Subject Of Ethics Research Articles

Ethical Issues of Human Information Behaviour and Human Information Interactions

Abstract The objectives of the study are to determine the main ethical factors related to human information interactions. The main research question was: What is the perception of ethical issues of information work and future topics of information ethics in digital environment? A brief analysis of related ethical issues of information is presented. The main applied methodology was a Delphi study on information ethics with selected experts from Slovakia and Czech Republic. The data were analysed with the use of mixed methods of discourse and content analyses and conceptual modelling. We present results of the discourse analyses (first round, 19 experts; discussion, 6 experts). Results are interpreted with regard to the ethical issues of work with digital information, main ethical dilemmas of the use of advanced technologies, and values of information. Results are visualised in three conceptual maps. A final conceptual model represents the epistemic consensus of experts, including social and cultural rules, value tensions between man and technologies, and utility, truth, and objectivity of information. We propose to include the identified ethical factors into models of human information behaviour. Recommendations for practice focus on value-sensitive design of digital services and products in the intercultural contexts of information literacy, education, science, workplaces, and everyday information use.

Entropy and Entropic Differences in the Work of Michel Serres

Michel Serres’s philosophy of entropy takes what he famously calls the ‘Northwest Passage’ between the sciences and the humanities. By contextualizing his approach to entropy and affirming the role of a philosophy of difference, this paper explores Serres’s approach by means of ‘entropic differences’. It claims that entropy – or rather, entropies – provide Serres with a paradigmatic case for critical translations between different domains of knowledge. From his early Hermès series, through to The Birth of Physics and later writings on social and ethical themes, he keeps thermodynamical and informational – or ‘hard’ and ‘soft’ – understandings of entropy apart, while simultaneously exploring their relation. By focusing on the systematic significance of Serres’s ‘entropic difference’, this paper shows how it unfolds not necessarily as an ontological difference but as an operative function between the history and philosophy of science, epistemology, and a theory of negentropic (inter)subjectivity.

Jiddu Krishnamurti and the Problem of Conscience

Jiddu Krishnamurti (1895–1986) remains an enigma for philosophers, historians and lay audiences. Being chosen to be made “World Teacher” by the Theosophical Society (Adyar), Krishnamurti renounced his demi-godhood, in 1929, and went on to become a spiritual teacher. Krishnamurti’s vexed life has increasingly come under scrutiny, in the last three decades, owing to his perceived acts of immoral behavior. This correlates to the growing culture of public denunciations of acts of moral transgressions that we have witnessed particularly over the last decade. Considering the importance of the themes of conscience and morality within Krishnamurti’s “spiritual anarchy,” this paper tries to locate the absent centre of his seemingly decentered philosophy. It draws a comparative trajectory of the centrality of these themes in the lives and works of his philosophical parents, Helena P. Blavatsky and Annie Besant. The paper contends that Krishnamurti’s conception of morality and its role in human suffering needs to be examined, that his philosophy atavistically recapitulates the struggles of Blavatsky and Besant and, ultimately, that his perceived forays into unconscientious realms do not disqualify but reaffirm his crusade against the “still small voice of conscience.”

Volunteering for Infection: Participant Perspectives on a Hepatitis C Virus Controlled Human Infection Model.

Ethical human subjects research requires participants to be treated safely and respectfully, yet much bioethical debate takes place without participants. We aim to address this gap in the context of controlled human infection model (CHIM) research. Based upon our own experience as study participants, and bolstered by a survey of 117 potential hepatitis C virus CHIM participants, we present ideas to inform efficient, ethical, and scientifically useful study design. We advocate for full protocol transparency, higher compensation, commitment to the rapid dissemination of study results, and proactive efforts to detail risk-minimization efforts as early as possible in the recruitment process, among other measures. We encourage researchers to proactively partner with volunteer advocacy organizations that promote collective representation of volunteers to maximize their agency, and guard against ethical issues arising from healthy human subjects research.

Developing critical thinking among children and bibliotherapy in the library

Purpose. The paper aims to point out the possibilities of developing critical thinking in children by conducting bibliotherapy workshops in the library based on the template of a traditional children's story. The work is based on a course that the authors run at the Croatian Training Centre for Continuing Education of Librarians to encourage critical thinking in children, develop reading habits and create a critical reader. It is based on workshops that were an integral part of the international project TRACE. Approach/methodology. The paper will present the workshops the authors conducted as part of the Erasmus+ project Traditional children's stories for a common future – TRACE. Workshops are shared with librarians through the Croatian Training Centre for Continuing Education of Librarians. We encourage children to think and create their own opinions using different methods, most of which are based on the modernized Socratic method. Results. Children often do not get to express their opinions by questioning their attitudes. The conducted workshops showed one of how it is possible to use stories with different ethical themes to stimulate critical thinking in children and teach them how to be active participants in their society. Practical use. Considering the possibility of using /combining several methods and conducting workshops in "continuations", it is possible to apply them both in school libraries and children's departments of public libraries. Originality and value. The paper points to the importance of developing critical thinking in children and highlights the value of traditional stories that influence children's awareness of their personality and shaping of their attitudes, contributing to the ability to solve life's problems and the development of a value system and the improvement of interpersonal relationships.

