Ethnicity Code Research Articles

The challenge of using routinely collected data to compare hospital admission rates by ethnic group: a demonstration project in Scotland.

Recording patients' ethnic group supports efforts to achieve equity in health care provision. Before the Equality Act (2010), recording ethnic group at hospital admission was poor in Scotland but has improved subsequently. We describe the first analysis of the utility of such data nationally for monitoring ethnic variation. We analysed all in-patient or day case hospital admissions in 2013. We imputed missing data using the most recent ethnic group recorded for a patient from 2009 to 2015. For episodes lacking an ethnic code, we attributed known ethnic codes proportionately. Using the 2011 Census population, we calculated rates and rate ratios for all-cause admissions and ischaemic heart diseases (IHDs) directly standardized for age. Imputation reduced missing ethnic group codes from 24 to 15% and proportionate redistribution to zero. While some rates for both all-cause and IHD admissions appeared plausible, unexpectedly low or high rates were observed for several ethnic groups particularly amongst White groups and newly coded groups. Completeness of ethnicity recoding on hospital admission records has improved markedly since 2010. However the validity of admission rates based on these data is variable across ethnic groups and further improvements are required to support monitoring of inequality.

Factors impacting fertility preservation in children, adolescents, and young adults.

139 Background: Fertility preservation (FP) prior to therapy is underutilized for those diagnosed with cancer as a child, adolescent or young adult (AYA). This study describes the factors impacting utilization of FP consultations and procedures among childhood and AYA cancer patients at the University of Iowa Health Care (UIHC). Methods: Patients were identified by the oncology registry at UIHC. Disease site, histology, date of diagnosis, sex, race, ethnicity, insurance, and zip code were gathered by the registrars. Disease site and histology were categorized using International Classification of Diseases-Oncology-3 (ICD-O-3). UIHC’s electronic medical record (EMR, Epic) was queried for ICD codes for FP consultation. Data from UIHC’s Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility clinical database were merged with the primary data set to capture information about those who underwent FP. Rural-Urban Commuting Area codes incorporated a measure of rurality. Descriptive statistics and multivariate linear probability models were used to predict the probability of FP consultation and procedure. Results: From 2008-2017, 3,605 children and AYAs were treated for an invasive malignancy. Of the 637 (18%) who received a FP consultation, 162 (25%) underwent a FP procedure. Multivariate analyses showed that those with public insurance or no insurance, a diagnosis of a CNS tumor, melanoma, or miscellaneous neoplasm, and age over 30 years at diagnosis had a lower probability of having a consultation. The probability of undergoing a procedure was lower for female patients, those with germ cell tumor, melanoma, or carcinoma, seen by a pediatric-based provider, and diagnosed between 15-25 years of age. Conclusions: This study has important implications for survivorship and late effects research. The combination of sample identification via cancer registrars and linkage with EMR data could be used by others. The use of federal data to incorporate rurality is frequently overlooked. The use of this type of publicly available data would help improve the robustness of survivorship and late effects research through the inclusion of measures of rurality, health service availability, and economic indicators at varying levels of geography.

Validity of Race and Ethnicity Codes in Medicare Administrative Data Compared With Gold-standard Self-reported Race Collected During Routine Home Health Care Visits.

Misclassification of Medicare beneficiaries' race/ethnicity in administrative data sources is frequently overlooked and a limitation in health disparities research. To compare the validity of 2 race/ethnicity variables found in Medicare administrative data [enrollment database (EDB) and Research Triangle Institute (RTI) race] against a gold-standard source also available in the Medicare data warehouse: the self-reported race/ethnicity variable on the home health Outcome and Assessment Information Set (OASIS). Medicare beneficiaries over the age of 18 who received home health care in 2015 (N=4,243,090). Percent agreement, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and Cohen κ coefficient. The EDB and RTI race variable have high validity for black race and low validity for American Indian/Alaskan Native race. Although the RTI race variable has better validity than the EDB race variable for other races, κ values suggest room for future improvements in classification of whites (0.90), Hispanics (0.87), Asian/Pacific Islanders (0.77), and American Indian/Alaskan Natives (0.44). The status quo of using "good-enough for government" race/ethnicity variables contained in Medicare administrative data for minority health disparities research can be improved through the use of self-reported race/ethnicity data, available in the Medicare data warehouse. Health services and policy researchers should critically examine the source of race/ethnicity variables used in minority health and health disparities research. Future work to improve the accuracy of Medicare beneficiaries' race/ethnicity data should incorporate and augment the self-reported race/ethnicity data contained in assessment and survey data, available within the Medicare data warehouse.

