Ethical Way Research Articles

Cognitive-Linguistic Status of Ethical Knowledge and Ways of Its Representation

The article is devoted to the study of the cognitive nature of ethical knowledge, its essence and substantive contours. There is no classification of ethical knowledge in science, so the formats of its representation and its types have not been determined. The aim of the article is to identify the cognitive foundations of morality, its rational or sensual nature; to determine the ethical knowledge based on its characteristics and classification according to types of representation in knowledge formats. To prove the representability of ethical knowledge a conceptual analysis of the concept “responsibility” is carried out; a value-labeled algorithm of a person’s moral behavior is presented in the ethical script. A cognitive ethical scenario of the category “compassion” is considered; an evaluative categorization of the concept’s “pity” and “ruthlessness” are given; a frame model of the concept “virtue” and the representability of ethical knowledge in knowledge formats (concept, scenario, evaluative categorization, frame, cognition) are constructed. The study also identifies features of ethical knowledge with their definitions, their classification that is carried out based on the criteria of what it is, and what it should be. The authors recognize the cognitive nature of ethical knowledge and consider it can be an information product of cognitive activity, that is tested for truth, expressed as new knowledge, while which person is evaluating behavior, represented in knowledge formats. In the article scientists’ points of view according to which ethical knowledge relates to the theoretical level of knowledge, metaethics or to the practical level of knowledge, practical ethics or philosophy are analyzed. The authors adhere to the statement that ethical knowledge has a dual nature (practical knowledge that regulates human behavior, theoretical knowledge, norms, principles, ethical knowledge). In the course of the research, the following scientific results were obtained: the cognitive essence of ethical knowledge was revealed confirmed by the features of its cognition (informativeness, truth, verifiability, knowability, representability). The authors’ positions which recognize the cognitive nature of ethical knowledge of cognitivists are reflected. The features of ethical knowledge with their definitions are identified; the classification of ethical knowledge is carried out based on the criteria of what it is and what it should be. The level of scientificity and practicality of ethical knowledge is determined. The conclusion is made about the existence of scientific (metaethics) and practical ethics; the cognitive measurability and representability of knowledge through knowledge formats has been proven. Conclusion about that the ethical knowledge has a cognitive status is drawn. The knowledge obtained as a result of cognitive-linguistic activity, provides new information about kinds of behaviour, ways of regulating value relations between people, knowledge about moral values, categories, norms verbalized with the help of language units.

Students as collaborative partners

In contemporary society, Artificial Intelligence (AI) pervades numerous facets of our lives and is likely to impact many sectors and professions, including education. Tertiary-level students in particular face challenges regarding the use of AI for studies and assessment, including limited understanding of AI tools, as well as a lack of deep critical engagement with AI for learning (Shibani et al., 2024). To respond to emerging developments in generative AI, the recent Australian Tertiary Education Quality and Standards Agency (TEQSA) report suggests tertiary-level learning and assessments be designed to foster responsible and ethical use of AI (Lodge et al., 2023). This involves the development of AI literacy among students to engage with AI in critical, ethical ways that aid their learning and not hinder it. Our project aims to narrow the AI literacy gap among students from diverse study backgrounds by providing foundational knowledge and developing critical skills for practical use of AI tools for learning and professional practice, in collaboration with students and academics as part of a Students as Partners (SAP) initiative. Staff bring expertise in AI critical engagement and students bring practical, first-hand experiences of learning in this collaboration, supported by the university’s SAP program. Building on the current UNESCO recommendations for the use of generative AI in education (UNESCO, 2023) and prior theoretical frameworks on AI literacy (Chiu et al., 2024; Ng, et al., 2021; Southworth et al., 2023) we target key skills that higher education students should develop to meaningfully engage with AI. By creating accessible and engaging resources, such as instructional videos and comprehensive guides on generative AI applications like ChatGPT and ways to prompt for enhancing learning, we introduce existing AI tools and teach students to use them effectively, promoting a hands-on learning environment. Using learning design principles, the developed curriculum will be presented in an AI Literacy module on a Canvas site, with supporting instruction workshopped with student participants for evaluation. Student cohorts recruited from diverse disciplines will pilot and assess the effectiveness of the program, and qualitative methods such as focus groups and interviews will be used for evaluation of our intervention and continuous improvements. Findings will inform tertiary students’ current level of AI literacy and the effectiveness of interventions to improve key skills beyond their disciplinary knowledge, better preparing them for life beyond university. Indeed, the implementation of similar AI literacy courses has demonstrated statistically significant improvements in AI literacy and understanding of AI concepts amongst university students (Kong, Cheung, & Zhang, 2021). Our approach underscores the importance of relational engagement in higher education with students as partners (Matthews, 2018) and participatory design with students in a topic that is significant in the current age of AI (Laupichler et al., 2022). The course's flexibility to be accessed directly or embedded into other curricula ensures scalability and broader impact, solidifying the validity of our multifaceted approach. Through utilising relevant research methodologies and learning design principles, we endeavour to create an AI literacy course that is robust, accessible, educational, and engaging to use by tertiary-level students from diverse study backgrounds.

