Ethnic Enclaves Research Articles

Ethnicity and Representation

AbstractThose Germans who remained in Hungary after the Second World War faced complex political, economic, and social difficulties. In cultural terms, the diverse self-definitions of the Germans living in Hungary at that time precluded national cohesion, despite the use by the authorities of the unifying definition “German.” This national minority was bound together primarily by shared trauma. Individuals and communities alike were searching for their place amidst the changed circumstances, and it was the umbrella organization known as the Democratic Association of Germans in Hungary (Magyarországi Németek Demokratikus Szövetsége) that sought to bring them together. It was not until the 1970s that the association began to professionalize its activities and to conduct ethnographic research in cooperation with qualified specialists. During this process, the village of Harta, which was already famous for its folk art, came to their attention. It was specifically the economic potential of this settlement in Bács-Kiskun County, and its character as an ethnic and confessional enclave, that laid the foundations for the uniform objects and motifs of this local center of furniture painting. After the Second World War, the county administration's cultural policy was relatively accepting of the furniture-making tradition here, and the local intelligentsia showed a supportive attitude towards the settlement's German heritage. In the 1970s, there was still a furniture painter living in Harta, who won the most prestigious folk-art award, regularly participated in exhibitions and gala events, and even produced painted furniture in the cooperative's subsidiary branch at the initiative of the local council president. This ensured that painted furniture from Harta came to represent not only the traditionalist aspirations of the German Association, but also national cultural policy. Harta furniture emerged as the most iconic style of minority painted furniture and as the shared heritage of the German community in Hungary.

Quality of Life of Non-Self-Sufficient Immigrants: A Neighborhood Perspective

This paper explores the quality of life of non-self-sufficient immigrants in Sweden, focusing on their residential patterns while controlling for individual characteristics. We find large differences in both individual and locational attributes across income levels and ethnic backgrounds, illustrating that the status of ‘immigrant’ is far from being a homogenous group. The results show that non-self-sufficient individuals, especially those from Africa and the Middle East, may face limitations in their life satisfaction as these groups are most likely to reside in socioeconomically weak neighborhoods. Additionally, the results show that the motivation for residential choices varies across ethnic backgrounds. For example, ethnicity rather than income level determines the neighborhood patterns of African immigrants, while non-self-sufficiency is the major determinant for Nordic immigrants residing in poor, ethnic neighborhoods. We thus argue that the location of residence and differences across ethnic backgrounds deserve more attention in research and policy discussions on quality-of-life issues.

Shared experiences among Mexican American mixed-status families

The purpose of this research is to gain an in-depth understanding of the lived experiences, beliefs, values, and norms among Mexican-American mixed-status families, living in the Californian cities of South Los Angeles, South Gate, and Santa Ana. Through a qualitative approach, 5 Mexican-American mixed-status family members were interviewed and given the opportunity to tell their story and share their unique experiences. The qualitative data was then analyzed to search for patterns, in which 3 themes emerged. The main findings from this study revealed that Mexican-American mixed-status families are conscious of their undocumented status, however, they manage to separate their uncertainties of deportation from living ordinary, and productive lives with their children. These findings suggest a high level of resilience, which was facilitated through the heavy utilization of coping resources, which included the ethnic immigrant enclave, companionship or fictive kin, transnational ties, and their children’s language and cultural skills.

Heterogeneous effects of a foreign buyer tax on house prices in New South Wales

Abstract This article combines unconditional quantile regressions with difference-in-differences to study the distributive effects of a foreign buyer tax (FBT) on home prices in New South Wales (NSW). The main results reveal that the FBT reduces house prices in NSW but only among the more expensive houses located in desirable neighborhoods of Sydney and with a relatively high share of foreign-born population. We find evidence that the FBT reduces transaction volumes in the same expensive Sydney neighborhoods and immigrant enclaves where house prices are observed to decline, in support of a direct mechanism that the FBT curbs foreign demand. Additional results suggest that more expensive homes are not substituted with less expensive housing, and that some foreign buyers respond to the FBT by divesting away from NSW locations. The main policy implication is that the FBT may help deter foreign buyers from accumulating higher-priced and luxury assets, but may fail to address broader housing affordability concerns facing the local population.