Factors Impacting Fertility Preservation in Adolescents and Young Adults with Cancer: A Retrospective Study.

Purpose: Fertility preservation before therapy is underutilized for those diagnosed with cancer as an adolescent or young adult (AYA). The purpose of this study was to describe factors impacting utilization of fertility preservation consultations and procedures among AYAs at the University of Iowa Health Care (UIHC). Methods: Patients were identified by the oncology registry at UIHC. Disease site, histology, date of diagnosis, sex, race, ethnicity, insurance, and zip code data were gathered by the registrars. UIHC's electronic medical record was queried for fertility preservation consultation. The Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility clinical database captured information about patients who underwent fertility preservation. Rural-urban commuting area codes measured rurality. Descriptive statistics and multivariate linear probability models were used to predict the probability of fertility preservation consultation and procedure. Results: From 2008 to 2017, 2932 AYAs were treated for an invasive malignancy at UIHC. Of the 440 (15%) who received a fertility preservation consultation, 156 (5%) underwent a fertility preservation procedure. Multivariate analyses showed that AYAs with public insurance coverage, those diagnosed with central nervous system (CNS) disease or melanoma, and those >30 years old at diagnosis had a significant decrease in the percentage point probability of having a consultation. The percentage point probability of undergoing a procedure was decreased for female patients, those with melanoma or carcinoma, those seen by a pediatric-based provider, and those diagnosed after 25 years of age. Conclusion: This study has important implications for practice and policy, particularly regarding insurance coverage and patient and provider characteristics leading to fertility preservation consultations and procedures for AYAs with cancer.

РОЛЬ МИРОСЛАВА СТЕЛЬМАХОВИЧА В СТАНОВЛЕННІ Й РОЗВИТКУ ІСТОРІЇ ПЕДАГОГІКИ В НЕЗАЛЕЖНІЙ УКРАЇНІ

The article analyzes the influence of his scientific ideas on the formation and development of the history of pedagogy in independent Ukraine on the basis of the analysis of the content of pedagogical works of Myroslav Stelmakhovich. The analysis of the works of Miroslav Gnatovich Stelmakhovich showed the versatility and heterogeneity of his interests, because they raised the problems of national, family, aesthetic moral, physical, labor education, Ukrainian studies, family studies and teaching methods of these subjects, questions of speech development and other. It is substantiated that the researcher does not lose the novelty and relevance of leading principles of upbringing to which he refers: humanism, human nature, connection of upbringing with life, upbringing by work, taking into account the age and individual characteristics of pupils, systematic and consistent pattern of upbringing, personality, a combination of pedagogical leadership with the development of independence and initiative of education. These principles meet the requirements of the concept of a new Ukrainian school, which provides the education of students on universal values and patriotism. The task of the modern school is to form students' responsibility, respect for dignity, rights, freedoms, human interests, tolerance, ecological culture, kindness, and respect for the family. It has been established that the educator develops a comprehensive educational system based on human and civic values. the attraction to national traditions, customs, rituals are of particular importance. Those are the treasures that represent the ethnic code of the Ukrainian. Taking into account the ideas of Ukrainian folk pedagogy will ensure the formation and formation of the Ukrainian national school, which M. Stelmakhovich considered "that comprehensive educational institution that provides students with the basics of science and education of a conscious citizen of sovereign Ukraine". Keywords: Ukrainian folk pedagogy, ethnopedagogy, principles of education and upbringing, pedagogical heritage of Myroslav Stelmakhovych.

