Moral Duty Research Articles

Attitudes of polish medical students toward organ donation

BackgroundThe aim of the study was to analyze determinants affecting attitudes toward organ donation among medical students at medical universities in Poland.Materials and methodsThe study involved 1,348 medical students. It was performed using a validated questionnaire of attitude toward organ donation and transplantation (ODT) [PCID-DTO RIOS: A questionnaire designed by the International Collaborative Organ Donation project about organ transplantation and donation].ResultsIt was shown that those who would not donate their family member’s organs for transplantation were far more likely to believe it was not their moral duty (p = 0.013) and to feel no solidarity with those in need (p = 0.000). Those who spoke to their families believed it was their moral duty (p = 0.000), and believed they would do it out of solidarity with those in need (p = 0.000). It was found that having family conversations about donating one’s organs for transplantation was statistically significantly related to being a blood donor (p = 0.002), fear of desecration/disfigurement of the body after death in case of organ donation (p = 0. 000), a belief that it may be necessary to become an organ recipient in the future (p = 0.000), and knowledge of loved ones’ opinions about ODT (father p = 0.000, mother p = 0.000), partner (p = 0.000).Conclusion1. The reluctance to donate the organs of loved ones for transplantation is accompanied by a lack of a sense of moral obligation and a lack of solidarity with those in need. Conversely, conversations among loved ones about organ donation are thought-provoking, causing a sense of moral obligation and solidarity with those in need. 2. Regardless of the stance on organ donation and family discussions on the subject, the respondents do not care what happens to the body after organ donation, but they also do not know the opinions of their loved ones about ODT. 3. Conversations with loved ones contribute to the acceptance of circumstances in which organs would be harvested for transplantation without consent.

“Until dignity becomes customary” archiving the #28A strike in Colombia

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to document the creation of the Archivo del Paro #28A, a digital archive created in Colombia as a result of the social mobilizations that took place in 2021. To this end, we situate the cycle of protests that has been referred to as “social outburst” in a context of economic, political, and social crisis deepened by the effects of unequal management of the COVID-19 pandemic, but also in a context of political opening following the peace agreements between the State and the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia—People’s Army (FARC-EP) in 2016. In this context, we argue that the social outburst of 2021 constituted a historical milestone in terms of democratic political participation and, consequently, we respond to the ethical and political duty of archiving it. We then show that the project for creating the Archivo del Paro #28A is inspired by other initiatives that have taken place in the international arena. Finally, we describe the process of creating the archive through the campaign “Hacer eterno lo efímero” [Making the ephemeral last forever], which framed the processes of gathering, classification, valuation, and dissemination of the collected documents as a strategy to achieve a broad diversity of voices.

Compassion in the justification of physician-assisted dying: Gandhi's non-violence vs. Aristotle's virtues and vices.

Compassion is an essential phenomenon in the therapeutic relationship, and some use it to justify physician-assisted dying practices. The value of compassion in the relationship between healthcare professionals and patients is undeniable. However, different approaches to its definition and scope can lead to distinct conclusions about the role of compassion in end-of-life interventions. In this context, the paper aims to compare Mahatma Gandhi's and Aristotle's views on compassion to explore whether it can be utilized to justify physician-assisted dying. Gandhi's thoughts on compassion and Aristotle's standpoint on virtues and vices demonstrate that Gandhi evaluates this concept as a moral duty to relieve intractable suffering, whereas Aristotle relies on balancing all virtues through relevant deficiencies and excesses. Therefore, even though Gandhi's opinion on compassion can forallow assisted dying interventions, Aristotle's idea of virtues and vices restricts compassion to a scope that alleviates suffering through available means without causing death.