54 Identifying Geographic Clusters of H. pylori Associated Metastatic Early-Onset Gastric Cancer: A case-control study in Los Angeles

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: More young adults (age <50 years) are diagnosed with metastatic gastric cancer (mGC) every year. We will evaluate the association between environmental risk factors (including historical racial residential segregation) clinical, pathologic, molecular features and H.pylori associated early-onset mGC (mE-GC). METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: This retrospective matched case-control study of patients (1:2 by diagnosis year) with mGC (early-onset [E-GC; <50 years]; vs older-onset [O-GC; >50 years]) from 2000-2022 from the Los Angeles Cancer Surveillance Program (LA-CSP) will be enriched by a chart-abstracted cohort from USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer (NCCC). This annotated database captures sociodemographic, medical, and pathologic features of patients treated for mGC at NCCC. It will link to LA-CSP data exploring neighborhood features (obesity rate, poverty, insurance, access to care, ethnic enclave, historical segregation, etc.) of cases and controls to identify, characterize, and compare geographic “hotspot” neighborhoods of mE-GC. We hypothesize younger Hispanic and Asian patients are at higher risk of H.pylori associated mGC. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: From 2000-2022, 339 patients (mE-GC n = 113; mO-GC n=226) were treated at NCCC. We will have characterized clinical and pathological features of mE-GC vs mO-GC. We determined the proportion of H. pylori associated mE-GC vs mO-GC. We will have established the geographical distribution of patients with mE-GC vs mO-GC to identify high-risk neighborhoods. We will link neighborhood risk factors such as food scarcity, poverty, health care access, ethnic enclaves, to the distinct clinical and pathological features of mE-GC, including H. pylori status. Descriptive statistics, chi-square, t-tests, and multivariable regression will be used to compare mE-GC to mO-GC. After controlling for underlying demographics and tumor features, we anticipate clusters of mE-GC and mO-GC in areas of historical racial segregation. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: Linking neighborhood and individual risk factors for mE-GC will inform early detection and prevention efforts for vulnerable individuals in high-risk neighborhoods. Building community partnerships within these neighborhoods is essential for developing interventions targeting H. pylori treatment to reduce health disparities in mE-GC.

More than Pierogi and Pączki

Abstract In many urban areas in the diaspora, churches, schools, and ethnic businesses are routinely established to feed the needs of the community. One that has more than a century of history in such communities is the deli. It is the place where products, purveyors, and purchasers interact. But the Polish deli has long escaped the lens of scholars. No longer is this the case. While delis provide sustenance and Polish products to customers in the diaspora, they are also gathering places for the broader ethnic community and crucial sites of memory where people experience and exercise symbolic ethnicity. Additionally, in Ottawa and Toronto, Ontario, Canada, contrary to the deli-lost narrative, the deli has adapted and followed the movements of people out of the traditional ethnic neighborhood and into the suburbs in the two metropolitan areas.

Where to live? English proficiency and residential location of UK migrants

This study aims to identify the causal effects of English proficiency on residential location choices of immigrants. Based on the ideas that (i) immigrants whose mother tongue is linguistically close to English learn the language more easily, and that (ii) young children learn a new language more easily than older children, we construct an instrument for English proficiency, exploiting linguistic distance from English, and age at arrival in the United Kingdom for childhood migrants. Using a unique dataset, we construct various measures of residential clustering aimed at capturing different types of immigrant enclave, and find a negative impact of better English skills on residency in a language enclave, but a positive impact on residency in an ethnic enclave. We also find strong evidence of an impact of poorer English proficiency on living in a neighbourhood of lower quality.