Improvising Race: Clinical Trials and Racial Classification

ABSTRACTIn this article, I explore how ethnicity codes are used in a prenatal trial in the United Kingdom. Here, ethnicity codes are generative objects that relationally cohere across staff, surveys and pregnant participants to create racial improvisations. I examine the origins and adaptations of ethnicity codes across three ethnographic and historical cases at micro and macro scales. The improvisation of race is a window into the movements, negotiations and temporality of racialization in clinical practice. By conceiving race as mercurial, I argue that improvisation is a key mechanism for the routinization of racial categories in clinical practice.

Ethnicity Coding Revisited: Right‐Wing Parties as Catalysts for Mobilization Against Immigrant Welfare Rights

Ethnicity coding means that threat‐based views of ethnic minority members spur opposition to specific welfare programmes. To advance knowledge of the influence of political parties on ethnicity coding, we apply a dynamic approach. Longitudinal analyses show that: a) because right‐wing political parties persistently frame state pensions as benefitting native majority members, a perceived ethnic threat increases support for this welfare scheme, and b) a perceived ethnic threat reduces support for social assistance when right‐wing political parties frame it as favouring immigrants. Extending these findings, we show that opposition to immigrant welfare rights prompts electoral realignment, as left‐wing voters increasingly switch to right‐wing parties. More generally, political parties are capable of stimulating opposition to parts of the welfare state, including electoral mobilization against immigrant welfare rights. We utilize unusually rich mass‐level survey data from Denmark, covering a 25‐year period (1990‒2015). The broader implications of our findings for theories of ethnicity coding, political elite persuasion, and welfare state development are discussed in the conclusion.

ЕТНОКУЛЬТУРНИЙ КОД ПЕРШОЕЛЕМЕНТІВ БУТТЯ У ТРОПАХ ОСІ ПСЕВДОТОТОЖНОСТІ (В ПОЕЗІЇ І. КАЛИНЦЯ)

The article is concentrated on the study of linguistic objectification of the ethnocultural code of the elemental elements of being in I. Kalynets’ poetic texts. The formalization of images of water, fire, air and earth in the positions of subject and object has been described, their ethnosemantics has been established.It has been investigated that the specified code is mostly objectified by tropes of such coordinates as pseudo-identity and similarity, while the association is represented by individual examples. All nomens denoting the elemental elements of being are usually used in the position of the subject of comparison. The images of fire, water and earth are characterized by the maximum degree of assimilation, implementing the ethnocultural meaning in the position of object.The analysis of the ethnic code of the elemental elements of being has shown that in I. Kalynets’ trope system the corresponding images are modeled as polysemantic, ambivalent and more often appealing to the mental sphere than emotional. The tropes with the names of the elements of being, represented in the subjective and objective positions, simulate such situations of sacred existence of personality as death (fire, water, earth), love (fire, water), purification (fire, water), suffering (fire).The deep orientation of the associative thinking of the author of poetoc texts to the Ukrainian folk culture has been proved.

Defining a GP consultation

IntroductionThe method used to define a GP-consultation using routine data will vary depending on the data source and research question. However, without consensus the approach will be tackled by numerous researchers and invariably result in different definitions. The LUCI study is assessing outcomes of childhood UTI using routine data sources.
 Objectives and ApproachWe are interested in GP urine sampling rate and re-consultation rate. The GP dataset includes multiple clinical (acute, routine monitoring, prescribing, results) and administrative codes. A GP consultation therefore needed to be defined. GP read code frequencies for our study cohort of children were produced. One researcher reviewed the codes that represented 80% of the data and classified them as a consultation or not. Where there was uncertainty this was independently reviewed by two clinicians and discrepancies agreed by the management team.
 ResultsWe will present the decisions and assumptions made for this study in defining a GP consultation. 25,623 Read Codes represented the consultations for our study cohort of which 460 codes represented 80% of the consultations. The remaining 20% of codes represented <0.032% of records each. The 460 Read Codes were reviewed and following independent review and agreement from the management group 149 Read Codes were excluded. These were grouped into the following categories Administrative (e.g. Incoming Mail Processing, Ethnicity codes), Vaccinations, Child Health (e.g. First Smiled), Asthma and Medication Review. The GP consultations to be included in the analysis were then restricted to exclude these codes. This has been an important step in cleaning and understanding the data prior to analysis.
 Conclusion/ImplicationsA consultation was defined for this study however there will be pros and cons to this method. In lieu of a consensus approach to the method this work is the first step to sharing approaches to help researchers with the same challenge.

