Ethical Uncertainty Research Articles

The Ethics of Credit Rating Agencies: What Happened and the Way Forward

During the short span of a few months in 2008, 14 trillion dollars of highly rated bonds fell into junk status, surprising the global financial system and accelerating an economic decline. The result was the worst fracture of the US financial system since the Great Depression. Credit rating agencies (CRAs) in particular have come under intense scrutiny as a result of this latest disaster, both domestically and internationally, including many congressional inquiries and government investigations. Most of the public and scholarly discussions about CRAs focus on reforming the financial system so that the crisis of the magnitude of the 2008 disaster will not happen again. An important overtone of industry criticisms includes a sense of ethical impropriety on the part of CRAs and ethical uncertainty about the institutional mechanisms that are currently in place. Rarely, however, are the ethics of the industry the explicit subject of analysis. In this article, we discuss the lessons from the policy debates and recent legislation to develop an account of the ethics of the CRA industry.

Baroque Horrors: Roots of the Fantastic in the Age of Curiosities (review)

Castillo, David R. Baroque Horrors: Roots of Fantastic in Age of Curiosities. Ann Arbor: U of Michigan P, 2010. 177 pp.David R. Castillo's Baroque Horrors aims to trace roots of fantastic to Iberian Renaissance and Baroque. The group of works brought into discussion ranges from exemplary and baroque novelas of Miguel de Cervantes and Maria de Zayas to earlier works by Antonio de Torquemada (Jardin de flores curiosas, 1570), Miguel de Luna (Historia verdadera del rey don Rodrigo, 1592), Julian de Medrano (La silva curiosa, 1583), Juan de Pina (Casos prodigiosos y cueva encantada, 1628) and Cristobal Lozano (La cueva de Hercules, 1667). Underlying book's arguments are notions that fantastic springs from tension between rational and analogic views of world during early modern period (46) and that fantastic is used to subvert social codes.Chapter 1 analyzes a host of miscellanies written in Spain, as this successful genre reflects not only curiosity of Renaissance readers also transformation into material- literary curiosities- of numerous myths and stories inherited from classics and from folkloric sources (40). Castillo, completing Giovanni Allegra's work on Jardin de flores curiosas, asserts that folkloric tales included in miscellanies are a more convincing origin of fantastic than classical myths and histories, but miscellanies often come closest to unsettling quality of modern fantasy when they incorporate contemporary folkloric material (40). The second connection between miscellanies and fantastic is the oscillation between acceptance of marvelous and rational analysis of case (42). The third link is fact that early modern culture of curiosities relates to forms of epochal melancholia and profound anxiety about openness and chaotic structure of universe (43). Castillo invokes notion of vacuum in Giordano Bruno's work and in Galileo's nocturnal horror as two early modern products of such visions of chaos. But, according to Castillo, all this unsettled thinking became productive in fantastic ways: Galileo brought with it not just new walls of reason also new windows of imagination and, with them, brand new vistas of nightmarish landscapes as well as Utopian dreams (46). To prove his point, Castillo studies folkloric tales included in three miscellanies Jardin de flores curiosas, La silva curiosa, and La cueva de Hercules.In chapter 2, Castillo links sensationalistic representation of awesome forces (whether natural, preternatural, or supernatural) to exaggerated moralism and moral uncertainty in Baroque (92). One of most exciting points of this chapter is Castillo's observation that some morbid baroque stories, told through devices of epistemological relativism and ethical uncertainty, address fact that raw life content ... makes no sense (95). As a result unjustified violence and macabre express anxiety caused by new scientific epistemology and knowledge.In chapter 3, author explores interconnections between household, female horror, physical violence, subversive pornography, and body politics in Maria de Zayas's Desenganos amorosos (1647). …

Corruption and the ethical context of country-level entrepreneurship

By marrying the ethics literature with classic entrepreneurship ideas, we conceptualise corruption as a form of business risk and draw parallels between societal ethical standards and uncertainty. We propose that important insights into understanding ethical standards may be developed by comparing the levels of perceived and actual corruption. We use cross-country comparisons as our level of analysis and employ data from 64 countries over the period of 1996–2002, collected from multiple reputable international organisations. Statistical support is found for an inverted U-shaped relationship between the level of ethical standards and domestic innovative activities, as well as net inflows of foreign direct investments. Our results suggest that moderate levels of ethical standards are most conducive to both domestic innovative activities and foreign involvement into economic life of a country.

