Ethical Provision Research Articles

Medicine management: legal and ethical principles

This article explores the legal and ethical issues that impact the safe administration of medicines. A discussion is provided on understanding the role of the healthcare assistant (HCA), assistant practitioner (AP) and informed consent, which is key to ethical and legal care provision. Mental capacity and the practice of covert medication administration is also outlined. By upholding ethical and legal principles, the HCA and AP can ensure that patient-centred care, which respects individuals' rights and promotes their wellbeing, is consistently practiced.

Adolescent offenders' experiences of father involvement in a South African context

AbstractObjectiveThe study's aim was to explore and describe adolescent offenders' experiences of their fathers' involvement before and during their own incarceration in a South African context.BackgroundResearch on father involvement is focused predominantly on adult offenders' experiences of father involvement without emphasis on adolescents' experiences regarding father involvement, including in a South African context.MethodsA qualitative explorative‐descriptive research design was employed. A nonprobability, purposive sampling technique was used, and the sample size was determined through data saturation. The sample included nine male adolescents between the ages of 17 and 19 years from a correctional center in Pretoria, South Africa. Semistructured individual interviews and drawings made by participants were used as the data collection methods and data were analyzed thematically.ResultsTwo main themes with subthemes were identified: Experiences of father absence before and/or during incarceration and desires for and suggestions to improve father involvement.ConclusionThe findings are primarily indicative of the general lack of father involvement and fatherly support experienced by participants.ImplicationsThe findings highlight the need for adolescent offenders to have access to counseling or therapy and intervention programs suitable for juvenile correctional centers focusing specifically on providing young, incarcerated, male adolescents with paternal role models that can help foster a sense of ethical and moral guidance and provision of different forms of support. Father intervention programs including men's talks, motivational speaking, and psychoeducational programs to advise fathers on how to be more involved in their children's lives are recommended.

Ethical Provision of Online Learning in South African High Schools

Ethical Provision of Online Learning in South African High Schools

Revising the Taiwan Code of Ethics for Nurses

The 2005 revision of the code of ethics for nurses has been in effect in Taiwan for more than 17 years. Although this code has been smoothly implemented during this time, changing social expectations and ethical perspectives, advancements in science and technology, and the evolution of the nurse-patient relationship suggest this code should be once again be updated. This study was conducted to suggest revisions to the Taiwan code of ethics for nurses necessary to meet current needs and address social and medical care environment trends. A multivariate research approach was adopted. The classification of the code of ethics for nurses norms in six international nursing organizations and evidence-based ethical and philosophical thinking literature were referenced, with the main notification demands incorporated into the Ministry of Health and Welfare's Nursing Workplace Controversy Reporting Platform. After drafting the aspects and provisions of Taiwan code of ethics for nurses norms, expert review procedures such as focus groups, Delphi expert consensus, and public forums were conducted. After three expert focus group discussion rounds, a structured questionnaire was completed, and 50 Delphi experts in six fields completed the online questionnaire. After the second consensus round, the importance and clarity of the 47 ethical code provisions in the four aspects were determined with 100% and 99.8% agreement reached, indicating no significant difference in scores between the multidisciplinary expert group and the ethical code. The resulting revision proposed for the Taiwan code of ethics for nurses includes: nursing staff and care recipients (14 provisions), nursing staff and practice (13 provisions), nursing staff and the profession (10 provisions), and nursing staff and society (10 provisions). In terms of education, the revised Taiwan code of ethics for nurses should be integrated into the nursing education curriculum of nursing colleges and used as teaching material for the continuing education of nurses. In terms of policy, these norms should be included as evaluation benchmarks and inspection items for hospitals. In addition, the attention and support of senior managers in institutions must be secured and a handling protocol for moral dilemma cases and related consultation mechanisms must be established. Nursing supervisors should be guided to develop the ability to address these dilemmas to help foster a positive workplace and a respectful team atmosphere. All professional groups should participate actively in promoting issues related to nursing ethics, organize seminars and continuing education activities, and make the revised Taiwan code of ethics for nurses and learning cases available online for reference by nursing staff nationwide.