Not so little differences: variation in hot weather risk to young children in New York City.

High ambient temperatures are associated with significant health risk in the United States. The risk to children has been minimally explored, and often young children are considered as a single age group despite marked physiologic and social variation among this population from infancy through preschool. This study explored the heterogeneity of risk of heat among young children. Using a time-stratified, case-crossover design, we evaluated associations between maximum daily temperature (Tmax) and ED visits (n=1,002,951) to New York City (NYC) metropolitan area hospitals for children aged 0-4 years in May-September, 2005-2011. Conditional logistic regression analysis estimated risks for an interquartile range of Tmax for 0-6 lag days. Stratified analyses explored age strata by year, race/ethnic groups, and diagnostic codes. Sensitivity analyses controlled for same day ambient ozone, particulate matter <2.5 microns, and relative humidity and, separately, explored race groups without ethnicity and different diagnostic code groupings. Children ages 0-4 years had increased risk of emergency department visits with increased Tmax on lag days 0, 1, and 3. The association was strongest on lag day 0, when an increase in Tmax of 13°F conferred an excess risk of 2.6% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.2-3.0). Stratifying by age, we observed significant positive associations for same-day exposures, for 1-4 year olds. Children less than 1 year of age showed a significant positive association with Tmax only on lag day 3. The race/ethnicity stratified analysis revealed a similar lag pattern for all subgroups. The diagnostic group analysis showed percent excess risk for heat-specific diagnoses (16.6% [95% CI: 3.0-31.9]); general symptoms (10.1% [95% CI: 8.2-11.9]); infectious (4.9% [95% CI: 3.9-5.9]); and injury (5.1% [95% CI: 3.8-6.4]) diagnoses. We found a significant risk of ED visits in young children with elevated Tmax. Risk patterns vary based on age with infants showing delayed risk and toddlers and preschoolers with same day risk. In addition, the finding of increased risk of injury associated with higher temperatures is novel. Altogether, these findings suggest a need for a tailored public health response, such as different messages to caregivers of different age children, to protect children from the effects of heat. Next steps include examining specific subcategories of diagnoses to develop protective strategies and better anticipate the needs of population health in future scenarios of climate change.

Leading causes of cardiovascular hospitalization in 8.45 million US veterans

BackgroundWe sought to determine the leading causes of cardiovascular (CV) hospitalization, and to describe and compare national rates of CV hospitalization by age, gender, race, ethnicity, region, and year, among U.S. veterans.MethodsWe evaluated the electronic health records of all veterans aged ≥18 years who had accessed any healthcare services at either a VA healthcare facility or a non-VA healthcare facility that was reimbursed by the VA, between January 1 2010 and December 31 2014. Among these 8,452,912 patients, we identified the 5 leading causes of CV hospitalization and compared rates of hospitalization by age, gender, race, ethnicity, region, year and type of VA healthcare user.ResultsThe top 5 causes of CV hospitalization were: coronary atherosclerosis, heart failure, acute myocardial infarction, stroke and atrial fibrillation. Overall, 297,373 (3.5%) veterans were hospitalized for one or more of these cardiovascular conditions. The percentage of veterans hospitalized for one or more of these CV conditions decreased over time, from 1.23% in 2010 to 1.18% in 2013, followed by a slight increase to 1.20% in 2014. There was significant variation in rates of CV hospitalization by gender, race, ethnicity, geographic region, and urban vs. rural zip code. In particular, older, male, Black, non-Hispanic, urban and Continental region veterans experienced the highest rates of CV hospitalizations.ConclusionsAmong 8.5 million patients enrolled in the VA healthcare system from 2010 to 2014, there was substantial variation in rates of CV hospitalization by age, gender, race, geographical distribution, year, and use of non-VA (vs. VA only) healthcare care facilities.