Ill-Placed Democracy: Ethics Consultations and the Moral Status of Voting

As groups around the country begin to craft standards for clinical ethics consultations, one focus of that work is the proper procedure for conducting ethics consults. From a recent empirical look into the workings of ethics consult services (ECSs), one worrisome finding is that some ECSs rely on a committee vote when making a recommendation. This article examines the practice of voting and its moral standing as a procedural strategy for arriving at a clinical ethics recommendation. I focus here on the type of clinical ethics conflicts that are most likely to lead an ECS to vote, namely, conflicts involving ethical uncertainty--or, in the Greek, aporia. I argue that in cases of aporia, voting on an ethics conflict is not a morally justifiable procedure. Then on the same grounds that I use to show that voting is ethically problematic, I raise broader concerns about the common practice of making recommendations by other procedures. In contrast to the standard approach of adjudicating between moral claims, I argue that ECSs can best resolve aporetic conflict through the process of clinical ethics mediation.

Framing pluripotency: iPS cells and the shaping of stem cell science

In the last decade, the pluripotency of human embryonic stem cells, i.e. their capacity to differentiate into any cell of the body and multiply endlessly, has encouraged visions and hopes for a new regenerative medicine. However, research with human embryos and cells derived from them is ethically controversial and different regulatory frameworks have developed across countries. In 2007, induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells were generated that have been framed as a scientific breakthrough, which may provide an ethical alternative to embryonic stem cells. Drawing on interviews with embryonic stem cell researchers in Germany and the UK this article examines how scientists relate to iPS cells as new research objects. We show how three different aspects of stem cell science, namely ethical debate, therapeutic expectations and scientific uncertainty are tied together in the scientists' understanding and evaluation of different kinds of pluripotent stem cells. Furthermore, we show how the cells are set within a meaningful trajectory of scientific development that serves to justify previous and new research practices and stabilizes stem cell research as a field of scientific investigation. As a result, the article contributes to an understanding of the performative shaping of stem cell research as a contested and uncertain field of research.

Accountability, Governance and Biobanks: The Ethics and Governance Committee as Guardian or as Toothless Tiger?

The huge potential of biobanks/genetic databases for the research community has been recognised across jurisdictions in both publicly funded and commercial sectors. But although there is tremendous potential there are likewise potential difficulties. The long-term storage of personal health information and samples poses major challenges. This is an area is fraught with ethical and legal uncertainties. Biobanks raise many questions of the control of rights, of consent, of privacy and confidentiality and of property in human material. It is thus unsurprising then that there has been a lively debate as to how biobanks should operate, the boundaries of participation and what governance structure, if any they should adopt, a debate which has been engaged in across the academic community and by funders and researchers alike. This paper asks despite the good intentions can ad hoc ethics and ethics and governance committees long term provide an effective solution to the legal and regulatory challenges arising from biobanks.

Establishing moral bearings: ethics and expatriate health care professionals in humanitarian work

Expatriate health care professionals frequently participate in international responses to natural disasters and humanitarian emergencies. This field of practice presents important clinical, logistical and ethical challenges for clinicians. This paper considers the ethics of health care practice in humanitarian contexts. It examines features that contribute to forming the moral landscape of humanitarian work, and discusses normative guidelines and approaches that are relevant for this work. These tools and frameworks provide important ethics resources for humanitarian settings. Finally, it elaborates a set of questions that can aid health care professionals as they analyse ethical issues that they experience in the field. The proposed process can assist clinicians as they seek to establish their moral bearings in situations of ethical complexity and uncertainty. Identifying and developing ethics resources and vocabulary for clinical practice in humanitarian work will help health care professionals provide ethically sound care to patients and communities.