The Moral Perspectives of the Anaphora of Addai and Mari in the Syro-Malabar Liturgy

Liturgical prayers comprise a myriad of moral concepts. This is obvious in the anaphora of Addai and Mari, one of the earliest liturgies in the East Syrian tradition. Prayers of this anaphora are a source of Christian moral tradition. This article argues that there are fundamental moral concepts, moral values, and special moral cases in the anaphora of Addai and Mari. The prominent moral themes of this anaphora include conscience, justice, love, communion, holiness, gratitude, mercy, peace, and eco-theology. Moreover, participation in the Holy Qurbana incites moral imagination and subsequently helps one to arrive at good moral decisions. The result is the moral response (counter-gift) of the participation in the Holy Qurbana. The article also explores the similarities between the moral concepts of Acts of Thomas, Ephrem's hymns, Aphrahat's Demonstrations and the anaphora of Addai and Mari. This article reasons that a deep relationship exists between liturgy and morality, and one can obtain mature moral perspectives from the anaphora of Addai and Mari in the present context.

Deep Learning and Autonomous Vehicles: Strategic Themes, Applications, and Research Agenda Using SciMAT and Content-Centric Analysis, a Systematic Review

Applications of deep learning (DL) in autonomous vehicle (AV) projects have gained increasing interest from both researchers and companies. This has caused a rapid expansion of scientific production on DL-AV in recent years, encouraging researchers to conduct systematic literature reviews (SLRs) to organize knowledge on the topic. However, a critical analysis of the existing SLRs on DL-AV reveals some methodological gaps, particularly regarding the use of bibliometric software, which are powerful tools for analyzing large amounts of data and for providing a holistic understanding on the structure of knowledge of a particular field. This study aims to identify the strategic themes and trends in DL-AV research using the Science Mapping Analysis Tool (SciMAT) and content analysis. Strategic diagrams and cluster networks were developed using SciMAT, allowing the identification of motor themes and research opportunities. The content analysis allowed categorization of the contribution of the academic literature on DL applications in AV project design; neural networks and AI models used in AVs; and transdisciplinary themes in DL-AV research, including energy, legislation, ethics, and cybersecurity. Potential research avenues are discussed for each of these categories. The findings presented in this study can benefit both experienced scholars who can gain access to condensed information about the literature on DL-AV and new researchers who may be attracted to topics related to technological development and other issues with social and environmental impacts.

The Influence of ESG, SRI, Ethical, and Impact Investing Activities on Portfolio and Financial Performance—Bibliometric Analysis/Mapping and Clustering Analysis

This paper aims to examine the publication metrics of literature related to the influential aspects of ESG (environmental, social, and governance), SRI (socially responsible investing), ethical, and impact investing on the portfolio and financial performance literature. It also seeks to identify major patterns and core themes in this topic and draw lessons from the past literature for future directions. Data from the SCOPUS database were used in this study. The ‘biblioshiny’ R package, also known as ‘bibliometrix 3.0’, was employed to conduct bibliometric analysis, utilising mapping and clustering techniques on 260 articles, in order to distil the comprehensive knowledge and identify emerging trends in ESG, SRI, ethical, and impact investing. The thematic map classified the ESG, SRI, ethical, impact investing and performance relationship themes into four categories of themes: niche themes (SRI, engagement and ESG), motor themes (corporate financial performance, corporate social performance, ESG, ESG factors, sustainability, performance, integrated reporting, gender diversity, and board size), emerging or declining themes (social responsibility, environmental performance, socially responsible investment, ethical investment, and SRI), and basic or transversal themes (financial performance, corporate social performance, ESG performance, environmental, social, and governance). Socially responsible investing, engagement, and ESG imply a position between niche themes and a highly developed topic/emerging or a decreasing theme, while the impact of COVID-19 on sustainability and financial performance implies a position between a highly developed topic/emerging or decreasing theme and a basic theme. The findings contribute to the enhanced understanding of ESG, SRI, ethical, impact investing and performance, which are crucial for an efficient capital market in promoting sustainability and sustainable development. The study offers vital practical implications and future research directions.