Pattern and Socio-demographic characteristics of Drug Users at the National Drug Law Enforcement Agency (NDLEA) Rehabilitation Facility, Port Harcourt

Background: Substance abuse particularly among young people has become a large phenomenon globally affecting all segments of society. The abuse of alcohol, tobacco, cannabis and other psychoactive drugs among young people has become an issue of public health concern with untold negative consequences on human existence. Aim: This study sought to examine the sociodemographic profiles and patterns of drug use among drug users at the NDLEA Rehabilitation Facility, Port Harcourt. Materials and Methods: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted among inmates of the National Drug Law Enforcement Agency (NDLEA), Port Harcourt. A structured questionnaire covering socio-demographic characteristics and other factors were self-administered to inmates of the facility, who have been brought by their relative for addiction care over a period of 3 years (2017 to 2020). Ethical approval was obtained from the ethical committee of the University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital and approval was obtained from the NDLEA Authority. All other ethical provisions were followed. Descriptive statistics was used to analyzed the data. Data were analyzed with number count, percentage, and then Chi-square of independence. Results: Majority of the drug users were male (98,8%), single (72.5%), unemployed (27.5%) and apprentice (40.0%), between the ages of 15 and 35 (67.5%) and with tertiary education. Cannabis was the most consumed drug (75.7%), followed by nicotine (30.8%) alcohol (28.3%), cocaine (27.4%) and heroine (25.8%). Majority of the users were introduced to drug by friends and family members and referred to the feeling they got on the first day of use as high and happy. Majority had 15 to 25 years as age of onset of drug use and there were no family history of psychoactive substance use or mental illness. Conclusion: Substance use is common among young people between the ages of 26 and 30, single, with higher level of education and low-income earners. Majority use illicit drugs, which they started at early age of 15 to 25 and introduced to by friends and family members. Improvement in socio-economic status of adolescents and sustained public health enlightenment will help to reduce the rising prevalence of drug use.

Pattern and Prevalence of Drug Use among a Population of Mentally Ill Patients attending the University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital

Background: People with mental illness are at increased risk for substance use and individuals who experience a substance use disorder (SUD) during their lives may experience a co-occurring mental disorder and vice versa. The dual diagnosis often affects the illness course, worsens prognosis and presents a management difficulty. Aim: This study aimed to look at the prevalence of psychoactive use among mentally ill patients at the University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital. Materials and Methods: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted among attendees of Neuropsychiatric Outpatient Clinic of the University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital (UPTH). A structured questionnaire covering socio-demographic characteristics and other factors were self-administered to 75 patients diagnosed with various psychiatric disorders by consultants Psychiatrists and attending the out-patient clinic via a systematic random sampling. Ethical approval was obtained from the ethical committee of the University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital and all other ethical provisions were followed. Descriptive statistics was used to analyze the data. Results: Majority of the respondents were male (81%), single (76.0%), unemployed (36.0%), low income earners (73.4%) and between the ages of 21 and 30 (44%).. Majority had tertiary education (58.7%) followed by respondents with secondary education (33.3%). The prevalence of psychoactive substance use was 48% with Cannabis being the most reported consumed drug (24%), cocaine 16%, nicotine 14.7%, heroine 10.7%, alcohol 6.7%, then volatile substance and hypno-sedation 2.7% and 1.3% respectively. Majority of the Respondents had use drugs between 1- 10 years. Conclusion: Drug use is common among the persons suffering from mental disorders in UPTH. Better evaluation for and proper management of this dual diagnosis will help to improve their mental well-being and quality of life.

Disclosure and consent: ensuring the ethical provision of information regarding childbirth

Ethical medical care of pregnant women in Australia should include the real provision of information regarding the risks and benefits of vaginal birth. Routinely obtaining consent for the different ways...

Penerapan Kaidah Fiqh Manajemen Laba Pada Lembaga Keuangan Syariah Dalam Perspektif Islam

The purpose of this study is to determine the application of fiqh related to earnings management in Islamic financial institutions. The method used in this research is a qualitative method. The presence of fiqh rules is needed to solve problems in a broad scope, even in Islamic financial institutions, especially in earnings management. Either in its application or regarding rules that are restrictive in lawful or not prohibited implementation. Usually in Islamic financial institutions, mudharabah and musyarakah are contracts that are commonly used for transactions in Islamic banks. The application of fiqh principles in earnings management is proven to be significantly applied, through its application which must comply with Islamic ethical provisions and be based on the Islamic spirit. In the practice of earnings management, all parties must behave according to sharia provisions or according to sharia principles.