Ethical and Legal Views Regarding Deactivation of Cardiac Implantable Electrical Devices in Patients With Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

Little is known about patients' views surrounding the ethical and legal aspects of managing pacemakers (PMs) and implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs) near the end of life. Patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HC) are at heightened risk of sudden cardiac death and are common recipients of such devices. Patients with HC recruited from the membership of the Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Association were surveyed about their clinical histories, advance care planning, legal knowledge, and ethical beliefs relating to the withdrawal of PM and ICD therapy. The mean age of the 546 patients was 49.1 years, 47% were women, and 57% had ICDs. Only 46% of the respondents had completed an advance directive, only 51% had a healthcare proxy, and cardiac implantable electrical devices (CIEDs) were commonly not addressed in either (92% and 58%, respectively). Many patients characterized deactivating PMs or ICDs as euthanasia or physician-assisted suicide (29% for PMs and 17% for ICDs), and >50% expressed uncertainty regarding the legality of device deactivation. Patients viewed deactivation of ICDs and PMs as morally different from other life-sustaining therapies such as mechanical ventilation and dialysis, and these views varied substantially according to the CIED type (p <0.0001). The respondents expressed concerns regarding clinical conflicts related to religion, ethical and legal uncertainty, and informed consent. In conclusion, patients who have, or are eligible to receive, CIEDs might require improved advance care planning and education regarding the ethical and legal options for managing CIEDs at the end of life.

Ethical problems arising from the use of placebo in clinical trials with drugs for migraine. Their analysis by the moral deliberation method

Introduction Migraine is characterised as episodes of headache plus a variety of accompanying symptoms. Its pharmacological control remains unsatisfactory for some patients. The use of placebo in drug clinical trials on migraine commonly leads to numerous ethical uncertainties. Methods The purpose of this paper is to illustrate how the deliberation method helps in analysing the issues and finding solutions to selected ethical problems. Ethical decisions that try to solve conflicts arising from placebo use in clinical trials may be adopted using the moral deliberation method. Thus, the conflict is systematically assessed by identifying the following: Relevant facts; Values in conflict; Duties, or in other words, possible courses of action. Moral duty is following the optimal course of action. To identify this, it is recommended to state extreme courses of action, then intermediate courses of action, and then to proceed to the optimal course(s) of action. Results and conclusions In this paper, the application of this method is shown in several conflicting situations arising in two placebo-controlled clinical trials with drugs under development for the prophylaxis and acute treatment of migraine

기혼여성의 블로그 소비자정보 생산활동에 관한 연구

Recently a prevailing trend in marketing has been the use of consumer participations or prosumer activities and this has caused consumers to become skeptical in their treatment of information found on blogs. Therefore, these marketing practices can be usefully examined to ensure they represent a neutral source of information for consumers. This study thus investigated married women's production activities of consumer information using personal blogs, their motives and experiences, and the characteristics of the information they produced. A qualitative study was undertaken using focus group interviews with two groups of sixteen married women in their 30's and 40's. Results suggested that personal bloggers' information production activities were primarily initiated by businesses and that bloggers were paid for their activities either with money or through the products they reviewed. Although the information produced was, because of its basis in consumer experience, consumer friendly, its quality was limited in the sense because it primarily reflected the perspective of businesses. The bloggers, themselves, expressed ethical uncertainty about their practices. Implications for consumer education and policy were also discussed.

Problemas éticos por el uso de placebo en los ensayos clínicos con fármacos para la migraña. Análisis mediante el método de deliberación moral

Introduction Migraine is characterised as episodes of headache plus a variety of accompanying symptoms. Its pharmacological control remains unsatisfactory for some patients. The use of placebo in drug clinical trials on migraine commonly leads to numerous ethical uncertainties. Methods The purpose of this paper is to illustrate how the deliberation method helps in analysing the issues and finding solutions to selected ethical problems . Ethical decisions that try to solve conflicts arising from placebo use in clinical trials may be adopted using the moral deliberation method. Thus, the conflict is systematically assessed by identifying the following: Relevant facts; Values in conflict; Duties, or in other words, possible courses of action. Moral duty is following the optimal course of action. To identify this, it is recommended to state extreme courses of action, then intermediate courses of action, and then to proceed to the optimal course(s) of action. Results and conclusions In this paper, the application of this method is shown in several conflicting situations arising in two placebo-controlled clinical trials with drugs under development for the prophylaxis and acute treatment of migraine.