The Ethnic Minority Speech Codes on Education

This study focuses on examining educational processes in Sikep community (a minority ethnic group in Indonesia). Education is an influencial aspect in forming social harmony in the minority groups. However, formal education cannot be applied properly in particular group of ethnic minorities due to local specific perspectives on education. Therefore, it is important to comprehend local values that are related to education in order to established social harmony in the minority ethnic group. The purpose of this study is to describe the Sikep community’s construction of meaning on local and formal education discourses. The main theories in this research are the Speech Codes Theory and Ethnography Communication Theory. An ethnography communication research method was used in achieving the goal of this research. The research finding indicates that the low participation to formal education is due to the fact that Sikep community has a specific interpretation of the educational process that differs to the formal standard of national education. They perceive education as a part of everyday life. They focus on the educational processes that equip them the skills to survive, particularly in the context of agricultural skills. The knowledge of local philosophical values must also be considered in creating an applicable educational system for Sikep community.

Measuring the health patterns of the ‘mixed/multiple’ ethnic group in Britain: data quality problems, reporting issues, and implications for policy

The ‘mixed’ group, officially recognised in the 2001 Census, is one of the most rapidly growing ethnic groups in Britain. Although ‘mixed’ categorisation was added to ethnic coding in NHS datasets, our knowledge of health patterns for this population is meagre. Data quality problems remain a key obstacle, including poor reproducibility of the data and constraints on reporting due to sparse data bias. The consequent minimal and indicative evidence base has focused mainly on risky health behaviours, mental health and generic measures of self-rated health, as it has in the U.S.A. and Canada. There is negligible information on the main underlying causes of death, such as neoplasms, heart disease and stroke. Consideration should be given to pooling data across multiple years of health and general purpose surveys to enable reporting for the four ‘mixed’ categories and adjustment for mediating factors and relevant confounders, such as measures of socio-economic status.

The right to know versus the right to privacy: donor anonymity and the Assisted Reproductive Treatment Amendment Act 2016 (Vic)

[Extract] On 1 March 2017, the Assisted Reproductive Treatment Amendment Act 2016 (Vic) came into effect, allowing for the retrospective release of anonymous donor information to donor-conceived children.1 The legislation, an Australian first, allows donor children to know the name, date of birth, ethnicity, physical characteristics, genetic conditions and donor code of their donor parents, even where anonymity has been requested. Donor children can access information about their biological parents through a new “one-door-in” service to be provided by the Victorian Assisted Reproductive Treatment Authority (VARTA), which is now managing the state's central donor registry and providing information and support to donor-conceived people, parents, donors and their relatives. The donors affected by the legislation are those who donated before 1 January 1998; anonymous donation ceased in Victoria after that date. Many commentators have welcomed the Victorian reforms and believe that they will help mend the fractured sense of identity that some donor children experience.2 Yet critics point out that the legislation violates donors' right to privacy. Some would suggest that this is of even greater importance than the desire of donor children to know their biological parents. As other legislatures review their donor anonymity legislation, it is useful to review the main ethical and sociological issues surrounding the Victorian model.

The Incidence of Inflammatory Bowel Disease in 7 Ethnically Diverse Urban Populations in England: Results From the U.K. INception CohorT Epidemiological Study (UNITE)