Abstract 798: Increasing breast cancer incidence across generation status in Mexican American women: The Multiethnic Cohort

Abstract Background: Breast cancer (BC) is the most commonly diagnosed cancer among Latino women in the US. Compared to foreign-born Latino women, US-born Latino women have a higher incidence of BC. While prior studies have suggested this difference in incidence may be explained by risk factors such as unhealthy lifestyle behaviors, reproductive history, and neighborhood socioeconomic status, it is unclear how the risk of BC has changed over generations among Latinos women. In this study, we investigated the association between generational status and BC incidence among Mexican American women within the Multiethnic Cohort (MEC). Methods: The study population included 15,303 self-reported Mexican Americans from the MEC. Generational status was categorized as: 1st generation (Mexico-born, n = 6,347), 2nd generation (US-born with one or two parents born in Mexico, n = 6,390), or 3rd generation (US-born with both parents born in the US, n = 2,566). Multivariable Cox models were used to calculate the hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of BC incidence by generational status. All models were adjusted for relevant risk factors including age, physical activity, smoking, alcohol intake, education, body mass index, diet, family history of BC, menopausal status, age at menarche, parity, mammography history, hormone use, neighborhood socioeconomic status, and Hispanic ethnic enclave. Results: During an average 21.5-year follow-up, 815 incident BC cases were identified. The age-adjusted incidence rate (per 100,000) of BC increased by generation (1st: 191.9; 2nd: 265.3; 3rd: 284.0). Third (70.4%) and 2nd (66.5%) generations had a larger proportion of localized disease at diagnosis compared to 1st generation women (59.7%). Compared to 1st generation Mexican Americans, 2nd (HR = 1.24; 95% CI: 1.03-1.49) and 3rd generation (HR = 1.28; 95% CI: 1.02-1.60) had elevated risks of BC (p-trend: 0.02) The positive association with generational status remained significant when restricting to women who reported mammogram use (HR 2nd vs. 1st = 1.27, 95% CI: 1.04-1.55; HR 3rd vs. 1st = 1.34, 95% CI: 1.06-1.70) (p-trend: 0.01). Conclusions: Our findings suggest that generational status among Mexican American women is associated with risk of BC, after adjusting for sociodemographic, lifestyle, neighborhood, and reproductive risk factors. Further studies are warranted to discover the potential factors that contribute to this increased risk and elucidate the underlying etiology. Citation Format: Xinman Zhang, Iona Cheng, Adelynn Paik, Brian Huang, Veronica Wendy Setiawan. Increasing breast cancer incidence across generation status in Mexican American women: The Multiethnic Cohort [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 798.

Decoding the impact of covid-19 on everyday life practices of Syrian refugees: an investigation at the neighbourhood level

ABSTRACT This study investigates the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic at the neighbourhood level on the everyday life practices of Syrian refugees and the potential reasons for virus transmission in their settlements. It is based on fieldwork in an ethnic enclave of Ankara, which revealed comparative insights into everyday life practices of Syrians before and after the outbreak, their perceptions, reactions and strategies towards the pandemic and its countermeasures. Their religious beliefs, socio-cultural structure, social networks and economic struggles have significant effects on their perceptions and practices in pandemic times; together with their living and working conditions, this may create risks of virus transmission. The degradation in their employment status, interruptions in donations and increase in expenditures resulted in decreases in living standards. The outbreak, negatively influencing their use of public services and some parts of social life created new inequalities and stressors but empowered their social support system and virtual networking capacities.

In between Korean and New Zealander: Extrinsic success beliefs and well-being of Korean youth in New Zealand