Casebook on ethical issues in international health research

This rich compilation of case studies in research ethics is designed for use by course instructors and workshop leaders. The use of case studies in workshops and formal courses is an especially valuable teaching tool, as students and workshop participants can grapple with ethical dilemmas and uncertainties in concrete situations. The editors have collected 64 case studies, based on episodes that have occurred in global health research throughout the world. Eight chapters comprise the cases under the following titles: Defining research; Issues in study design; Harm and benefit; Voluntary informed consent; Standard of care; Obligations to participants and communities; Privacy and confidentiality; and Professional ethics. Each chapter begins with an introduction that outlines the issues and provides some guidance for the topics addressed in the cases, and ends with a brief annotated list of suggested readings. Questions for discussion follow each case. In each chapter there is cross-referencing to cases in other chapters. Appropriately for a World Health Organization (WHO) publication, the case studies describe research that takes place in low- and middle-income countries. In several instances, the case begins with a caveat such as: “Although this case study is based on research that took place in the 1970s, the questions that it raises remain relevant today.” Readers may wonder why the editors chose cases from research that was conducted more than 30 years ago. Since the editors point out that the questions posed by each case remain relevant, it would have been better to choose more up-to-date examples. Case studies not only have to be credible as instructional materials, they also have to be timely. Knowledgeable physicians and researchers can become impatient with material they consider irrelevant to their current or future experience. Nevertheless, some cases have become classics in the field of research ethics and should, for that reason, be included in a collection such as this. An example is case 12, “Short-course AZT to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV”, which took place in the late 1990s. A degree of overlap in the content of different chapters is inevitable but can be confusing. An example is the inclusion of cases involving the ethics of placebo controls in chapter 2, Issues in study design, and the material covered in the introduction to chapter 5, Standard of care. In chapter 2, cases 8, 9, 10 and 12 all pose the central question of the ethics of a study design that includes a placebo control. Chapter 5 does not include any cases in which the ethical question revolves around placebo controls. However, most of the introduction to chapter 5 discusses the paragraph in the Declaration of Helsinki that deals with placebos. The fault in this confusion does not lie entirely with the editors of this casebook. Unfortunately, the phrase “standard of care” in the context of research is systematically ambiguous. Sometimes it refers to what the control group receives in a randomized, controlled trial (as in the placebo cases in chapter 2 and the Declaration of Helsinki discussion in the introduction to chapter 5). Sometimes the phrase refers to what participants in a prevention trial receive if they acquire the “target disease”, the one the research is designed to prevent (case 32, Testing a new HIV vaccine). Sometimes it is even used in a third sense to denote ancillary medical services that may be provided to research subjects (as in case 35). Chapter 6, Obligations to participants and communities, includes a discussion of ancillary care in the introduction, and several of the cases illustrate this third sense of “standard of care”. This confusion runs throughout the literature on research ethics and it would have been helpful to readers if the editors had clarified the ambiguity. Despite these minor shortcomings, this collection of cases is a valuable resource for workshop leaders and faculty teaching courses in global health research. WHO is to be commended for its choice of world-class experts to edit this publication.

Moral Self-Licensing: When Being Good Frees Us to Be Bad

Past good deeds can liberate individuals to engage in behaviors that are immoral, unethical, or otherwise problematic, behaviors that they would otherwise avoid for fear of feeling or appearing immoral. We review research on this moral self-licensing effect in the domains of political correctness, prosocial behavior, and consumer choice. We also discuss remaining theoretical tensions in the literature: Do good deeds reframe bad deeds (moral credentials) or merely balance them out (moral credits)? When does past behavior liberate and when does it constrain? Is self-licensing primarily for others’ benefit (self-presentational) or is it also a way for people to reassure themselves that they are moral people? Finally, we propose avenues for future research that could begin to address these unanswered questions. How do individuals face the ethical uncertainties of social life? When under the threat that their next action might be (or appear to be) morally dubious, individuals can derive confidence from their past moral behavior, such that an impeccable track record increases their propensity to engage in otherwise suspect actions. Such moral self-licensing (Monin & Miller, 2001) occurs when past moral behavior makes people more likely to do potentially immoral things without worrying about feeling or appearing immoral. We argue that moral self-licensing occurs because good deeds make people feel secure in their moral self-regard. For example, when people are confident that their past behavior demonstrates compassion, generosity, or a lack of prejudice, they are more likely to act in morally dubious ways without fear of feeling heartless, selfish, or bigoted. In this article, we review the state of research on moral self-licensing, first by documenting in some detail empirical demonstrations of self-licensing and kindred phenomena, then by analyzing remaining questions about the model, and finally by sketching out directions for future research to cast light on these unresolved issues.

