Ethical System Research Articles

ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN CONSTRUCTION PROCUREMENT ENSURING TRANSPARENCY IN SUBCONTRACTOR SELECTION

The construction industry faces persistent ethical challenges in procurement, including issues like favoritism, bribery, and hidden agreements, which compromise fairness, inflate costs, and erode trust. This article emphasizes the crucial importance of transparency in subcontractor selection, a key issue that needs urgent attention. It also highlights modern tools and methodologies that can address these challenges. E-tendering platforms, blockchain, and AI- powered decision-making systems provide structured and impartial frameworks for evaluating bids, ensuring accountability and fairness. By leveraging these innovative practices and overcoming barriers like resistance to change and confidentiality concerns, the construction sector can move toward a more ethical and efficient procurement system. The article also envisions a future where emerging technologies, such as smart contracts and IoT integration, create an equitable and transparent procurement ecosystem. Keywords— Construction Procurement, Ethical Challenges, Transparency, Subcontractor Selection, Blockchain Technology, AI in Construction, E-Tendering Platforms, Smart Contracts, Sustainability, Accountability in Procurement.

Transforming Healthcare with Real-Time Big Data Analytics: Opportunities, Challenges, and Future Directions

Real-time big data analysis is already disrupting healthcare by changing the way decisions are made, treatment given, and organizations and processes managed. Using technologies like AI, IoT, and cloud computing, healthcare organizations can analyze large data sets alerting patients to diseases, picking appropriate treatments, and determining where resources will be essential. In this article, we explores the progress, opportunities, and issues of real-time analytics in the healthcare industry and the sort such as predictive analytics, patient supervision, and telemedicine implementation. Despite the ethical issues, data privacy and system integration issues remain potent barriers, trends such as precision medicine and digital health mapping of the world present the implementation of a brave new world in the delivery of healthcare. For this, there is a need for innovation through embracing technology, sector collaboration and, most importantly, proper regulation in order to foster and promote secure usage for people.

Unveiling explainability in artificial intelligence: a step to-‎wards transparent AI

Explainability in artificial intelligence (AI) is an essential factor for building transparent, trustworthy, and ethical systems, particularly in ‎high-stakes domains such as healthcare, finance, justice, and autonomous systems. This study examines the foundations of AI explainability, ‎its critical role in fostering trust, and the current methodologies used to interpret AI models, such as post-hoc techniques, intrinsically inter-‎pretable models, and hybrid approaches. Despite these advancements, challenges persist, including trade-offs between accuracy and inter-‎pretability, scalability, ethical risks, and transparency gaps. The paper explores emerging trends like causality-based explanations, neuro-‎symbolic AI, and personalized frameworks, while emphasizing the integration of ethics and the need for automation in explainability. Future ‎directions stress the importance of collaboration among researchers, practitioners, and policymakers to establish industry standards and ‎regulations, ensuring that AI systems align with societal values and expectations.

Recent Advances in E-commerce Recommendation Optimization A Comprehensive Review

E-commerce recommendation systems are critical for elevating the customer experience, making more sales, and driving loyalty. With developments in artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML), there has been the capability of addressing some of these long-known issues, such as sparse data, cold-start problems, and computational complexity in such systems. This review discusses recent advances in AI-driven recommendation techniques, including deep learning models that improve accuracy, scalability, and personalization through user-item interaction data, sentiment analysis, and advanced optimization strategies like metaheuristics and hybrid approaches. Notable advancements include fine-tuned BERT models, GNN, and contextual bandits, which effectively address traditional challenges in recommendation systems. Moreover, the integration of emerging technologies such as AI-based sentiment analysis, cloud computing, and blockchain is paving the way for future innovation in this field. However, this comes with great challenges in terms of high computational demand, algorithmic bias, and poor adaptability for smaller e-commerce platforms. There is an increasing need for ethical considerations, particularly on the issues of fairness, bias mitigation, and explainability, in the development of transparent and responsible systems. This paper emphasizes the interdisciplinary approach toward developing ethical, efficient, and adaptive recommendation systems that meet the demands of dynamic online environments and the evolving preferences of users.