Pattern of suicide behaviour among the mentally ill in a Tertiary Hospital in South-South Nigeria

Background: Suicide has been recognized as the one of the commonest causes of death globally and mental disorders have been found to contribute about 70% to 80% of causes of suicide. A number of factors can predict or increase the risk of suicide among those who have mental illnesses. Aim: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of suicidal behaviour among mentally ill at the University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital. Materials and Methods: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted among attendees of Neuropsychiatric Outpatient Clinic of the University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital. A structured questionnaire covering socio-demographic characteristics and other factors were self-administered to 75 patients diagnosed with various psychiatric disorders by consultants Psychiatrists and attending the out-patient clinic via a systematic random sampling. Ethical approval was obtained from the ethical committee of the University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital and all other ethical provisions were followed. Descriptive statistics was used to analyze the data. Results: Majority of the respondents were male (81%), single (76.0%), unemployed (36.0%), low income earners (73.4%) and between the ages of 21 and 30 (44%).. Majority had tertiary education (58.7%) followed by respondents with secondary education (33.3%). Those who were dissatisfied with life due to mental illness constituted 34.9% while those who were dissatisfied with living were 22.5%. Nineteen (25,3%) of the respondents has had suicidal thoughts while 7(9.3%) had attempted suicide. The commonest method employed was ingestion of poison. Conclusion: Suicide behaviour was common among those with mental illness and unemployment, substance abuse, male gender, higher level of education, stigmatization, poor premorbid history, adverse childhood experience are among the factors that could affect suicide behaviour. It is therefore important to provide adequate attention and care to the mentally ill to help reduce the prevalence of suicidal haviour among them.

Authorship in Communication Science Journals: Mapping Romanian Practices

Scientific authorship is an evolving concept, being challenged by the numerous varieties in definition and practice of its ideational form. Variations in interpretation occur not only along the traditional demarcation line between hard sciences and the social sciences and humanities but also within the same science branch, along parameters such as geography or institutional representation. This article explores the websites of internationally indexed communication science journals in Romania, from the point of view of authorship definitions, authorship requirements, and author-related ethical provisions. The web-based analysis is supplemented by opinions shared by editors of seven journal publishing venues. Findings show that less than half of the Romanian communication science journals allude to the international debate concerning authorship vs. contributorship models. A data-based critique of the self-presentation of the selected journals on their main page is also formulated. The findings of this study can help improve the journals’ self-presentation and self-promotion and set a benchmark for science communication among disciplines in SSH. In addition, it opens the floor for debate on scientific publishing patterns and practices in the given domain in Romania, making room for comparisons and filling in gaps in information on the topic.

Determinants of Suicide Behavior among the Mentally Ill in a Tertiary Hospital in South-South Nigeria

Background: Suicide has been recognized as one of the commonest causes of death globally and mental disorders have been found to contribute about 70% to 80% of causes of suicide. A number of factors can predict or increase the risk of suicide among those who have mental illnesses. Aim: This study aimed to look at the factors influencing suicide behavior among mentally ill patients at the University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted among attendees of Neuropsychiatric Outpatient Clinic of the University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital. A structured questionnaire covering socio-demographic characteristics and other factors were self-administered to 75 patients diagnosed with various psychiatric disorders by consultants Psychiatrists and attending the out-patient clinic via a systematic random sampling. Ethical approval was obtained from the ethical committee of the University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital and all other ethical provisions were followed. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the data. p value ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Majority of the respondents were male (81%), single (76.0%), unemployed (36.0%), low income earners (73.4%) and between the ages of 21 and 30 (44%). Majority had tertiary education (58.7%) followed by respondents with secondary education (33.3%). Those who were dissatisfied with life due to mental illness constituted 34.9% while those who were dissatisfied with living were 22.5%. Nineteen (25.3%) of the respondents has had suicidal thoughts while 7(9.3%) had attempted suicide. Major determinant of the suicide behavior were stigmatization from mental illness, advice childhood experience, job loss, substance abuse, history of assault and poor premorbid personality. There was a statistically significant association between suicidal behavior and stigma as well as childhood or family history (χ2 = 3.828, p = 0.05; χ2 = 6.334, p = 0.042), but association between suicidal behavior and drug use, sexual assaults, job loss and query respectively was not statistically significant (χ2 = 0.456, p = 0.5; χ2 = 3.111, p = 0.078; χ2 = 6.921, p = 0.009; χ2 = 0.009, p = 0.922). Conclusion: Suicide behavior was common among those with mental illness and unemployment, substance abuse, male gender, higher level of education, stigmatization, poor premorbid history, adverse childhood experience are among the factors that could affect suicide behavior. Association exits between suicide behavior and drug use, stigma, childhood or family history, sexual assaults, job loss, and query etc. It is, therefore, important to provide adequate attention and care to the mentally ill to help reduce the prevalence of suicidal behavior among them.