The role of a pediatric ethics committee in the newborn intensive care unit

Institutional Ethics Committees are commonly available in hospitals with newborn intensive care units, and may serve as a valuable resource for staff and parents dealing with difficult ethical decisions. Many clinicians may be unaware of when the committee might be helpful, or how it functions. After a brief historical introduction, two cases are presented as illustrations of pediatric ethics committee function. The first involves consideration of cardiac surgery for an infant with ventricular septal defect and Trisomy 13. The second involves disagreement between staff and parents regarding possible provision of cardio-pulmonary resuscitation in a terminally ill newborn. Principles and considerations often brought to bear in committee deliberations are reviewed for each case. Neonatologists, staff and families should be aware of this potentially valuable resource, and are encouraged to use it for situations of moral distress, conflict resolution or ethical uncertainty.

Of Mice and Men: Skin Cells, Stem Cells and Ethical Uncertainties

The recent reports concerning the creation of live mice from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) suggest that it may be possible to overcome one of the many critical barriers to creating patient-specific stem cell therapies – the derivation of truly pluripotent cell lines through reprogramming [1–3]. Nevertheless, these reports raise some important issues that must be considered. First, the reports suggest that iPSCs behave like embryonic stem cells, but also that it will be possible to dramatically improve the efficiency of their derivation. It currently takes a considerable amount of time and resources to create iPSCs, which hampers their potential use in medicine. Furthermore, the mechanisms for enhancing the efficiency of iPSC derivation are unclear and there is no guarantee this approach will work in humans. In addition, while tetraploid complementation in a murine model is unlikely to be controversial, it would clearly be problematic to conduct similar experiments in humans. Second, the value of using iPSCs for therapeutic purposes depends heavily on the derivation method employed. The method described by Yamanaka that was used in these recent reports introduces genes known to be associated with the development of cancers [4]. While at least one of the iPSC-derived mice matured and reproduced naturally, long-term health effects remain unclear. Third, while some may use these findings to suggest that embryos may no longer need to be used for stem cell research, thus eliminating the predominant moral and policy conflicts regarding stem cell research, such a conclusion is likely to be premature. These experiments involved the creation of embryos, from which the live mice were successfully born. Paradoxically, this brings us full circle to the knotty questions related to the moral status of the embryo. Thus, while this scientific achievement is important, the scientific and medical community, along with the public, need to keep perspective. First, clear ethical oversight of this research should be in place, consistent with guidelines already suggested by major professional groups [101,102]. Second, it is unlikely that all questions related to embryos and stem cell research have been resolved. Third, reliable and efficient methods of deriving human iPSCs need to be carefully developed before attempting to use them for therapeutic purposes. Fourth, long-term experiments involving iPSCs will need to be conducted to help ensure their safety.

Half a Century of Marketing Ethics: Shifting Perspectives and Emerging Trends

Faced with an ever-growing number of ethical marketing issues and uncertainty about the impact of specialized ethics journals, researchers are struggling to keep abreast of developments in the field. In order to address these challenges, our paper provides a comprehensive review of the literature on marketing ethics over almost 50 years, offers a citation analysis and develops a unique marketing ethics impact factor (MEIF). We contribute to the field in three important ways. First, we present a state-of-the-art picture of marketing ethics research. This provides an account of the research focus in each decade, assesses the importance of specific topics in the debate and identifies existing research gaps. Second, we identify the most influential papers and researchers in the marketing ethics area. Third, we evaluate the most important journals in terms of their impact on marketing ethics. To this end, we have developed an MEIF. This improves our ability to judge a journal’s influence on this particular sub-discipline.

Proofreading in a UK university: Proofreaders’ beliefs, practices, and experiences

This article presents key findings from an interview-based study of the beliefs, practices, and experiences of 16 proofreaders of student writing in a university setting. Proofreading is defined for the purposes of this research as “third-party interventions (entailing written alteration) on assessed work in progress.” We report results relating to the proofreader informants’ profiles, the types of texts informants are willing or unwilling to proofread, how much proofreaders charge for their work, the terminology informants and writers use to refer to proofreading, the changes proofreaders are willing and unwilling to make to writers’ texts, and some of the ethical uncertainties informants have experienced when proofreading. There were differing beliefs about the appropriacy of proofreading outside the informants’ disciplines, different labels given to proofreading by informants and student writers, differences in fees charged and in proofreading practices, and uncertainty regarding the ethical (in)appropriacy of certain types of intervention. We end by discussing the implications of the results and pointing to future research that will enhance our understanding of proofreading.