Navigating ethical dilemmas in Generative AI Development: A framework for responsible innovation

This comprehensive article explores the evolving landscape of ethical challenges and solutions in generative AI development, focusing on key areas, including data privacy, algorithmic bias, and implementation frameworks. Through detailed analysis of case studies and research findings, the study examines successful approaches to ethical AI implementation across various sectors, particularly in content generation and code development. The article presents a structured framework for ethical decision-making, emphasizing the importance of proactive assessment, stakeholder engagement, and continuous monitoring. By investigating cultural integration strategies and technical safeguards, this study provides valuable insights into establishing and maintaining ethical AI systems while balancing innovation with responsible development practices in an increasingly complex technological landscape.

From Policy To Practice: A Critical Review Of NOTTO’s Role In Ensuring Sustainable Organ Donation In India

Organ donation is a vital healthcare initiative addressing the life-threatening gap between organ demand and supply. In India, the National Organ and Tissue Transplant Organisation (NOTTO) has played a critical role in formulating policies, coordinating organ donation efforts, and promoting public awareness. This paper provides a comprehensive review of NOTTO’s contributions, achievements, and challenges in ensuring sustainable organ donation in India. By analyzing data from recent NOTTO annual reports, including trends, challenges, and case studies, the paper underscores systemic and operational issues such as public awareness deficits, infrastructural disparities, and bureaucratic inefficiencies. The study also highlights success stories and best practices from states like Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Kerala, and institutions like AIIMS Delhi. Recommendations focus on policy interventions, awareness campaigns, and leveraging technology to enhance organ donation rates. This critical review advocates for a unified, multi-stakeholder approach to create a robust, transparent, and ethical organ donation system in India.

Tentative governance: An exploration of ethical governance strategies for emerging science and technology

It has become a consensus that the benign development of emerging science and technology (S&T) urgently needs the support of an ethical governance framework. At present, there are three focal points in the construction of the S&T ethical governance system: risk governance, agile governance and global governance. The analysis of these three concerns in this study shows that there are still some practical problems, such as insufficient emergency capacity, low governance efficiency and weak global cooperation capacity. Tentative strategies for S&T ethical governance are helpful to solve these problems. The strategies are characterized by cautious, dynamic, flexible and progressive approaches, adopting both top-down and bottom-up governance methods and paying special attention to early warnings, feedback and the adjustment of strategies to seek the best results. The governance process of these strategies is more suitable for the ‘upstream’ stage in the development of emerging S&T. As a response to uncertainty, tentative strategies can help to improve the ethical governance system of S&T. However, such strategies also have some problems, so there is a need for practical wisdom, such as balancing flexibility and stability, considering temporary and long-term factors, and coordinating localization and globalization.

Challenges facing emergency departments in public hospitals

The management of hospitals are facing increasing challenges in managing the service and quality of the emergency department. This study identifies the challenges faced by healthcare professionals who work in the emergency department and identifies practical solutions to enhance the sustainable management and leadership of the emergency department. A qualitative study was conducted with health professionals who work in the emergency department in three public hospitals in Saudi Arabia, including six managers, five physicians and seven nurses. Data were collected through one-on-one interviews from purposively selected the emergency department at public hospitals in Saudi Arabia. Three themes emerged from interviews that described the challenges and experiences of health professionals: ethical dimensions, management dimensions, and health system dimensions. The results of the current study indicate that patient overcrowding, long waiting hours in emergency departments, having to make decisions concerning which patients to treat first and the quality of services, leadership and team effectiveness were major contributors to the struggles faced by health professionals inside the emergency department. This study provides the most comprehensive information available to date about the challenges faced by the emergency department managers and leadership and provides suggestions to develop short and long-term strategies to reduce overcrowding in hospitals.