Occupational therapy in the space of artificial intelligence: Ethical considerations and human-centered efforts

Background Artificial intelligence (AI) technology is constantly and rapidly evolving and has the potential to benefit occupational therapy (OT) and OT clients. However, AI developments also pose risks and challenges, for example in relation to the ethical principles of OT. One way to support future AI technology aligned with OT ethical principles may be through human-centered AI (HCAI), an emerging branch within AI research and developments with a notable overlap of OT values and beliefs. Objective To explore the risks and challenges of AI technology, and how the combined expertise, skills, and knowledge of OT and HCAI can contribute to harnessing its potential and shaping its future, from the perspective of OT’s ethical values and beliefs. Results Opportunities for OT and HCAI collaboration related to future AI technology include ensuring a focus on 1) occupational performance and participation, while taking client-centeredness into account; 2) occupational justice and respect for diversity, and 3) transparency and respect for the privacy of occupational performance and participation data. Conclusion and Significance There is need for OTs to engage and ensure that AI is applied in a way that serves OT and OT clients in a meaningful and ethical way through the use of HCAI.

L’industrie de la seconde main en Ouzbékistan, ébauche d’une économie circulaire urbaine

The goal of this thesis is to highlight the role of practices related to the acquisition, repair, and resell of second-hand goods in shaping the urban circular economy. By using Gibson-Graham’s methodology for reading for difference, we seek here to shed light on the actors and practices of the second-hand industry in Uzbekistan. Partnered with a postcolonial analysis, this method shifts the focus away from the dominant economic narrative centred around the corporation and infinite growth towards more sustainable and ethical ways of living together in urban settings.

HOW SHOULD HISTORIANS EMPATHIZE?

ABSTRACTReflecting on the ethical and unethical ways of empathizing is a necessary task for historians interested in the ethics of history. Research on empathy often classifies its various parts into affective, cognitive, and prosocial dimensions. However, in historical scholarship, the cognitive‐intellectual dimension of empathy is overemphasized to the detriment of its affective and prosocial dimensions, whose roles in determining the ways historians should practice history are often disregarded. In this article, I will discuss the relations between empathy and ethics and how historians should empathize. Doing so, I argue that empathy's ethical potential for historical scholarship needs to be de‐intellectualized by historical scholarship, a task that requires a complementary and supplementary approach to empathy that is in dialogue with moral philosophy, psychology, neurosciences, and animal studies. Only by recognizing empathy as a socially developed evolutionary capacity shared among humans and other species can historians fully develop its possibilities as a tool to guide human morality and ethical decision‐making. Finally, I will claim that empathy as an ethical imperative for an ethics of care and vulnerability should guide historians' ethics toward more responsive and responsible ways of relating with others across time, space, cultures, generations, species, and so on.

Sustainability of Digital Friendship: Insights from Early Buddhist Mettā

One of the significant effects of technology on human relations is visible in friendship. Positively technology through its digital spaces is facilitating friendship that is instant and beyond the limitations of time and space. However, such digital friendships that operate through social media often suffer from issues of trust and sustainability. To resolve this predicament, we need to pause and reflect on how digital friendship can be reframed to improve its sustainability in a practical manner. The primary purpose of this article is to examine how helpful the early Buddhist concept of mittatā (friendship) is in sustaining friendship in the digital age. The article begins by eliciting the moral challenges people encounter in online friendships. The objective is to highlight the need for a more vital concept of friendship, such as the early Buddhist concept of mittatā, that can mitigate the moral concerns in digitized friendship, making it genuine and sustainable. The subsequent part of the article offers an overview of some of the significant theories of friendship upheld in the West and examines whether they can support the sustainability of a digitized friendship. The objective is to reflect upon the lacuna in the practice of such ideas of friendship in the contemporary digital age. To replenish the lacuna, the following section articulates the early Buddhist concept of mittatā as a noble concept of friendship that can be morally relevant and sustainable in this digital world. Based on the philosophical study of the early Buddhist literature, the present article investigates how helpful mettā (loving kindness) in this society to sustain a trustworthy friendship. It proposes an ethical and noble way to nurture and savour an honourable friendship relevant to the digital era by inculcating specific virtues advocated by the Buddha.