A Welcoming Wilderness

Wild berries have long been integral to Newfoundlanders’ and Labradorians’ food stores. Berry picking remains an important late summer and early fall activity, combining traditional, geographical knowledge with material culture, foodways and custom. Berries may also be Newfoundland and Labrador’s most successful culinary tourism product to date, combining attributes of health, wilderness and resourcefulness. Whereas ethical and moral uncertainty or conviction precludes many tourists from trying seal products, and health concerns prevent the enjoyment of regional favorites such as fish and chips, berries offer visitors a window into local culture beyond reproach. Reifying the text and images of national and provincial tourist literature emphasizing the area’s “outdoor nature product,” the berries serve as an iconic image of a resourceful people intimately connected to a bountiful, welcoming wilderness.

From Human Embryos to Interspecies Creations: Ethical and Legal Uncertainties Surrounding the Creation of Cytoplasmic Hybrids for Research

This article discusses the legal and policy implications of the creation of cytoplasmic hybrid embryos for stem cell derivation research in Canada. Drawing on recent debates in the United Kingdom over the legal and ethical propriety of this research technique, and consequent judicial reflection and legislative developments on the issue, the authors examine the legal status of this research in Canada, provide a critical analysis of arguments for and against conducting cytoplasmic hybrid research, and proffer recommendations for future Canadian policy action.

Uncertain Partitions

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Acknowledgements A version of this paper was presented at a symposium on ‘1947/8/9’ at Queen Mary, University of London on 10 June 2006. I am grateful to all those who offered their comments that day and to Professor Lyn Innes for reading through a draft of this article. Notes 1. Gyanendra Pandey has made the most sustained analysis so far of the failure of historical narratives in Remembering Partition (2002). But see also Tan and Kudaisya, chapter 1; Tharu Tharu , Susie . ‘Rendering Account of the Nation: Partition Narratives and Other Genres of the Passive Revolution’ . The Oxford Literary Review 16 (1994) : 69 – 91 . [Google Scholar]; Mayaram Mayaram, Shail. 1997. Resisting Regimes: Myth, Memory and the Shaping of a Muslim Identity, Delhi: Oxford UP. [Google Scholar], chapter 6; and Gilmartin Gilmartin , David . ‘Partition, Pakistan, and South Asian History: in Search of a Narrative’ . Journal of South Asian Studies 57.4 (Nov. 1998) : 1068 – 95 . [Google Scholar]. 2. Ayesha Jalal Jalal, Ayesha. 1985. The Sole Spokesman: Jinnah, the Muslim League and the Demand for Pakistan, Cambridge: Cambridge UP. [Crossref] , [Google Scholar]'s The Sole Spokesman remains the key reference work on the political calculations at work behind this demand. 3. It should also be noted that this period marked a burgeoning of the short story form in many Indian languages, particularly Urdu and Hindi. 4. An extended discussion of the importance of the motif of spatial liminality in Partition stories can be found in Kamra Kamra , Sukeshi . ‘Ruptured Histories: Literature on the Partition (India, 1947)’ . Kunapipi XXV . 2 (2003) : 108 – 27 . [Google Scholar]. 5. Women's bodies frequently came to be seen during Partition as ‘territory’ to be ‘occupied’ by men of the other faiths (Tan and Kudaisya 22). 6. The ending of the story brought down a banning order on the Pakistani journal that published it. Another Partition story by Manto, ‘Cold Meat’ (1949), presented its readers with a similar radical ethical uncertainty — and earned its writer a lengthy spell in the dock on a charge of ‘obscenity’ (Gopal Gopal, Priyamvada. 2005. Literary Radicalism in India: Gender, Nation and the Transition to Independence, Abingdon: Routledge. [Crossref] , [Google Scholar], 104, 112). 7. In her 1994 article on Partition narratives Susie Tharu makes a persuasive case for the parallels between the nationalist account of Partition and these later Hindu Nationalist narratives. 8. In Remembering Partition Pandey draws on this opposition between history and memory in reference to ‘non-disciplinary’ accounts of Partition violence.