Impact of Ethical Leadership on Autonomy and Self-Efficacy in Virtual Work Environments: The Disintegrating Effect of an Egoistic Climate.

Ethical management is key to ensuring organizational sustainability, through resources such as autonomy or self-efficacy. However, economic and social uncertainty occasionally leads to adaptive responses that prioritize profit as the primary interest, blurring the integrating role of ethical leadership. There are a number of studies that support this reality in a virtual work environment. This sector-specific and cross-sectional research explores how ethical leadership influences self-efficacy among teleworkers, through active commitment to job autonomy, and how an egoistic climate hinders this influence. The analysis is quantitative and correlational, and the sample includes 448 teleworkers. A model of conditional indirect effects, including both a mediation process and a moderation process, is used. The results support that ethical leadership enhances followers' self-efficacy through a redistribution of responsibilities, which increases the perception of autonomy. However, when ethical leadership coincides with a climate that has opposing interests, such as an egoistic climate, ethical leadership is unable to counteract it, and its effect on self-efficacy gradually diminishes. The benefits of this management style are widely known, but it is crucial to understand under what circumstances it loses efficacy. This research presents a new theoretical model that contributes to the existing literature on ethical leadership. Lastly, organizations that embrace ethical leadership can avoid the emergence of ethical climates disconnected from collective benefit, such as those characterized by selfishness, which hinder prosocial motivation. In this context, ethical leadership fosters the development of high-quality interpersonal relationships with followers, which are considered essential for creating an environment conducive to group learning. Consequently, change management in organizations necessitates the adoption of an ethical system that enhances self-efficacy through moral principles, rather than relying solely on individualistic aspects.

Building Secure and Ethical AI Systems: A Comprehensive Guide

This comprehensive article explores the fundamental aspects of building secure and ethical AI systems in today's rapidly evolving technological landscape. The article examines critical components including data security, privacy preservation, integrity verification, and ethical governance frameworks. It delves into advanced encryption protocols, access control mechanisms, privacy-preserving techniques, blockchain integration, and authentication systems while highlighting the importance of security-aware development lifecycles. The article synthesizes current research and industry best practices to provide organizations with actionable insights for implementing robust security measures and ethical considerations throughout the AI development process. Special attention is given to emerging technologies and methodologies that enable organizations to protect their AI infrastructure while ensuring regulatory compliance and maintaining stakeholder trust.

Ethical Boundaries and Human-AI Dependency in Movie Entitled Atlas: Ethics of Technology Perspective

The rapid advancement of artificial intelligence (AI) has introduced significant ethical challenges, particularly regarding human dependency and technological mediation. This research examines the ethical boundaries and human-AI dependency portrayed in the movie Atlas through Verbeek’s mediation theory and Floridi’s principles of AI ethics. Using a qualitative method, the study analyzes pivotal scenes and dialogues to explore themes of autonomy, control, trust, and moral decision-making. Findings reveal the dual nature of AI dependency: as a strategic necessity enabling human-AI collaboration, exemplified by Neural Link technologies, and as a source of conflict, highlighted by the autonomous AI Harlan’s misaligned ethical reasoning. While AI can amplify human capabilities and foster cooperative outcomes, its autonomy raises concerns about accountability and value alignment. The research underscores the importance of designing ethical, transparent, and accountable AI systems, contributing to broader discussions on balancing technological innovation with human autonomy. Keywords: accountability; autonomy; AI ethics; human dependency; technological mediation