Apie gaidį ir „žemčiūgą“: žvilgsnis į XIX amžiaus lietuvių literatūrinę savimonę

This article examines seven different renditions of Aesop’s fable “The Rooster and the Pearl”, written by various 19th-century Lithuanian authors. The aim is to show how these texts reflect the demands of early readers and the literary consciousness of 19th-century Lithuanian society. The differences in the texts and their significant features are revealed by comparing them with each other and with the original sources, where such sources can be identified. Of particular interest is the inclusion of Lithuanian elements in these narratives, typically used for their evocative imagery or to capture the reader’s attention. The influence of social and cultural life on literature is bidirectional. As societies change over time in cultural, ethical and other ways, these changes inevitably affect literary production. The ethical perspective is relevant to the plot of The Rooster and the Pearl, but the specificity of the texts analysed is determined more by aesthetic and persuasive qualities, thus serving as precursors to shifts in literary consciousness.

The phenomenon of corruption in Ukrainian society: A philosophical analysis of ethical challenges and ways to overcome them

The phenomenon of corruption in Ukrainian society: A philosophical analysis of ethical challenges and ways to overcome them

Education of U.S. primary care physicians at the Latin American medical school in Cuba

Background: Growing global health disparities have led to an international call for reform in physician education to meet the need for more responsive providers, emphasizing social accountability, with its four main criteria being relevance, quality, cost-effectiveness, and equity. In contrast to traditional models, Cuba’s Latin American Medical School (la Escuela Latinoamericana de Medicina, ELAM) promotes primary healthcare for disadvantaged populations by providing free medical education to foreign students from low-income communities, including United States (U.S.) citizens. This study examines the processes and standards by which the Latin American Medical School provides socially accountable education, with an emphasis on current and former students from the U.S. The objective of this study is to assess the efforts of ELAM to educate medical students in socially accountable and ethical ways. Methods: Guided by the four abovementioned criteria of social accountability, we thematically analyzed survey comments from 56 past U.S. graduates of the ELAM and interviews with four current U.S. students and eight instructors. Results: Relevance of the ELAM´s training was reflected in the integration of public health practices (e.g., community assessments) and medical care relevant to local and international health concerns. Quality is manifested in the school’s promotion of evidence-based care through tailored academic content for the U.S. students, expanded educational facilities throughout Cuba, and extensive clinical experiences. ELAM exhibits cost-effectiveness via free education and other financial assistance. Promoting equity in healthcare is evident in students’ desire to care for underserved populations with whom they identify. Graduates, current students, and instructors demonstrate that educating physicians from marginalized communities helps to answer the call for social accountability; this was supported by the educational processes and achieved outcomes. Discussion: These findings indicate that the Latin American Medical School’s mission and core activities meet the WHO’s criteria for social accountability and advance current understanding of such programs.

Mathematical Approach towards Adaptive Machine Learning Models for Dynamic Security Threats in Industrial IoT

The always changing nature of security dangers within the Industrialization Internet of Things (IIoT) makes it exceptionally difficult for standard security strategies to work. Since of this, versatile machine learning (ML) models got to be made that can respond to unused dangers in genuine time. This study proposes the utilize of versatile machine learning procedures as a better approach to form IIoT situations more secure. To begin with, the paper addresses the most security issues that IIoT frameworks have, cantering on how the frameworks must be able to alter to address unused dangers. Cutting edge online dangers are exceedingly cleverly and alter quickly, frequently resisting conventional security measures. This appears how vital it is to discover arrangements that can alter rapidly. The proposed customizable machine learning show employments real-time information streams sent by IIoT gadgets to keep risk recognizable proof and defence strategies up to date. These models utilize strategies such as design acknowledgment, peculiarity discovery, and prescient analytics to distinguish bizarre behavior which will indicate a security breach. By learning from past information and adjusting to modern designs and patterns, the models can distinguish known and obscure dangers more precisely and rapidly. A key angle that creates this customizable machine learning models work so well is the truth that they can operate autonomously in IIoT situations. They complement standard rule-based strategies with energetic data-driven bits of knowledge and work consistently with current security frameworks. This combination permits you to halt dangers some time recently they happen and react rapidly, decreasing the probability of a security occurrence and the harm it may cause. The study also covers the technical pieces and strategies required to convey adaptable machine learning in an IIoT environment. She talks approximately the challenges that emerge in collecting and planning information, preparing models, and drawing conclusions in genuine time. She emphasizes the significance of having a high-performance, versatile framework that can handle huge sums of information of different sorts. The study talks about important issues like privacy, data security, and following the rules when using flexible machine learning models in IIoT ecosystems that are sensitive. It supports open and responsible methods to make sure that release is done in an ethical way and that operations are safe from threats from enemies.