Institutional pressures and the adoption of responsible management education at universities and business schools in Central and Eastern Europe

AbstractBusiness schools, and universities providing business education, from across the globe have increasingly engaged in responsible management education (RME), that is in embedding social, environmental and ethical topics in their teaching and research. However, we still do not fully understand the institutional pressures that have led to the adoption of RME, in particular concerning under‐researched regions like Central and Eastern Europe (CEE). Hence, we undertook what is to our knowledge the most comprehensive study into the adoption of RME in CEE to date (including 13 countries: Belarus, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovenia and Ukraine). We find that, with regard to RME, isomorphic pressures seem to shape teaching and research in different ways, which suggests that the idea of a holistic approach to RME, promoted by, for example, the Principles of Responsible Management Education (PRME), needs to be revisited; rather, different trajectories of organizational engagement may emerge for each principle. As a contribution to institutional theory, we discuss how a highly fragmented organizational field—like RME with its multiple dimensions—impacts on notions of actor centrality, where actors achieve centrality with regard to some dimensions of the field but fail to do so for others. In particular, we found that the European Union holds centrality in the area of RME teaching, but not in RME research. Our findings thus suggest that the concept of field centrality needs further clarification.

Islamic Law and Ethics

Continuing engagement with Islamic legal scholarship does not seem to have resulted in satisfactory attention being paid to the interplay of philosophical considerations and theological principles in relation to the ethical component of Islamic Law. This explains why any scholarly and properly guided attempt to extend the frontiers of knowledge on the subject of Islamic Law and Ethics is always welcome. David Vishanoff’s edited volume examines Islamic ethics in the context of Islamic law. The book comprises an introduction by the editor, a foreword by the publishers, followed by the chapters contributed by the editor and no fewer than six other eminent scholars on various aspects of the subject, which are presented in an elegant, lucid, and highly intelligible prose. The editor’s introduction, Islamic Law and Ethics: From Integration to Pluralism (pp. ix-xiii) provides the rationale for the book, exposes the gap that the book seeks to fill, and offers a panoramic picture of the central theme as addressed by the various contributors in their respective chapters.

Practicing for Death in the Anthropocene

This article analyzes the theme of practicing for death as it has emerged in recent environmental discourse. In the first part, it situates Roy Scranton’s Learning to Die in the Anthropocene (2015) in the context of new critical approaches to death and asceticism, especially Peter Sloterdijk’s You Must Change Your Life: On Anthropotechnics (2013). In the second part, it offers an environmental reading of the “remembrance of death” as it appears in John Climacus’s influential seventh-century manual, The Ladder of Divine Ascent. Here, the authors build on Sloterdijk’s remarks on Climacus while developing Sloterdijk’s analysis substantially, drawing (in part three) on ecotheological readings of Byzantine asceticism to elucidate Climacus’s environmental practice. The authors argue that what is at stake in the remembrance of death is the death not of the self but of a perception of the self that valorizes the self-possessed subject. In the final part, they compare the death of specific self-images in Christian asceticism to the death of the human qua self-possessed subject in the posthumanist ethics of Rosi Braidotti. At the same time, the authors see Climacus as deepening positions sketched out in Braidotti’s posthumanism and providing a critical perspective on the idea of resigning from care.

기후변화와 인간의 책임에 대한 그리스도교 윤리적 성찰

Climate change caused by the destruction of the ecological environment in many parts of the earth is very serious. In particular, climate change can have serious adverse effects on humanity as a whole and on to future generations, not only on humans but also on the order of creation as well as all living creatures, and can be fatal unless some measures are taken immediately. For this, since the 20th-century German philosopher Hans Jonas(1903-1993) published his book The Principle of Responsibility (Das Prinzip Verantwortung), and the topic of human responsibility for creation has become a keyword in moral theology.
 The church announced the encyclical Laudato Si, on May 24, 2015 which must be observed by everyone in this era.
 Responsibility means that a person with independence and the ability of self-realization feels a sense of duty for the act performed by his free decision and carries out the task himself. Since man is an ethical subject who acts for himself with free decisions and is able to distinguish between good and evil, he is responsible to himself, to his fellow human beings and to God. Because of this responsibility, God can ask man to keep the commandments, and a relationship is established in which man must respond to God for this demand. Since this responsibility is given to human beings from the divine authority of creation, human beings act as responsible subjects, and the whole world, which is a gift from God to human beings, is the object of that responsibility. In addition, human beings are the image of God, and as human beings who represent God's will, they must fulfill their duty of responsibility for creation in this world in the name of human beings. Climate change caused by the destruction of the ecological environment around the globe is truly serious.