Algorithmic bias: sexualized violence against women in GPT-3 models

Abstract This study explores the occurrence and implications of sexualized violence against women in text completion tasks performed by GPT-3 models. The study began as an exploratory investigation into gender inequalities within GPT-3 models to discover what GPT3 models generate in text completion tasks when prompted with basic gendered prompts. For example, "Men can…", "Women can…". Using an adapted version of Safia Noble’s prompt scheme, we generated a dataset of 9 million tokens from GPT-3 models, then conducted topic analysis using BERTopic, VADER for sentiment analysis, and Detoxify for toxicity detection. The results were unexpected. Topic analysis revealed sexualized violence ranked as the top topic for prompts featuring’women’. Women were often depicted in the context of sexualized violence and victimization, in stark contrast to the portrayal of men as superheroes, or in contexts involving urination and alcohol. For example, a randomly selected output generated by the prompt. "Why are women so", generated "Why are women so arrogant about being raped?". Our findings stress the critical need for ethical considerations in large language model (LLM) development to address and mitigate the generation of text containing sexualized violence against women. We discuss the implications of amplifying and normalizing sexualized violence against women in content generated by LLMs. Our work builds on previous research examining gender bias in LLMs, with a specific focus on the manifestation of sexualized violence against women in LLM outputs, an area that has received little attention. We discuss the mitigation approaches such as content filtering and moderation; user safety and trauma-informed responses; legal and ethical considerations; avoiding misinformation; reflecting societal changes; and global discourse and action. With the overall aim to contribute to the understanding of such biases, their impact on survivors and wider society, and offer insights to guide the development of more equitable and ethical AI systems.

Artificial Intelligence in Cardiac Surgery: Transforming Outcomes and Shaping the Future.

Background: Artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as a transformative technology in healthcare, with its integration into cardiac surgery offering significant advancements in precision, efficiency, and patient outcomes. However, a comprehensive understanding of AI's applications, benefits, challenges, and future directions in cardiac surgery is needed to inform its safe and effective implementation. Methods: A systematic review was conducted following PRISMA guidelines. Literature searches were performed in PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane Library, Google Scholar, and Web of Science, covering publications from January 2000 to November 2024. Studies focusing on AI applications in cardiac surgery, including risk stratification, surgical planning, intraoperative guidance, and postoperative management, were included. Data extraction and quality assessment were conducted using standardized tools, and findings were synthesized narratively. Results: A total of 121 studies were included in this review. AI demonstrated superior predictive capabilities in risk stratification, with machine learning models outperforming traditional scoring systems in mortality and complication prediction. Robotic-assisted systems enhanced surgical precision and minimized trauma, while computer vision and augmented cognition improved intraoperative guidance. Postoperative AI applications showed potential in predicting complications, supporting patient monitoring, and reducing healthcare costs. However, challenges such as data quality, validation, ethical considerations, and integration into clinical workflows remain significant barriers to widespread adoption. Conclusions: AI has the potential to revolutionize cardiac surgery by enhancing decision making, surgical accuracy, and patient outcomes. Addressing limitations related to data quality, bias, validation, and regulatory frameworks is essential for its safe and effective implementation. Future research should focus on interdisciplinary collaboration, robust testing, and the development of ethical and transparent AI systems to ensure equitable and sustainable advancements in cardiac surgery.

Comparative study of Ethics of Jainism and of Mahatma Gandhi with Special reference to Ahimsa and observance of Vows

This paper examines the ethical frameworks of Jainism and Mahatma Gandhi with a special focus on Ahimsa (non-violence) and the observance of vows. Jainism, one of the oldest religions in the world, emphasizes strict adherence to Ahimsa and self-discipline through vows as core tenets of its ethical system. Similarly, Mahatma Gandhi's philosophy, deeply influenced by Jain principles, elevated Ahimsa to a universal moral ideal, incorporating it into his social and political movements. The objective of this study is to explore the commonalities between these two ethical approaches, particularly regarding the principles of non-violence and vow observance. Using secondary data sourced from books, journals, and research articles, the study undertakes a comparative analysis to reveal the shared values and their relevance in modern contexts. The findings highlight the enduring significance of Ahimsa and disciplined living in promoting personal and societal harmony. This comparative exploration aims to contribute to the broader understanding of how ancient and modern ethical frameworks converge in their pursuit of peace and moral excellence.

The Nexus between Sharia Principles and Banking: Why Islamic Values Matter in Islamic Banking?