Contemplating the Impacts of Canadian Healthcare Institutions That Refuse to Provide Medical Assistance in Dying: A Framework-Based Discussion of Potential Health Access Implications.

Following the historic Canadian legislation on medical assistance in dying (MAiD) in 2016, many implementation challenges and ethical quandaries have formed the focus of further scholarly investigation and policy revisions. Of these, conscientious objections held by some healthcare institutions have involved relatively less scrutiny, despite indicating possible hurdles to the universal availability of MAiD services in Canada. In this paper, we contemplate potential accessibility concerns that pertain specifically to service access, with the hope to trigger further systematic research and policy analysis on this frequently overlooked aspect of MAiD implementation. We organize our discussion using two important health access frameworks: Levesque and colleagues' Conceptual Framework for Access to Health and the Provisional Framework for MAiD System Information Needs (Canadian Institute for Health Information). Our discussion is organized along five framework dimensions through which institutional non-participation may generate or exacerbate inequities in MAiD utilization. Considerable overlaps are revealed across framework domains, indicating the complexity of the problem and the need for further investigation. Conscientious dissensions on the part of healthcare institutions form a likely barrier to ethical, equitable, and patient-oriented MAiD service provision. Comprehensive, systematic evidence is urgently needed to understand the nature and scope of resulting impacts. We urge Canadian healthcare professionals, policymakers, ethicists, and legislators to attend to this crucial issue in future research and in policy discussions.

Сравнительный анализ этических положений отечественных и зарубежных кодексов, регламентирующих деятельность психолога-консультанта в социальных сетях

The article presents a comparative analysis of the ethical provisions governing the activities of a consultant psychologist on social networks. The analysis was carried out on the basis of the content of the principle of publicity of eight ethical codes of Russian professional associations of psychologists, psychologists-consultants and psychotherapists. It was concluded that these ethical provisions are duplicated in most cases, and also regulate the public behavior of a specialist in general, suggesting activities on social networks, but not specifying it. A review of methodological recommendations on the use of social networks by foreign psychological communities is provided, where this type of activity is distinguished as a separate principle or position, and additional methodological recommendations have been developed in some countries. The review is based on the example of professional associations of the USA, Great Britain and Canada. It is indicated on the need to strengthen the educational component in the field of consulting ethics, the formation of effectively working professional associations, their response and supervision of complex cases, informing clients about the informed choice of a specialist.

ЕТИЧНА ІНФРАСТРУКТУРА КУЛЬТУРНОГО ПРОСТОРУ КИЇВСЬКОГО НАЦІОНАЛЬНОГО УНІВЕРСИТЕТУ ІМЕНІ ТАРАСА ШЕВЧЕНКА: ВИКЛИКИ ЗАПРОВАДЖЕННЯ І ФУНКЦІОНУВАННЯ