Interaction in a time of crisis: buyer-supplier adaptation in public healthcare

Purpose This paper aims to examine adaptation in buyer–seller relationships in a time of crisis and to explore what consequences adaptation has for the actors involved. The authors are particularly interested in examining how suppliers and public buyers adapt in turbulent situations where public policy opens for interaction in a mode represented by studies in the industrial marketing and purchasing research approach. The COVID-19 pandemic represents such a unique research setting, as it opens up insights into how buyers and suppliers had to adapt in a matter of days in response to rapid and turbulent changes in their business environment. In this paper, the authors seek insights into the following research questions: What role do the actors’ interpretation of the situation play in the adaptation process? How do adaptation processes unfold in a time of national crisis? What are the actor and relationship-specific outcomes from adaptation in such a situation? Design/methodology/approach To answer these questions, the authors present data from an exploratory case study of intra- and interfirm adaptation processes between public buyers and private suppliers in the health-care sector during the COVID-19 pandemic. The pandemic opened for access to a unique data from personal interviews and secondary data, from public reports and newspaper/media coverage at intervals during the outbreak and at the aftermath of the pandemic. Findings The authors find that the actors’ interpretation of the situation and their motivation to engage in adaptations play an important role in the adaptation processes. In particular, a normative commitment based on a moral duty to contribute to dealing with the turbulent situation of society is found to be a main driver. In these situations, shared sensemaking and alignment of mental models help to mobilise actors, resources and activities into new interaction patterns. At the same time, mutual affective commitment between the buyer and suppliers is not significant over time, thus constraining and eventually terminating the adaptation processes. Originality/value This study contributes to the understanding of interaction between public buyers and suppliers during turbulent situations. Changes in the adaptation context opens for extensive interaction, thus enabling actors to combine and exploit resources of value, but temporary adaptations do not create long-term effects on the ability to develop buyer–supplier interaction in public markets.

Role of Corporate Social Responsibility on Corporate Image - A Study with Special reference to Bangalore

Businesses utilize (CSR) as a strategic method to handle ethical practices while developing positive reputation.(CSR) supports corporate decision making by combining ethical duties with reputation growth. In Bangalore's technology-driven market companies must build trust through responsible behavior to stand out in the competitive business environment. We base our study on published research and actual field data to explain how social responsibility practices influence what stakeholders think of a company's public image. This work studies how environmental protection, employee care, ethical leadership, and community engagement boost the business image through CSR initiatives. When companies maintain clear CSR policies they build stronger relationships with stakeholders who show higher loyalty to the brand as well as better employee satisfaction and trust in the organization. Organisations earn more trust when they effectively blend CSR activities into their business operations. The study shows CSR works beyond simple donations by connecting business purposes with helpful social initiatives. Aside from resource shortages and stakeholder mistrust the study points out how organizations can integrate CSR more effectively into their basic business operations. The research shows how social responsibility helps businesses build better reputations when they compete in Bangalore's competitive market. The findings provide valuable guidance to policy leaders, business managers, and academic scholars who want to launch CSR programs that benefit both business sustainability and society.

Karma-related influences on moral obligation and empathy: an ethical perspective

PurposeThis study aims to explore how the three dimensions of karma – karmic duty orientation, indifference to rewards and equanimity – influence empathy and moral obligation, with implications for social economics.Design/methodology/approachThe research was conducted on a valid sample of 401 university students in Vietnam, using hierarchical regression to test formulated hypotheses.FindingsThe analysis reveals that karmic duty orientation and indifference to rewards significantly enhance empathy and moral obligation, indicating that individuals with a strong sense of moral duty and intrinsic motivation are more likely to engage in ethical and pro-social behaviors. Equanimity was not found to impact empathy or moral obligation significantly.Practical implicationsOrganizations and policymakers should focus on cultivating moral duties, intrinsic motivations and resilience in ethical behavior to promote social responsibility and sustainability and ensure long-term social and economic stability.Originality/valueThis study contributes to social economics by integrating ethical dimensions of karma into the analysis of moral behavior, offering a fresh perspective that challenges traditional economic models centered on self-interest. The research provides a comprehensive framework for understanding how moral principles influence economic decisions and social outcomes.Peer reviewThe peer review history for this article is available at: https://publons.com/publon/10.1108/IJSE-07-2023-0571

Gratitude for What We Are Owed

Many philosophers hold that we never owe others gratitude in return for their treating us in ways that we are owed. Instead, we owe others gratitude only for treating us in ways that go above and beyond the demands of morality. In this paper, I argue that this view is mistaken: we sometimes owe others gratitude for treating us in ways that we are owed. In particular, I argue that some moral duties require us to act in ways that express good will to one another, and when we act in accordance with these duties, we trigger duties of gratitude on the part of others.

Flu and COVID-19 jabs: nurses’ moral duty or your personal choice?

Flu and COVID-19 jabs: nurses’ moral duty or your personal choice?