Korean immigrants have migrated to New Zealand over the past three decades in search of a happier and more balanced life. While they anticipated that their children would be integrated into New Zealand society, they have primarily settled in Korean ethnic enclaves. In this context, younger Korean New Zealanders have been exposed to and influenced by New Zealand’s national and Korean ethnic cultures. This study examined success beliefs and well-being among Korean youth in New Zealand with a Third Culture Kid background (TCK K-NZ) in comparison to Korean youth in Korea (K-Korean) and European New Zealand youth (Pākehā). Results indicated that TCK K-NZ youth endorsed extrinsic success similarly to K-Korean youth, but that valuing extrinsic success predicted lowered well-being only for K-Korean youth. Conversely, valuing intrinsic success predicted higher well-being across the three groups. Results also revealed that TCK K-NZ youth's well-being levels were between those of K-Korean and Pākehā youth, potentially influenced by different structural relations between success beliefs and well-being, as well as their position as “third culture kids” in New Zealand. This study contributes to understanding cultures' roles in formulating success beliefs and the relationship between success beliefs and well-being for Korean New Zealander youth.

Migrant Entrepreneurship: Turning Challenges into Opportunities

How might migrant entrepreneurs may use liabilities of foreignness and outsidership as a marketing strategy? Migrant entrepreneurs are embedded in a strong sociocultural environment, which influences both their market orientation decisions and marketing strategies. We draw from a marketing perspective to discuss how to generate successful strategies as a migrant entrepreneur. These entrepreneurs might choose between targeting their ethnic communities or attracting local customers from outside their ethnic enclaves, supplying either ethnic or general undifferentiated products and services. In this light, this article exploits these options to suggest actions that these entrepreneurs might use to design their marketing strategies.

A Research Study of Factors Influencing the Proportion of Entrepreneurs among Immigrants in Sweden

This article delves into the dynamics of immigration and entrepreneurship in Sweden, focusing on the factors influencing immigrants' decisions to become entrepreneurs and the regional variations in immigrant entrepreneurship. The study seeks to understand the motivators and deterrents for immigrant entrepreneurship within the context of Sweden's socio-economic and cultural landscape. It also examines the impact of ethnic enclaves and internal migration on regional entrepreneurial trends among immigrants. Utilizing existing research, this investigation aims to provide a nuanced understanding of the complexities and regional disparities in immigrant entrepreneurship in Sweden, highlighting its implications for economic growth and social integration.

СТРАТЕГИИ СОЦИАЛЬНОЙ АДАПТАЦИИ: ЖИЗНЕННЫЕ ИСТОРИИ ТРЕТЬЕГО ПОКОЛЕНИЯ КОРЕЙЦЕВ КАЗАХСТАНА

In Kazakhstan, the local ethnic Korean population is identified as an ethnic group that assimilates well within the country. Considering this, the authors of this article posit the following questions: What adaptation strategies and life values do the third generation of ethnic Koreans adhere to? What adaptive behaviors may be anticipated from the Korean ethnic group in the future? This paper analyses major integration trends of the third generation of Korean diaspora in Kazakhstan. Three strategies for adaptation (integration) are proposed in the context of post-Soviet independent Kazakhstan: education and professionalism; ethnic leadership; and transnational ties with South Korea. The authors test and analyze hypotheses regarding the influence of role models on the integration process into Kazakhstani society. This is achieved through content analysis of materials derived from journalistic articles alongside interviews with third and fourth generation ethnic Koreans. Analysis is conducted on materials gathered from the urban population of Koreans in Kazakhstan. The concept of the “ethnic enclave” was corroborated by the evidence of ethnic population concentration with high social and economic activity outside of geographically delineated borders. The concept of strong upward assimilation was supported by the life histories of third and fourth generation of ethnic Koreans in Kazakhstan. Overall, this article contributes significantly to the academic understanding of ethnic adaptation, integration, and assimilation in the context of post-Soviet Kazakhstan and the broader migration process.

Exploring the Development of a Diasporic Female Bildung in Monica Ali’s Brick Lane

Throughout millennia, the synchronic and diachronic study of South Asian literary writings has been predominantly written by male writers, reflecting the social and religious traditions in the region. But, since the late 20th century, women’s artistic abilities have gained significance. Their writings have reached the mainstream cultural imagination and have had significant impact on deconstructing the Britishness and the South Asian diaspora. The present study examines Monica Ali’s magnum opus Brick Lane (2003) as a Diasporic Bildungsroman about a female immigrant, navigating the problems of reassembling autonomy, individuality, and South Asian British identity. Further, this paper may also underscore how Ali realistically questions the traditional notion of South Asian womanhood and offers an alternative to living in an ethnic ghetto, while sexual and political seizures continue to be considered forbidden in Islamic traditions.