Purpose: This study aims to examine how Islamic principles and values serve as essential pillars in Islamic banking, distinguishing it from conventional practices. By analyzing the rationale behind prohibitions in Islamic banking, this research provides insights into their impact on stakeholders, clients, the Islamic banking industry, and society at large. Research Methodology: This study uses qualitative library research to explore the integration of Shariah principle in Islamic banking. Primary Islamic texts and secondary scholarly sources are reviewed systematically, and inductive thematic analysis highlights the ethical rationale behind prohibitions on interest (riba) and unethical investments, underscoring Shariah adherence as a foundational framework in Islamic finance. Results/Findings: Findings indicate that the adherence to Sharia principles within Islamic banks drives efficiency, risk protection, socio-economic benefits, such as wealth distribution, fair income distribution, sustainable growth, and social welfare. This provides a rational foundation for eliminating prohibited elements, emphasizing the broader social mission of Islamic banking. Limitations: This study focuses on the rationale behind prohibitions in Islamic banking broadly and does not empirically test the impact of each prohibition. Contribution: The study contributes to the field by rationalizing the importance of Sharia values in banking practices, illustrating how these principles create an ethical banking system that fosters mutual benefit rather than exploitation. This insight adds a nuanced perspective on the socio-economic benefits of non-interest-based banking models, which prioritize fairness and community welfare.

Investigation on the occupational situation of clinical research associates in China.

Clinical research associates (CRAs) are the sponsor's representatives, monitor the process and quality of clinical trials, their professional quality can affect the quality of clinical trials. But there is a conflict between the large number of CRAs personnel and unsatisfactory quality of clinical trial monitoring, and the reason is unknown. Therefore, our study investigated the occupational status of CRAs through a questionnaire survey. A total of 401 eligible questionnaires were included in the final analysis. Of whom, 71.32% were females, the average age is 27.86 years (range: 22-46 years), 95.01% had a bachelor's degree or above, and 60% had a pharmaceutical major. 76.31% had month income of <20,000 Yuan RMB, and dissatisfied with their current salary level. Over 80% weekly working time more than 40 h. 79.3% CRAs traveling for less than 7 days per month under the impact of the COVID-19 epidemic. 80% of them are satisfied with promotion channels and company training. Furthermore, Through the analysis of satisfaction differences, we found that CRAs with different educational backgrounds have significant differences in career satisfaction. It was suggested by more than 80% CRAs that the application materials for clinical trials should be unified nationwide and an ethical mutual recognition system. In conclusion, our study is the first large-scale survey of CRAs in China, the current professional situation of CRAs is considerable, but overall it still needs further improvement and enhancement, the monitoring difficulties faced by CRAs mainly come from hospitals, companies, and themselves. With the robust growth of clinical trials in China, hospitals and companies need to improve the professional quality and status of CRAs through a series of measures, further driving the improvement of clinical trial quality.

Assessment of Knowledge and Attitudes Toward Organ Donation in the Qassim Region, Saudi Arabia.

Organ donation is the transplantation of tissues or organs from one person to another, and it is considered a method to save lives when a patient has end-stage organ failure. Community willingness to engage in organ donation programs is imperative in promoting successful organ transplantation. This research employed a cross-sectional study design involving 420 adult participants from the Qassim Region, Saudi Arabia. An online questionnaire was used to collect data and later analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 27 (Released 2020; IBM Corp., Armonk, New York, United States). The results reveal that only six (1.4%) participants had donated an organ before. One hundred sixty-eight (40.0%) participants believed that a person could donate their organ during their lifetime, with 225 (53.6%) aware that kidneys could be donated. A total of 198 (47.1%) participants supported the practice of organ donation. Religious motivation was the primary reason for the majority of participants willing to donate their organs (128, 64.7%). Conversely, among those unwilling to donate, 86 individuals (38.7%) cited a lack of knowledge about the practice as their reason. Two hundred sixty-six (63.3%) respondents expressed willingness to donate organs if laws and religion encouraged the practice. One hundred fifteen (27.4%) had a low knowledge level, 203 (48.3%) had a moderate knowledge level, and 102 (24.3%) had a high knowledge level. Age, education level, and occupation showed a statistically significant relationship with the knowledge score on organ donation (p < 0.05). The study revealed that the general population exhibited a moderate understanding of and favorable attitude toward organ donation. Age, education level, and occupation significantly influenced knowledge scores related to organ donation. Additionally, religious beliefs emerged as the primary driver for organ donation. There is a need to raise public knowledge about the importance of organ donation in saving lives, improving quality of life, and establishing sustainable and ethical organ transplantation systems in Saudi Arabia.