Asia, Moral Duties, and American Films Noir: World for Ransom and Macao

ABSTRACT Leading American film critics, including, among others, Tony Williams and Robert Miklitsch, have claimed that both World for Ransom and Macao reflect an orientalist, racist, and reactionary worldview. In this article I argue that, on the contrary, these 1950s films noir portray Asian and American characters alike actually carrying out their moral duties. To be sure, these American films employ aesthetic techniques to help illustrate the ethical ambiguities for which film noir is justly celebrated. Still, where the fulfillment of moral duties is concerned, the films’ resolutions are clear. This article enlists the thought of moral philosophers H.L.A. Hart and Daniel Statman to vindicate the ethical outlook of these works, which reward characters who fulfill imperfect, perfect, and/or supererogatory moral obligations. The American protagonists transcend their given circumstances by carrying out high-stake duties in an Asian setting, while forming amorous alliances tested by the aesthetics of film noir. Moreover, I show that none of the protagonists’ moral duties involves maligning Asia. Indeed, were these films noir to disparage Asia, they would diminish the very milieu breathing life into their finest characters.

COMMUNITY MOTIVATION, ENGAGEMENT AND COMMITMENT ON CAVITE STATE UNIVERSITY TANZA CAMPUS EXTENSION SERVICES IN BARANGAY BAGTAS, TANZA, CAVITE: BASIS FOR PROPOSED ENHANCEMENT PLAN

This study determined the relationship between community motivation, engagement, and commitment in the extension services of Cavite State University-Tanza Campus among Barangay Bagtas residents in Tanza, Cavite. A descriptive-correlational design was employed, using purposive, quota, and convenience sampling techniques to select 100 participants who had engaged in extension services. The study gathered demographic data, including age, sex, occupation, civil status, monthly income, educational attainment, and type and number of extension services attended. It examined intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, physical, cognitive, and emotional engagement, and affective, continuance, and normative commitment. Statistical tools such as Pearson r, weighted means, and frequency and percentage distributions were used to analyze the data. The findings indicated that intrinsic motivation, particularly personal fulfillment (WM = 3.97), and extrinsic motivation, such as career advancement (WM = 3.77), were significant factors in community participation. Participants demonstrated high levels of engagement, with physical engagement (WM = 3.86), cognitive engagement (WM = 3.85), and emotional engagement (WM = 3.80) being the most prominent. Commitment was driven by affective (WM = 3.81), continuance (WM = 3.81), and normative (WM = 3.69) factors, showing strong emotional attachment, moral obligation, and perceived benefits. Pearson r analysis revealed significant relationships between motivation, engagement, and commitment (p < 0.05). Based on these results, the study recommended enhancing intrinsic and extrinsic motivation through value-driven programs, focusing on hands-on activities and reflective discussions to improve engagement, and fostering a strong sense of community and moral duty to increase commitment. Tailored programs focused on skills development and career readiness were also recommended to address community needs effectively. These insights aimed to improve the effectiveness and sustainability of community participation in the extension services at Cavite State University-Tanza.

Progress in the Development of Additive Manufacturing Techniques for Infrastructure Engineering

: It is a moral duty to act in a way that considers the welfare of both people and the planet. When constructing, two factors should be considered: the sustainability of the developmentrelated workforce and the state of the world after construction. Many experts have achieved notable reforms in the civil infrastructure systems (CIS) sector in the past. However, additive manufacturing (AM) does not seem to be properly understood by the CIS business. This survey examines how all the fundamental components used by AM in CIS, such as metals, cement, and polymers, are utilized. The goal of this study is to foster AM innovation, particularly in the CIS, and to provide an overview of AM development from 2011 to 2022. Additionally, the various AM techniques used to construct the aforementioned structures are presented. The audit research suggests that AM might be beneficial in the CIS industry due to the fact that residences, additions, and seats were constructed using this technique. Photos of the constructed structures are also included to enhance the reader's understanding. It is generally assumed that implementing AM tactics in the CIS industry may reduce material consumption, expedite the development process, and enhance employee safety. Due to the limited amount of available research, further investigation into polymer printing and metal printing is recommended.