To what extent do management educators embed globally responsible humanism (GRH) in their courses and why? An exploratory study

This paper aims to explore the extent to which Globally Responsible Humanism (GRH) is embedded in the management education offered by public business schools in Egypt. We conducted semi-structured interviews with 24 management educators working at three public business schools. The findings show an absence of socio-cultural, ethical, and eco-political themes in their courses and research activities. Moreover, only five of our respondents highlight a superficial embedding of the definitions of social responsibility, sustainability, environmental awareness, and ethics in economics, accounting, and management courses.

INFORMATION SOCIETY AND NEW GLOBAL ETHICS

The article is dedicated to analyzing socio-cultural and ethical changes occurring in the modern information society under the influence of globalization processes. The main aim of the research is to analyze cultural transformations in the sphere of information society ethics. In examining these changes, the authors utilize theoretical concepts from leading researchers in the field of information society and ethics, including D. Bell, J. Baudrillard, M. Castells, R. Florida, at al. The article focuses on changes not only oriented towards technological aspects and the proliferation of information but also on the complex aspects of human interaction: the ability to create and transmit ethical values from generation to generation while considering existential priorities and moral norms. The authors regard the information society as a new socio-cultural reality that necessitates the development of a new global ethics. Such an ethics should take into account the global experience in the realm of morality and the necessity for democratizing the information society. The main emphasis of the article is directed towards interactive, networked communication as a key element of interaction, diverse forms of social dialogue, and methods of democratizing social relations through new technologies. In this context, the authors highlight the significance of Generation Z as a new creative class within the information society, serving as a subject of global ethics. This generation possesses new communicative skills and the ability to propose new strategies and forms of ethical behavior to adapt within the changing information society. In the conclusions of the article, the authors underscore that a new global ethics requires norms capable of aligning national, particular values with global universal ethical values, including ecological, humanistic, and human-centered values, ensuring their accessibility through the democratization of the information society. The methodological basis for such ethics could be Kantianism, fostering the harmonization of intergenerational interactions in the context of information society development.

BT08 Mapping UK frameworks for ethical artificial intelligence applied to dermatology

Abstract There is significant enthusiasm to apply artificial intelligence (AI) in dermatology with an emphasis on image-based analyses for risk assessment of suspicious skin lesions. However, the rapid development and deployment of such AI tools raises concerns that ethical issues arising from their widespread, long-term use may not have been adequately considered during design or implementation. Dermatology, in particular, has been identified as lacking sufficient bioethics research that could standardize the approach to regulating AI-assisted applications. Despite significant efforts to develop robust guidelines for ‘ethical AI’ across private, national and international organizations, debate continues surrounding which ethical principles should be included. The 2022 National AI Strategy positions the UK as leading global efforts toward achieving safe and ethical deployment of AI. We sought to systematically review and analyse policy documents to map UK principles for promoting ethical AI as applied to dermatology. Our review identified five UK policy documents relevant to ethical AI published between 2016 and 2022. All included frameworks highlighted the importance of upholding transparency and fairness along the entire lifecycle of AI development and decision-making. The five frameworks also incorporated autonomy through reference to maintaining informed consent, data privacy and human contestability of AI decisions. The principles of accountability and nonmaleficence were each identified in four policy documents, emphasizing the needs for clear definitions of legal and organizational responsibility and for thorough testing of AI tools to avoid unintended/unwanted outcomes. The principles of beneficence (designing AI to promote good on both individual and societal levels) and sustainability (continually monitoring and adjusting AI tools for longevity and efficacy) were each included in two policy documents. Current UK policy frameworks for ethical AI converge around five key values: fairness, transparency, autonomy, nonmaleficence and accountability. The principles of beneficence and sustainability were advanced, although less frequently highlighted. Despite a reassuring level of convergence across policy documents, the practical implementation of these ethical principles in health care and particularly for skin-specific AI tools remains unclear. Furthermore, evidence of real-world integration of these ethical frameworks into developing AI-based skin cancer diagnostic tools is lacking. Future work seeks to address this gap by analysing commercially available skin cancer diagnostic applications using predefined ethical themes to identify case-specific ethical issues and to evaluate the extent to which these issues are addressed within the existing ethical frameworks. This will provide guidance for developers and adopters of these tools, ensuring responsible design and deployment.

The Lacanian Subject and the Philosophy of Education: Diagnostic with, or without, Therapeutic?