Placebo effect in clinical practice

The term placebo poses challenges in definition, language and use in research and clinical settings. Placebo extends beyond inactive substances, and modern exploration has revealed complex neurobiological, psychological, and social factors influencing placebo mechanisms. With knowledge of the placebo effect, clinicians can assess and enhance the effectiveness of the most optimal treatments. Future research should explore ethical ways of promoting placebo effects, aligning with broader goals in medical practice, as argued in this review.

Targeting Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence Algorithms in Health Care to Reduce Bias and Improve Population Health.

Policy Points Artificial intelligence (AI) is disruptively innovating health care and surpassing our ability to define its boundaries and roles in health care and regulate its application in legal and ethical ways. Significant progress has been made in governance in the United States and the European Union. It is incumbent on developers, end users, the public, providers, health care systems, and policymakers to collaboratively ensure that we adopt a national AI health strategy that realizes the Quintuple Aim; minimizes race-based medicine; prioritizes transparency, equity, and algorithmic vigilance; and integrates the patient and community voices throughout all aspects of AI development and deployment.

QUESTÕES DE BIOÉTICA NA PANDEMIA DA COVID-19

Bioethics area at the Department of Legal Medicine, Bioethics, Labor Medice and Phisycal and Reabilitation Medicine at São Paulo University Medical School, has been developing ethical researches concerning the conflicts of modern world. The new coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) has brough several conflicts which might be the most important ones in the last decades. This paper aims at relating some aspects of daily life of those affected by the vírus, besides morbidity and mortality, along with bioethical concepts. The following issues were discussed: autonomy and social inequality, social isolation and intrafamily violence and death and mourning. It is observed that daily conflicts were far beyond the virus contamination. There was an overflow of pandemic side effects. Autonomy, bioethical principle most questioned during pandemic, showed to be thought about only within a relationship bioethics. One can only be able to practice one’s autonomy in an ethical way through an agreement between one´s autonomy and one´s own social responsibility. Social inequalities were widely open during pandemic time thus leading to inequality of treatment resources. Social isolation, which was necessary to stop the virus caused a condition presente in all socieconomic classes: sexual violence against children and adolescents.

Alfred Kroeber, the Yuroks, and Me

I explore my positionality as a non-Indigenous scholar writing about Indigenous peoples in California. As I think about my relationship with the Yurok people I write about, I also think about my relationship with my father, who did not raise me, and about my relationship with my own daughter. Searching for my own voice, as an academic, as a daughter, and as a mother, I wonder about the similarities between the infamous anthropologist Alfred Kroeber and me. I ask whether there is an ethical way for me to write about the Yurok, or whether I am doomed to replicate Kroeber’s sins. I conclude that greater reflexivity about my own positionality is valuable and even essential to my academic work, in relation to my interlocutors, with integrity, and indeed, in solidarity.

Narrating Extinctions for Survivance

This article navigates the obligatory relationship between extinction narratives and future imaginaries through the lens of an artist’s films. Taking Chinese artist Mao Chenyu’s works as case studies, the first part examines the notion of extinction that his video essay Becoming Father (2021) complicates through the perspective of rice (Oryza sativa) and humans in Dongting Lake. It reveals adaptive evolution, hetero-reproduction, and geontopower as three political regimes where extinctive pressures accumulate through the erosion of biocultural inheritability. The second part engages with this tripartite politics by questing for alternative models of inheritance from Mao’s ethnographic films. It centers on how the artist invests in shamanist, geomantic, and animist practices to envision alternative modes of inheritance. Based on this, the article argues that the conception of extinction beyond mass death demands counterextinction measures to aim for more than survival. This volition can be summarized by the term survivance, an ethical way of living in end-times. It concludes by contextualizing Mao’s work in post–Green Revolution China, where a logic of survival has driven mass extinction. On this basis, it proposes that extinction studies could benefit from cultivating a historical consciousness, especially regarding how extinctions are connected to the ideological underpinning of specific Anthropocene processes.