Pandemic effects on social capital in residents and non-residents of Chinese immigrant enclaves in Philadelphia

The COVID-19 pandemic's effect on established Chinese ethnic enclaves, which faced socio-economic disruptions as well as anti-Asian sentiment, is unknown. We compared the pandemic's effect on social capital among residents and non-residents of Chinese ethnic enclaves in Philadelphia. Despite declines in group participation and citizenship activity (joining with others or speaking with local officials to address a neighborhood problem), the pandemic increased support received from other individuals and cognitive social capital (e.g., neighborhood trust and sense of belonging), with more pronounced changes in enclaves. Our findings provide evidence of both greater vulnerability and resilience in terms of social capital among Chinese immigrants during the pandemic. Understanding the pandemic's effects on social capital in different neighborhood contexts can underscore communities’ strengths, and ways to improve resilience to future challenges.

The relationship between the degree of ethnic enclaves and travel mode choices

ABSTRACT This article aims to highlight how the degree of ethnic enclaves plays an important role in travel mode choices according to racial/ethnic groups in the Atlanta metropolitan areas in the US. This study finds that ethnic enclaves play a different role in travel mode choices according to the degree of ethnic enclaves, racial/ethnic groups, and travel purposes. For example, white people in low enclaves are more likely to take public transit for work (0.390), and black people in high enclaves are more apt to use household carpool, inter-household carpool, public transit, and walk/bike for school (1.545, 1.725, 1.205, 1.659, respectively) and public transit and walk/bike for other purposes (0.273 and 0.233, respectively). Asian people in high enclaves are more inclined to take household carpool for leisure (3.480), and Hispanic people in low enclaves are more likely to use inter-household carpool for shopping (6.377).

Placing Mexican Ethnic Enclaves: Toward a Recursive Model of Place Attachment

Place attachment, the emotional bond between person and place, facilitates well-being and belonging for Mexicans in the United States. However, place attachment research concentrating on Mexican populations has not explored a key site for placemaking—the ethnic enclave. Thus, we draw on 20 interviews with Mexicans in the United States to examine how individuals form close connections to La Cuatro, an ethnic enclave in California. Despite the overall positive nature of their emotional connections within the enclave, our model uncovers paradoxical and recursive outcomes. While place attachment promotes a sense of belonging within La Cuatro, these emotional bonds are deeply tied to broader experiences of social alienation in areas outside the enclave. This alienation stems from three primary factors: (1) legal status or lack thereof, (2) racialization, and (3) pervasive anti-immigrant socio-political ethos. We propose a recursive model of place attachment that considers social context to explain the placemaking processes of marginalized racial and ethnic groups in public social spaces. This model problematizes the experiences of marginalized communities, such as Mexican immigrants and their descendants, and provides a theoretical framework to examine the interplay between place and broader society.

RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN DISTRESS AND NEIGHBORHOOD CHARACTERISTICS FOR MEXICAN AMERICAN CAREGIVERS