Introduction: Previous studies have shown the incidence of UC in South Asians (SA) is higher than the Caucasian population. These studies were done over 20 years ago. The current epidemiology of IBD in the multiethnic UK is unknown. Methods: To describe the UK incidence of IBD and distribution within ethnic groups. Census data (2011) was used for background population size, ethnic groups and to identify areas with high SA populations where Indian and Pakistani were the predominant groups. The incidence was calculated by using the number of subjects in each ethnic group in the background population as the denominator. Adult patients (>16 years) with newly diagnosed IBD (fulfilling Copenhagen diagnostic criteria) were prospective recruited over one year in 7 catchment areas with high SA population. Data including demographics ethnic codes and disease phenotype (Montreal classification) was collected onto the validated Epicom database. Results: Over 1 year IBD was diagnosed in 351 cases; 219 ulcerative colitis (UC), 107 Crohn's disease (CD) and 26 Inflammatory bowel disease unclassified. (IBDU) (Table 1). Overall incidence of UC was higher than CD (9.69/100,000 vs 4.80/100,000), for all populations except Pennine (3.31/100,000 for CD and 2.76/100,000 UC). Crude IBD incidence rates varied between populations: lowest was 6.81/100,000 in Pennine, North Manchester and highest 26.11/100,000 in Leicester. The majority of ethnic groups were Caucasian, Indian or Pakistani (298/351). IBD, UC and CD incidence was similar between Pakistani and Caucasian groups. CD incidence was similar across all ethnic groups. UC incidence was significantly higher in the Indian population compared to Caucasians and Pakistanis (p < 0.001). There was no significant difference in disease extent of UC between ethnic groupsTable: Table. Incidence rates per 100 000 for inflammatory bowel disease, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis and inflammatory bowel disease unclassified in England for patients aged 16 years or older in 2016/17Conclusion: This is the first prospective study to report the incidence of IBD in seven ethnically diverse UK populations with the highest IBD incidence in Leicester. We observed wide variation in IBD incidence between regions within the same country, differences in UC incidence within the SA population (Indian vs Pakistani origin) and similar CD incidence rates across all groups. The Indian population seems particularly susceptible to UC suggesting an inherent predisposition beyond environmental factors. Finding an explanation for this observation will be critical to a better understanding to what triggers the disease.

Epidemiology of EMS Responses to Traffic Crashes in the United States for 2014

Background In 2014, there were 6.1 million crashes, resulting in 32,675 fatalities, 2.3 million injured persons, and comprehensive costs of an estimated 836 billion. Reductions in traffic crash fatalities and associated injuries require a comprehensive traffic safety approach that includes emergency medical services (EMS). This study aimed to characterize the EMS response to traffic crashes for the United States in 2014 and examine associations with geographic and socioeconomic factors. Methods Using the 2014 National EMS Database, this study analyzed data from 12 states that had 100% of EMS agencies reporting. Descriptive analyses characterized the EMS response to traffic crashes by time of day, day of week, patient demographics, and urbanicity. Traffic crash incident location zip code was used to link several zip code level socioeconomic variables from the 2010–2014 American Community Survey to each EMS record. Socioeconomic variables were categorized by a quintile distribution. A logistic model was used to determine likelihood estimates between patient demographics and zip-code level socioeconomic variables, with EMS system time, delays, and provider level of service. Results In total there were 288,202 9-1-1 EMS activations dispatched to a traffic crash identified in the 2014 National EMS Database. Activations were concentrated in urban areas (70%) and the majority occurred between the hours of noon and 6 pm (38%). Delays were associated with patient ethnicity and multiple zip code level socioeconomic measures. As the median household income of the zip code crash site decreased, the likelihood of having any EMS delay increased. As the percent of the uninsured population increased, the likelihood of having any EMS delay increased. Patients identified as Hispanic or Latino were two times more likely to have a response and transport delay. American Indians/Alaskan Natives had higher odds of experiencing response delays (OR=1.8), scene delays (OR=1.5), and transport delays (OR =1.9) than any other racial or ethnic group in comparison to Whites. Conclusions Income and racial disparities exist for EMS provider-reported response, scene, and transport delays for traffic crash patients. By identifying disparities, EMS systems should collaborate with public health and traffic safety professionals to develop strategies that decrease gaps in EMS response and service, thereby improving traffic crash mortality and morbidity.

Diasporas Disentangled: The Cultivation of an Open/Spiral Imagination in Tourism Studies

This companion article by Ivanova and Hollinshead seeks to show how “the changing same of the diasporic imaginal” (after Leroi Jones, via Gilroy) often conceivably constitutes “a wicked problem” (after Brown, Harris, and Russell) that is often so complex in its characteristics that hard and fast definitions about it (and solutions for its problematics) are not easy to conjure up. Thus, in order to monitor how ethnic, cultural, and historic codes are switched and hybridized in and through the inconstant identifications of diasporic senses of inheritance and aspiration, this article endeavors to show how transdisciplinary lines of inspection may prove useful. Taken in tandem with the previous article by Hollinshead, the two dovetailed articles thereby comprise no tributary celebration of the purity of ethnic or national culture, but one that indeed demands a high degree of open interpretive imagination if such matters of ambivalence and ambiguity are to be gradually and meaningfully deciphered.