Cross-national evidence for political philosophers’ civic behavior

ABSTRACT The moral behavior of philosophers has gained notable attention in recent years as a robust means of exploring the relationship between moral reflection and behavior. These studies post that if philosophers, who are deeply engaged with moral reflection, do not act more ethically, we should not expect moral reflection to affect the behavior of lay people. Overall, these studies find no evidence that philosophers (including moral ones) behave in a more ethical way than others, except for evidence regarding vegetarianism. In this study, we utilize data on philosophers (N = 1,376) from eight European countries, the largest sample to date, to examine this relationship. In line with previous studies, we assume the moral worth of civic engagement but use a wider set of five civic behaviors. In contrast to previous studies, we find systematically higher levels of civic engagement (except in the case of voting) among political philosophers in all eight countries, even after controlling education level, gender, age, and immigration status. We further propose two explanations – the norm and the domain-specific propositions – that might reconcile our findings with those of prior studies. These findings can provide a refreshing direction for future research in this field.

Improving human rights NGO ethics and accountability: A critique of Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch and human rights utopianism

AbstractThis commentary calls for a more critical relationship with human rights NGOs, specifically, Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch. I argue that their politics, positionality, and power are often obscured by their conflation as intrinsically imperfect organizations that yield power and influence with the moral principles of human rights and with international human rights law itself, which are popularly perceived as unimpeachable and sacred in a secular ethical way. I contend that this conflation—often a deliberate and strategic one espoused by the organizations themselves—undermines the integrity of their work and the capacity to hold them accountable for their human rights advocacy. I illustrate ways in which both organizations have neglected to respect human rights and, specifically, principles of equality and universality. I further argue that both organizations need to be humbler and more honest about the moral, legal, and practical limitations of their work and ways in which it can be compromised. This is due to the exigencies of donor dependency and the politics of fundraising, the social, cultural, and political contexts in which the organizations operate and the expectations and demands of their supporters, and the nature of human rights as a movement, body of law, and expression of moral idealism that can sometimes obscure its prejudices, assumptions, and pathologies of power.

The linguistic leap: Understanding, evaluating, and integrating AI in language education

The landscape of language education is undergoing a pivotal transformation, spurred by the integration of Generative Artificial Intelligence (Gen-AI) into every facet of traditional and new methodologies and practices. Given the rapid societal adoption of AI, we believe that all language instructors – from the most technologically savvy to the most tech-averse – must engage critically and ethically with AI. To ensure that AI tools are brought into language education in pedagogically appropriate and ethical ways, we have developed two large projects at our university: 1) an AI Working Group in our Modern Languages Department and 2) a chatbot that all instructors can incorporate into their classroom practices. In this article, we describe the rationale for these projects and the steps we took to implement them. We hope that this work can help other departments come together to address the challenges and achieve a balance between technological advancement and the intrinsically human facets of language education.

A Blueprint for ‘Care-Centred AI’: Placing patients and caregivers at the forefront of academic medicine’s AI strategy

Artificial Intelligence (AI) promises to revolutionise how healthcare organisations serve patients but harnessing this technology to design better services is fraught with unknowns and confounders. This is particularly true at academic medical centres, where orchestrating care is complex. To help leaders and clinicians at academic medical centres consider, develop and roll out AI-enabled services, we are proposing a blueprint called ‘Care- Centred AI’ (CCAI). This framework reimagines technology’s place in the delivery of complex care and reprioritises the patient-caregiver relationship in care delivery. Furthermore, the CCAI framework takes into account the strategic importance of leveraging data in an ethical way to further enable innovation and care across clinical pathways and operational value chains.

Local Talent Meets Business - The Ethical Way (THRIFT)

Abstract: THRIFT is a novel web application designed to address the challenge of accessing affordable and reliable home wizard services in local areas. The platform serves as a bridge between homeowners seeking various home maintenance and repair services and skilled service providers offering their expertise at competitive rates. In this research paper, we present the development process and outcomes of THRIFT, emphasizing its role in improving accessibility and affordability of home wizard services. The project begins with a comprehensive analysis of the existing literature, highlighting the prevalent issues faced by homeowners in finding affordable home services.