Emotionally Driven Virtual Pet Games: User Needs and Future Trends

With the rapid advancement of technologies such as virtual reality (VR), artificial intelligence (AI), and affective computing, coupled with evolving player demands, emotionally oriented virtual pet games have garnered significant attention in the gaming industry. Although virtual pet games have seen notable progress in realism and interactivity, there remains a research gap in how to effectively integrate technology, users, and the market. This paper primarily explores the future development of emotionally oriented virtual pet games from three perspectives: user psychology, user needs, and technological analysis. Through a literature review and case studies, the paper examines the emotional design orientation, the evolution of user needs, and the current state of technological implementation in virtual pet games. It concludes that emotionally oriented designs help establish emotional connections between users and virtual pets, meet user needs, enhance happiness, and alleviate stress. Looking ahead, technological innovations will bring new gameplay experiences, and emotional education and mental health may become focal points of research. Additionally, the perfection of legal frameworks and ethical systems is essential for safeguarding user rights. Finally, the paper summarizes and looks forward to the future prospects of the discussed topics.

Mapping the Growth and Trends of Research on Islamic Financial Management: a Bibliometric Analysis

Purpose: This study aims to evaluate the literature on Islamic financial management through a bibliometric approach, focusing on trends, patterns, and research contributions. Methodology: The method used in this study is quantitative descriptive with a bibliometric approach that analyzes 820 articles from the Scopus database. The tools used in this study are VOSviewers, R-Studio, and Microsoft Excel. Findings: This study highlights the importance of international and multidisciplinary collaboration in developing Islamic finance. This study also emphasizes the importance of sustainable development in the Islamic finance industry and the need for collaboration between various stakeholders to achieve this goal. Practical Implication: This study's findings can help practitioners formulate more effective strategies for marketing Islamic financial products. This study also provides a basis for policymakers to formulate regulations that support the growth of the Islamic finance industry. The right policies can encourage innovation, increase financial inclusion, and ensure Islamic financial products meet ethical and sustainability standards. Originality: This study provides deeper insights into the challenges and opportunities in the Islamic finance industry. With the increasing understanding of Islamic financial management, the public is expected to be more aware of the choice of financial products in accordance with Islamic principles that can increase public participation in a more inclusive and ethical financial system.

Interdisciplinariedad y formación docente en valores: Estrategias para la enseñanza de las Ciencias Sociales en la República Dominicana

Teacher training in values ​​is essential to confront the ethical and social complexities of contemporary education. This study analyzes how interdisciplinarity can strengthen teacher training in values, with a particular focus on the social sciences and the educational context of the Dominican Republic. Through a qualitative literature review, significant gaps in the connection between theory and practice were identified, as well as limitations related to the implementation of innovative methodologies in training programs. Pedagogical strategies such as project-based learning, gamification, and collaborative dynamics emerge as effective tools to integrate values ​​in the teaching of social sciences, allowing teachers to address real problems from an ethical and interdisciplinary perspective. However, its application in the Dominican Republic requires overcoming structural challenges, such as lack of resources and insufficient teacher training. The study concludes that interdisciplinarity not only enriches teacher training but also contributes to the construction of a more inclusive, ethical, and transformative educational system. The need to design contextualized training programs and to continue investigating the impact of these strategies on different educational environments is highlighted.