Anaphylaxis and ethnicity: higher incidence in British South Asians.

The incidence of anaphylaxis in South Asians (Indian, Pakistani and Bangladeshi ethnicity) is unknown. Birmingham is a British city with a disproportionately large population of South Asians (22.5%) compared with the rest of the UK (4.9%). The main aims of this study were to determine the incidence and severity of anaphylaxis in this population and to investigate the differences between the South Asian and White populations. A retrospective electronic search of emergency department attendances at three hospitals in Birmingham during 2012 was carried out. Wide search terms were used, medical notes were scrutinized, and the World Allergy Organization diagnostic criteria for anaphylaxis were applied. Patients' age, sex, ethnicity and home postal code were collected, reactions were graded by severity, and other relevant details including specialist assessment were extracted. Multivariate analysis was undertaken using 2011 UK census data. Age-, sex- and ethnicity-standardized incidence rate of anaphylaxis was 34.5 per 100 000 person-years. Multivariate logistic regression which controlled for the confounders of age, sex and level of socioeconomic deprivation showed that incidence was higher in the South Asian population (OR 1.48, P = 0.005). Incidence rate in the South Asian population was 58.3 cases per 100 000 person-years compared to 31.5 in the White population. South Asian children were more likely to present with severe anaphylaxis (OR 5.31, P = 0.002). Incidence of anaphylaxis is significantly higher in British South Asians compared to the white population. British South Asian children are at a greater risk of severe anaphylaxis than White children.

PTH-064 Inflammatory bowel disease hospital episodes differ between south asian and white european ethnic groups in england: Abstract PTH-064 Table 1

<h3>Introduction</h3> Previous studies suggest changing incidence and prevalence of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) in migrant groups, particularly South Asians. Most of these studies were retrospective and within local hospital settings. They also suggest a different phenotype: pan-colonic ulcerative colitis (UC) was commoner in migrants from India compared with Caucasians. One study in East London reported on differing phenotype of Crohn’s disease (CD) in Bangladeshis; they developed perianal complications, received anti-TNFs earlier and underwent surgery later than Caucasians. We examined the ethnic diversity of patients with IBD attending hospitals in England. <h3>Method</h3> We identified patients from a national hospital episodes statistics (HES) database between 1997–2012. The database captures all hospital episodes between these dates. Patients were identified according to ICD-10 diagnosis code; K51 for UC and K52 for CD. Only patients with a documented ethnicity code were included. <h3>Results</h3> Patients with an ethnicity code and a diagnosis of UC and CD are shown in Table 1. Only 35.3% of cases had an ethnicity code. The majority of patients were of White European (Caucasian) descent. In Bangladeshis, CD was commoner than UC in contrast to Indian and Pakistani ethnic groups where UC was commoner than CD. <h3>Conclusion</h3> Bangladeshis are more likely to have CD compared with Indians and Pakistanis and require more hospital interventions for CD than UC. This may represent a more aggressive phenotype consistent with previous literature. This data is limited by the nature of the HES database: retrospective, hospital episodes and incomplete coding for ethnicity. Prospective studies are needed to validate these findings and explore underlying reasons for the difference. <h3>Disclosure of interest</h3> None Declared.

The Mystery of Vladimir Nabokov

The analysis of the novel Lolita by Vladimir Nabokov (English and Russian versions) has revealed the peculiarities of the novel on the level of contents and the plot and on the lexical level. The results of the analysis make it possible to come to the conclusion that the novel is a multilevel structure, inherently Russian in culture in spite of the abundance of French words and the English context. As to its communicative organization, it is an implied dialogue between the author and the reader, it is a double-voiced discourse that serves the author and the narrator at the same time to expresses simultaneously two different intentions. Nevertheless, in spite of its Russian imprint, the novel may be considered a unique phenomenon of world culture. There is no doubt that the work of true bilinguals, to which the great Russian-American writer V.V. Nabokov, deserves special attention in view of combining ethnic and cultural codes and harmonious combination of different ethno-psycholinguistic rules of each language (Karabulatova & Polivara, 2013). DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n3s4p115