The article deals with the ethical infrastructure of Taras Shevchenko Kyiv National University cultural space, the peculiarities of its implementation and its functioning due to the challenges facing higher education in Ukraine today. The relevance of studying the ethical provision of university life is driven by the inevitable value transformations that the university as a cultural institution is experiencing today. By the method of case study, the implementation and functioning of the ethical infrastructure at Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv is analyzed in the article as a real-time problematic situation. It is shown that the implementation of ethical infrastructure was demanded by the university community and has become a natural process. The thoughtfulness of this process was testified by the thoroughness of preparing the University community code of ethics, carrying out the procedures for its discussion and adoption, and preparing the work of the Standing Commission of the Academic Council on Ethics. It also testified to the moral maturity of the university community to comply with the provisions of the code of ethics, to signal violations of its norms and principles, and to seek the truth in the ethical commission. It is about the grassroots (democratic) way of the creation of the code of ethics. And the discussion, comments and proposals from the structural subdivisions are a kind of public examination of the ethical document. The code of ethics, thus adopted by the university community, has become an effective document that sets a coherent system of coordinates in the life of the university. The purpose of the ethical commission is to resolve controversial issues regarding compliance by members of the university community with the code of ethics. Its powers include advising on the usage of the code of ethics and applying its provisions in everyday university life.

Original Research: TikTok's 'Dancing Nurses' During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Content Analysis.

Amid the challenges of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, health care workers are using social media to publish increasing numbers of posts, memes, and videos. On TikTok, a rapidly growing and widely used social networking platform, videos labeled "dancing nurses" have recently been trending. Whether nurses or the general public consider such videos to breach professional ethical standards is unknown. The aim of this study was to analyze and describe the use of the social media platform TikTok by nurses whose videos featured dancing nurses during the ongoing pandemic. Between March 1 and December 31, 2020, we conducted a search on TikTok using terms such as dancing nurse and hashtags such as "#dancingnurse." For each identified video, the numbers of followers, views, likes, concurrent COVID-19 morbidity and mortality rates, and other data were collected. For videos meeting the inclusion criteria, content analysis was performed to evaluate dancing nurse behaviors and apply the American Nurses Association (ANA) Code of Ethics for Nurses with Interpretive Statements, ANA social networking principles, and National Council of State Boards of Nursing social media guidelines. A total of 52 videos met all inclusion criteria and were included for analysis. These videos had a mean of 1.51 million views each. Among these videos, there were 356 violations of Code of Ethics provisions, social networking principles, and social media guidelines. Forty of the videos (77%) included a choreographed dance; 24 (46%) contained twerking and three (6%) featured dance moves such as pelvic thrusts and gyrations. The findings offer insight into how nurses are using TikTok, specifically with regard to posting videos that feature dancing nurses. Some of the analyzed videos included content that could be construed, in our view, as inappropriate and even sexually suggestive. The concern is that such videos could damage the professional image of nurses and downplay the seriousness of the current pandemic. It's essential that nurses who use social media consider the content and presentation of what they post. There is an urgent need for nurses to understand professional and workplace guidelines and policies regarding the use of social media, and how these may apply to content developed and posted on platforms such as TikTok.

A survey and critical analysis of the teaching of medical ethics in UK medical schools

This article surveys and analyses the reflections on medical ethics teaching by colleagues teaching in United Kingdom (UK) medical schools in the early 2020s. Participants were recruited mainly by using the worldwide web to identify 64 people from 41 UK medical schools who were thought to contribute to teaching medical ethics based on their internet profiles. Twenty-three people responded. The survey data reveals that many staff are happy with the provision of medical ethics teaching, but also that some are concerned about the quality of provision due to concerns with staff expertise and teaching time. In spite of the fact that the General Medical Council (GMC) and other organisations are perceived to have contributed to raising the profile of medical ethics, there is significant concern with how it is embedded within local UK medical curricula. Some participants contributed hardly or not at all to research in medical ethics, where one attributed this decline in research to the pandemic. Future work will need to address what can be done to improve the provision of medical ethics teaching to address some of these findings and to survey and analyse how perceptions might have changed in light of recent challenges and developments.