Nurses Adherence to Moral Duties to Self Is Key to Nurse Wellness and Better Health

Nurses Adherence to Moral Duties to Self Is Key to Nurse Wellness and Better Health

Why Personhood Is Not So Social: Reflections on Oyowe’s Menkiti

Abstract In Menkiti’s Moral Man, Oritsegbubemi Oyowe aims to provide a sympathetic interpretation of the works of Ifeanyi Menkiti as they address personhood, community, and other facets of morality. This article maintains that while Oyowe’s Menkiti is more plausible than the way Menkiti has often been read, there are still respects in which the account of personhood advanced invites criticism. One criticism is that it is implausible to think that personhood is constituted by others recognizing one as a person. Instead, insofar as community constitutes one’s personhood, it is insofar as one has lived up to norms of interpersonal morality. A second criticism is that there are intuitively some dimensions of personhood that are not constituted by the community or other-regard at all. In particular, this article argues that there are moral duties to oneself that exist and that are not well captured by any sensible understanding of the view that community alone constitutes personhood, such that part of what it is to be a full person is to treat oneself in certain ways. In sum, personhood, while admittedly social, is not as social as Oyowe’s Menkiti believes.

Rooted in Landscape: Exploring Place and Identity in Tim Winton’s Novels

Tim Winton’s novels although his characters may be seen to change shape according to the particular environment that surrounds them. How landscape and place can be seen as backdrop for the construction of identity is the main theme of this article Imbued with a detailed analysis of key works such as Cloudstreet, Dirt Music and Breath, this study examines how Winton’s distinctive Australian settings act as powerful catalysts for internal change and ecological enlightenment. By situating his narrative at once within eco-literature and the Australian literary tradition, the paper invites readers to ponder the intertwining relationship between humankind and nature as well as what sort of ethical duty we owe to it. To summarize, Winton’s work presents an even deeper sense of how place has shaped new form both individual and collective for there is a more responsible approach to environmental issues ahead.

Crisis of shared affect in human-animal relationship in Philip K. Dick’s Do androids dream of electric sheep?

Background: Philip K. Dick’s novel Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? critiques humanity's failure to achieve intersubjective transformation and highlights the breakdown of shared emotional connections. The narrative delves into human characters’ obsession with owning pets, revealing their motivations as less empathetic and more rooted in reinforcing human centralism. Objective: This study investigates the human-animal relationship and human characters’ fixation with animals in the novel, employing posthumanist perspectives to explore interspecies relationality and the concept of companion species. Methods: The study employs a qualitative research design and textual analysis method to examine the primary text. It draws theoretical insights from posthumanism, particularly the works of Donna Haraway and other leading scholars on interspecies relationality. Secondary sources, including books, journal articles, and critical reviews, are utilized to scrutinize the crisis of affect in human-nonhuman interactions. Findings: The analysis reveals that human characters in the novel aspire to keep animals primarily out of social obligation and moral duty. However, their motivations lack genuine emotional connection, underscoring a crisis of affect in their interactions with nonhuman beings. Conclusion: The study concludes that the human-animal relationship depicted in the novel reflects a superficial and obligation-driven dynamic, failing to achieve authentic interspecies relationality. Novelty: This research contributes to the study of human-animal relationships and interdependence by offering a posthumanist critique of affect and interspecies relationality in Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?.

TEORI HUKUM BERBASIS KEWAJIBAN MENURUT IMMAUEL KANT

Law that is philosophically discussed by Immanuel Kant is related to morality, especially to individual autonomy. While law emphasizes the necessity of action according to external norms, morality actually orders humans to act according to their inner convictions. In this regard, Kant distinguishes between legality and morality. Legality is the mere conformity of an action to external law or norms, without considering the inner elements, while morality is the conformity of an action to the inner norm, namely the awareness of responsibility and obligation in a concrete situation. According to Kant, law is an instrument to promote moral values. If morality is essentially determined by the individual's capacity to determine themselves through their personal actions, then the effectiveness of law occurs on the contrary thanks to the power of institutions or authoritative bodies. However, the validity of the objectivity of both can only be accepted if both morality and law are open to intersubjective discourse. In Kant's philosophy, the understanding that uses this discursive imperative is publicity or publicity. Publicity is an essential element in the process of making law. In his book The Metaphysical Basis of Morality (Grundlegung zur Metaphysik der Sitten, 1785 abbreviated: GMS) Kant stated that an action is only moral if it is done for the sake of duty alone, not for other considerations. And to form such a moral command Kant mentioned several conditions or principles, for example the principle known as the 'general principle of law': "always act based on the maxim that you can at the same time will as general law" and "all actions related to the rights of others, whose maxims are not in line with publicity, are wrong." Kant's intention with the general principle of law is to find out whether an action taken must be carried out and whether my maxim can be universalized (made a general law for everyone). If "yes", the action must be carried out. If "no" the action is not mandatory. That is why Kant's ethics and legal theory are categorized as duty ethics (deontology) and duty-based legal theory.