Jacques Lacan’s ethical insights come up when he engages, inter alia, with Aristotelian and Kantian ethics. Tackling Aristotle’s ethics, Lacan complicates how human life would be best lived and fulfilled, and discussing Kant’s ethics, he sheds a different light on moral duty. In both cases, Lacan emphasizes the role of desire and law in the subject’s actions. Many Lacanian insights constitute a fertile context for political philosophy and philosophy of education to explore the ethic character of the subject. However, some postmodern political philosophers who draw on fundamental Lacanian concepts have theorized the “Self–Other” relationship in a way that ends up in a problematic ontological accommodation of evil. In this paper, I outline the aforementioned to highlight the following lacuna: much of the literature in educational philosophy that has utilized Lacan’s theory to deal with ethics has not addressed, head-on, whether the Lacanian subject is ethical, unethical, or none of these. Treating the subject as ethical or unethical would entail that Lacanian theory can mainly offer “diagnoses”. Treating the Lacanian subject as ethically neutral and, thus, as plastic, entails that Lacan’s theory leaves more ample space for “therapy”. My aim in this paper is to show that some unanswered questions regarding the (un)ethical subject in Lacan’s theory must be tackled if the philosophy of education that transfers Lacan’s ideas to the ethical educational context is to avoid self-contradiction.

What Are the Morals of Video Game Stories? A Content Analysis of the Most Popular Video Games

ABSTRACT A content analysis of moral content in the most popular video game franchises with stories between 1996 and 2021 was conducted. The results of the study revealed that there were, on average, 19 moral themes per 3-hour gameplay, and more acts followed basic moral principles. Binding morals (with group loyalty) was the most frequently depicted moral domain; individualizing immoral acts received more negative evaluations. Most moral and immoral acts received no consequences. There was a significant increase in all moral domains from 1996 to 2021. The significance of the findings, as well as limitations and future directions, are discussed

SPECIFICS OF THE RUSSIAN COGNITARIATE OF GENERATION Z

The research is aimed at studying the first generation born and raised in developing digital society – the generation Z. This age cohort is considered according to the class factor of the generation, with the social group of cognitariate highlighted. Cognitariate is a specific group of information product creators from the middle class. It determines their leading role in the development of the digital society. The purpose of the research is to identify characteristic features of cognitarian centennials. The subject is the specificity of the Russian cognitariate among generation Z representatives. Using communicational approaches, the author has identified traits of centennials based on the analysis of quantitative and qualitative studies. Among them are pragmatism, aspiration to creative work, high incomes and entrepreneurial activity. Generation Z representatives from the cognitariate have a tendency towards personal responsibility, self-actualization. Despite being pragmatic, they show deep understanding of complicated ethical topics. There are also negative qualities associated with the digital environment and natural to the generation Z in general. It is noted that the aspirations of the Russian cognitariate are constructive. One of their main goals is the development of society. This study has an applied value in educational field, in adaptation of educational programs to improve the students’ efficiency, in adaptation of young specialists in enterprises and in strengthening of intergenerational bonds.

Play and Counter-Conduct: Migrant Domestic Workers on TikTok

ABSTRACT This paper examines how migrant domestic workers subvert domination, exploitation and subjection through performances in TikTok videos. Through this medium, workers exercise autonomy in severely restrictive employment and living conditions, where collective action may not only be improbable but also illegal. I argue that these videos demonstrate Foucauldian counter-conduct or the “art of not being governed so much”. Counter-conduct is a form of resistance distinct to those who have limited access to the public sphere, due in part to the gendered nature of cooking, cleaning and caring. Domestic work is not normally included in labour laws, and the place of employment are private homes. This makes it difficult to organise or make rights claims. I build on literatures of everyday resistance to examine the practices and subjectivities by migrant domestic workers in Gulf countries. In so doing, so-called “modern slaves”, enact freedom, already present, as subjects of ethics and politics..

보건의료영역 인공지능 윤리 원칙과 고려사항*,**

The use of artificial intelligence (AI) in healthcare settings has become increasingly common. Many hope that AI will remove constraints on human and material resources and bring innovations in diagnosis and treatment. However, the deep learning techniques and resulting black box problem of AI raise important ethical concerns. To address these concerns, this article explores some of the relevant ethical domains, issues, and themes in this area and proposes principles to guide use of AI in healthcare. Three ethical themes are identified, including respect for person, accountability, and sustainability, which correspond to the three domains of data acquisition, clinical setting, and social environment. These themes and domains were schematized with detailed explanations of relevant ethical issues, concepts, and applications, such as explainability and accountability. Additionally, it is argued that conflicts between ethical principles should be resolved through deliberative democratic methods and a consensus building process.