laundry” written by Lee Hwae-sung －Between “Daughter and Mother of Korea” and “Individual in mordern times”－

“The Woman who do the laundry” was highly praised by the Akutagawa Prize Selection Committee in Japan as a work to promote Korean literature in Japan. For him, winning the Akutagawa Prize was a chance to change his identity, how he live as a writer, and a declaration of living as himself. Decision to change his political color also express his depression from choosing one side of them, which he has to choose between “South” and “North” as living a Korean-Japanese writer. “The Woman who do the laundry” is starting point for Korean literature in Japan, which narrate the conflict between the standpoint of “organization” and “individual”, at the same time narrate recovery of humanity and argument of Ethnic equality by dispel his political ideology. In a chaotic situation that writer has been through the division of the motherland, the separate of families, it focuses on re-illuminating the “mother” in “The Smoothing Woman”, who lived in Japanese colonial rule. Previous studies in this work have focused on the “Korean literature in Japan is a national characteristics of Koreans living in Japan” and discussed [my] mother as the “daughter of the ethnic”, but in this paper, through the reconstructing of [my] mother’s memory, I try to describe how the individual life shapes between the binding of the national characteristics of Koreans living in Japan and being independent. This paper proves that Lee’s work is worthy Korean literature in Japan that narrate recovery of humanity and argument of Ethnic equality, which declares that he is a writer who transcends political ideology and lives in a gap between national character and individual character.

REVISITING RHS'S ‘RACE, ETHNICITY & EQUALITY IN UK HISTORY: A REPORT AND RESOURCE FOR CHANGE’

AbstractThis paper considers the Royal Historical Society (RHS)'s ‘Race, Ethnicity & Equality in UK History’ report published in 2018. The report contained the findings of a survey sent to staff and students working or studying in History higher education in the United Kingdom. In this paper, I reflect on the various findings of the report related to staff and student numbers, the attainment gap between white and Black and Ethnic Minority students, the curriculum, and racial harassment in History within universities. The RHS report emerged out of the work done by a number of organisations championing race and equality in the sector over decades. By connecting the work of RHS to these earlier initiatives it is possible to map a broader societal change in the historical sector to address historic inequalities, racialised disadvantage and structural exclusion. The RHS and institutions such as Runnymede Trust, the Institute of Historical Research, and Leading Routes are championing greater racial and ethnic equality which reflects broader political, economic and cultural transformations taking place in Britain. In this paper, I show how the RHS is part of an important conversation in foregrounding racial and ethnic equality in the historical profession to the inevitable benefit of History higher education.

What Do We Know About Black and Minority Ethnic (BAME) Participation in UK Higher Education?

Here, we offer a synthesis of recent evidence and new developments in relation to three broad aspects of Black and minority ethnic (BAME) students’ participation in UK higher education (HE). First, we examine recent trends in ethnic group differences in rates of access to, success within, and positive destinations beyond HE. Secondly, we examine the nature of UK universities as exclusionary spaces which marginalise BAME students in a myriad of ways, not least through curricula that centre Whiteness. Finally, we consider the impact of the marginalisation of BAME students on mental health. We argue that progress towards race equality in each domain has been hampered by white-centric discourses which continue to identify BAME students and staff as ‘other’. We highlight the important roles that academic communities and HE policy-makers have to play in advancing ethnic equality in UK universities.

Shen Congwen's Idealized Ethnic

Abstract This article investigates the underexamined ethnic motifs of the modern literary master Shen Congwen's 沈從文 fictional creations. In the field of Chinese literary scholarship, Shen is widely recognized as a leading figure of the May Fourth “native soil” literary tradition and is usually labeled as a “regionalist” writer. Yet as an ethnically hybrid author, Shen's ethnographically inspired, mythologizing accounts of indigenous non-Han tribes place him in a long tradition of searching for moral truths in borderland societies in Chinese literary and cultural history. The article argues that ethnicity is an important motif that runs throughout the early Shen Congwen's literary oeuvre, particularly in the Miao-themed stories that he crafted in the 1920s and 1930s. Shen idealizes non-Han peoples, particularly the Miao in southern China's borderland, as the ultimate source of moral courage and aesthetic perfection in his vision of a wholesome China. Through his ethnically themed novellas and short stories, Shen is both heir to and questions the Confucian tradition of locating a civilizational “other” in the non-Sinitic/non-Han border regions. The article further reveals how Shen embodies contradictory motifs with regard to ethnicity in China: on the one hand, he romanticizes the Miao as moral agents living freely in a timeless society, governed only by divine powers and unruly passions. On the other hand, Shen laments the historical discrimination experienced by the Miao and assumes a sober voice as he calls for ethnic equality. Simultaneously lyrical and political, Shen's ethnically themed works are significant for forming new scholarly understandings of both May Fourth literature and the broader discourse of ethnicity, which underpins the very notion of Chineseness in modern China.