Recent South African court rulings on failing to disclose HIV status to sexual partners.

In South Africa, the sexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) between partners is criminalised under general criminal law offences such as attempted murder, assault and rape, despite the absence of specific HIV-related legislation. Recent court cases have opened the door to securing convictions.Contribution:These cases highlight the serious legal consequences of non-disclosure and the importance of consent to sexual intercourse. Health professionals in South Africa have a legal and ethical duty to counsel patients on HIV and may be obligated to inform patients who refuse to disclose their status to their partners about the potential legal implications under South African criminal law.

Community Mutual Assistance as an Archaic Form of Social Work and the Potential for its Transformation to Support the Elderly

The article has a historical and sociological orientation and is devoted to the transformation of forms of communal mutual assistance into today's ways and methods of mutual support between people. The research focuses on helping the elderly as a socially vulnerable category of the population, and this vulnerability and the need for community support were recorded at all stages of society's development. During the existence of peasant communities, caring for the elderly was perceived as a universal social obligation and was expressed in economic, communal, tribal and religious forms of assistance. The methods of supporting an elderly person described in the article – help, outfits, alternate feeding in families, etc. – have been preserved in rural areas for many centuries and were fixed even in the XX century. The key factor in these processes was tradition as a regulator of the system of social relations. However, as urbanization, demographic changes in rural areas, the destruction of the community, and the emergence of specialized support services, the traditions of mutual assistance are becoming a thing of the past, reminding themselves of relatively systematic acts of assistance in rural areas and less systematic, voluntary–oriented ones in the city. There is a phenomenon of neighborhood mutual assistance in an urban environment that is far from widespread and highly localized in small groups, more focused on volunteerism, a sense of moral duty, and at the same time closely related to the emotional nature of the communicative environment and the local destruction of privacy of life.

Influence of ethical principles on patient safety in nursing practice. Responsibility of mid-level medical workers in the sphere of healthcare of the population of the Russian Federation (literature review)

The article describes the algorithm of actions of a medical worker in the event of conflict situations in order to ensure safety and increase the effectiveness of diagnostic and therapeutic measures. The purpose of the article is to improve the knowledge of mid-level medical workers about moral and ethical standards, rules and principles of professional behavior when communicating with patients, their relatives and colleagues, about the rights of the patient and health care worker, about the ethical foundations of modern medical legislation, as well as about the responsibility of health care workers in the process of carrying out professional activities. Results. The information presented in the article will allow mid-level medical workers to acquire the skills of observing professional etiquette and analyzing the results of their own activities to prevent medical errors, as well as to improve their professional competencies. Conclusion. The moral duty of any medical worker is to be a professional. Professionalism is an obligation, neglect of which can lead to legal liability.

The morality of state priorities and refugee admission

ABSTRACT In this article, I argue that there are good reasons to permit states to engage in their own forms of prioritization of refugees for admission, if doing so enables more refugees overall to find safety. I identify three distinct clusters of programs that states operate, those that emphasize contribution-based reciprocity, those that emphasize anticipated benefit, and those that elevate cultural considerations. I assess the legitimacy of these programs separately, and then consider them together, to defend the view that – overall, considering the profound need for resettlement spots – they warrant our normative support. At least at first glance, the reason that these programs are legitimate is that they are all underpinned by principles in moral philosophy that in general command widespread support. In the final section, I examine the discomfort they generate, and suggest that the discomfort has three related sources: (i) that there is something wrong with considering the benefits refugees may bring when at issue is simply whether states are carrying out their moral duties towards them; (ii) that the result of permitting such prioritization is that those who are most vulnerable are left behind; and (iii) that cultural considerations can easily slide into racist considerations. While I agree that we must be attentive to how these programs operate in practice, and whether they generate harm (in particular, more harm than good), I believe that in the current context, these objections can be adequately countered so that we should in general offer these programs our cautious, and conditional, support.