Abstract Previous study demonstrates that caring for older relatives with physical or cognitive disability can increase caregiver stress—particularly if neuropsychiatric symptoms are present. The literature suggests that community features such as the percentage of immigrants may improve Mexican-American caregivers’ mental health. Using matched 2011/2012 data on caregivers and care recipients from the Hispanic Established Population for the Epidemiological Study of the Elderly(H-EPESE) and the 2010 census tract characteristics from the National Neighborhood Data Archive (NANDA) recently, we fit multilevel regression models to assess how neighborhood characteristics (census tract proportion Latino, proportion foreign-born, and proportion in poverty) affect caregiver distress (caregiver depression score, caregiver general stress, caregiver reports of neuropsychiatric behavioral symptoms of cognitive decline and caregiver report of stress from neuropsychiatric behavioral symptoms of cognitive decline). We found that living in an area with a higher proportion of foreign-born adults is related to lower reports of neuropsychiatric symptoms and lower levels of caregiver distress. Family caregivers residing in ethnic enclaves with high proportions of foreign-born persons reported significantly fewer symptoms of feeling stubborn and resistive, being in low spirits, feeling upset when separated from the care recipient, losing interest in usual activities, or experiencing changes in weight. While residing in these communities may reduce behavioral concerns in care recipients and increase social support availability, cultural factors such as ideas about normative aging may influence symptom reporting. Increasing available support for caregivers residing in ethnic enclaves is an important step toward developing dementia-capable communities and reducing caregiver health disparities.

Spatiotemporal Patterns and Socioeconomic Influences on Host Participation in Short-Term Rental Markets: Airbnb in San Francisco

This paper examines spatiotemporal patterns and socioeconomic influences on host participation in Airbnb’s short-term rental (STR) marketplace in San Francisco during the years 2019–2022, a four-year period that spans the COVID-19 pandemic. This provides the motivation for the study to examine how San Francisco’s demographic and socioeconomic fluctuations influenced Airbnb hosts to rent their properties on the platform. To do so, Airbnb property densities, indicators of host participation, are estimated at the census tract level and subsequently mapped in a GIS along with points of interest (POIs) located all over the city. Mapping unveils spatiotemporal patterns and changes in Airbnb property densities, which are also analyzed for spatial autocorrelation using Moran’s I. Clusters and outliers of property densities are identified using K-means clustering and geostatistical methods such as local indicators of spatial association (LISA) analysis. Locationally, San Francisco’s Airbnb hotspots are not located in the city’s core, unlike other major Airbnb markets in metropolitan areas. Instead, such hotspots are in the city’s northeastern neighborhoods around ethnic enclaves, in close proximity to POIs that are frequented by visitors, and have a higher proportion of hotel and lodging employment and lower median household income. A conceptual model posits associations of Airbnb property densities with sixteen demographic, socioeconomic factors, indicators of trust, social capital, and sustainability, along with proximity to points of interest. Ordinary least squares (OLS) regressions reveal that occupation in professional, scientific, and technical services, hotel and lodging employment, proximity to POIs, and proportion of Asian population are the dominant factors influencing host participation in San Francisco’s shared accommodation economy. The occupational influences are novel findings for San Francisco. These influences vary somewhat for two main types of properties—entire home/apartment and private rooms. Implications of these findings are discussed in relation to supply side motivations of Airbnb hosts to participate in San Francisco’s STR marketplace.

Intersectionality of place and race: entrepreneurial performance of Arab citizens of Israel

PurposeThe objective of this study is to understand how Arab entrepreneurs in Israel redress the disadvantage of the intersectionality of place and race by setting up their businesses in markets beyond their ethnic enclaves as well as by pursuing opportunity entrepreneurship and the role human values play in this process.Design/methodology/approachUsing the portrait value questionnaire, a survey of Arab entrepreneurs in Israel was conducted. Multiple linear regressions were run to generate the findings.FindingsThe authors find that educated and non-conforming Arab men in Israel, driven by stimulation and universalism, successfully neutralise the intersectional disadvantage of place and race through entrepreneurship.Research limitations/implicationsCare is advised in the generalisation of findings of this research to other intersectional communities as they emerge from the unique context of Arab entrepreneurs in Israel.Practical implicationsEducation, stimulation and universalism facilitate entrepreneurial success beyond Arab ethnic enclaves whereas conformity suppresses it.Social implicationsWith the right attributes and values, marginalised individuals can emerge from the disadvantage of the intersectionality of place and race.Originality/valueThe study advances the intersectionality discourse from “what it is” and “what it does” to “what can be done about it”. It identifies the attributes and values that help Arab entrepreneurs in Israel to remedy their intersectional disadvantage.