Influence Operations, between the Ethical and Critical Facet

"The psychological operations (PSYOPS) doctrines of many NATO member states, including Romania, do not allow the use of influence activities on internal audiences. While this is an ethical provision, difficulties arise when formulating an adequate counter-propaganda strategy, as domestic groups that are susceptible to influence are targeted by an effective propaganda conducted by the adversary. The 2014 edition of the NATO doctrine on PSYOPS (psychological operations) was ambiguous with regard to this limitation, while the Romanian doctrine from 2016 kept it, in accordance with the older NATO doctrine from 2007. With this limitation PSYOPS risk being ineffective in countering propaganda, their role being restricted to analysing the effects of the propaganda on the audiences and making recommendations to counter it. Without using influence activities, the recommendations would be, based on the scenario, addressing the public or not (choosing “silence”) with information activities through the responsible structures. Going further, inform and influence activities (IIA) intertwine, which leads to the need for more clarity in the doctrines that regulate their employment. The propaganda of the Russian Federation in Donbas, that victimised the separatists leading to their support for the invasion of Ukraine is a relevant example for situations when PSYOPS should be allowed to target internal audiences. The present paper does not go into detail on the case of Ukraine but problematises on the above-mentioned ethical limitation that has the advantage of giving the adversary advantages on multiple levels."

Examining the Effect of Ethical Awareness on the Relationship between Political Skill and Subjective Career Success

This study examined the relationship of political skills of high school teachers to their subjective career success and the moderating role of ethical awareness in this relationship. The findings demonstrated that the participants' ethical awareness and political skill scores were relatively higher than career and life satisfaction scores. Career and life satisfaction were found to increase with professional experience. Despite being a significant predictor of career satisfaction, ethical awareness had no significant effect on life satisfaction. That said, political skill was a significant predictor of both career satisfaction and life satisfaction. Moreover, ethical awareness did not moderate the effect of political skill on career and life satisfaction. Based on these findings, implementing formal methods such as the use of vision and mission statements and in-school guidelines to make the ethical provisions mentioned in the legal regulations visible in the school environment, and school administrators’ creating an ethical working climate through implementing the ethical rules fairly for all teachers and students were recommended.

How AI affects the future relationship between corporate governance and financial markets: a note on impact capitalism

PurposeThe authors discuss how artificial intelligence (AI) can facilitate and incentivize reform in corporate social responsibility (CSR), i.e. governance with regard to pledge for socially responsible investments (SRIs).Design/methodology/approachThe current essay examines the impacts of AI systems on the dynamics between corporate governance and financial markets in terms of promoting sustainability. Based on a qualitative review of over 100 pieces of literature, we offer an outlook into the mentioned dynamics through the lens of complex systems. Legal and ethical provisions for safe and robust AI systems are briefly discussed and integrated.FindingsIn a closed system, there is a reinforcing feedback loop between SRI and CSR. AI is a moderator to increase SRI and a mediator to incentivize CSR. If the legal and ethical provisions are involved in the AI systems, they could act as catalyst for corporate governance reform towards sustainability.Research limitations/implicationsThe findings are based on a solely qualitative assessment of the prior literature in corporate governance, corporate law, AI and data governance, asset pricing, and asset allocation. The scopes and specifics of the relationship are yet to be found through quanatitative or quantitative/qualitative hybrid methods.Originality/valueThis is to certify that to the best of our knowledge, the content of this thesis is our own work. This paper has not been submitted for any degree or other purposes. The authors certify that the intellectual content of this research is the product of the authors’ own work and that all the assistance received in preparing this paper and sources have been acknowledged. Russ McBride Alireza Dastan Poorya Mehrabinia

Professional Oversight of Emergency-Use Interventions and Monitoring Systems: Ethical Guidance From the Singapore Experience of COVID-19

High degrees of uncertainty and a lack of effective therapeutic treatments have characterized the COVID-19 pandemic and the provision of drug products outside research settings has been controversial. International guidelines for providing patients with experimental interventions to treat infectious diseases outside of clinical trials exist but it is unclear if or how they should apply in settings where clinical trials and research are strongly regulated. We propose the Professional Oversight of Emergency-Use Interventions and Monitoring System (POEIMS) as an alternative pathway based on guidance developed for the ethical provision of experimental interventions to treat COVID-19 in Singapore. We support our proposal with justifications that establish moral duties for physicians to record outcomes data and for institutions to establish monitoring systems for reporting information on safety and effectiveness to the relevant authorities. Institutions also have a duty to support generation of evidence for what constitutes good clinical practice and so should ensure the unproven intervention is made the subject of research studies that can contribute to generalizable knowledge as soon as practical and that physicians remain committed to supporting learning health systems. We outline key differences between POEIMS and other pathways for the provision of experimental interventions in public health emergencies.