Ethical Paradigm Research Articles

A Ethical Reflection About Nursing Care in Terminal Diseases: a Portuguese Report

Introduction Nurses in the Western world have given considerable attention to the concepts of vulnerability and self-autonomy in recent decades. Aim A qualitative study was conducted with nurses to analyze the problems found by health care professionals in their ethical practices when providing care to patients with terminal diseases, in particular concerning aspects of self-autonomy and vulnerability, in respect to those patients and health care providers. Methods Using bioethics approach, an analysis of the context was carried out to apply a rigorous methodology in this studied area and fundamental concepts in ethical practices that are intermix. We recruited a purposive sample of research participants from among nurses who worked at a hospital located in the middle part of Portugal. Results The transcribed interviews of 8 nurses were analyzed. The results identify the types of difficulty with ethical nuances, found by health care providers, in which constitutes a challenge to ethical practices. The interviewed nurses emphasized the need to broaden the arguments about this subject with other health care professionals faced with these cultural changes and ethical paradigms. Conclusions The staff's ethical reasoning mainly concerned their experience of a gap between their personal ideals of what a dignified end of life should include and what they were able to provide in reality, which could result in conscious stress. Staff members need training and support. End of life care demands competence and teamwork.

Investigation into the Role of Rational Ethics in Crashes of Automated Vehicles

Traffic engineers, vehicle manufacturers, technology groups, and government agencies are anticipating and preparing for the emergence of fully automated vehicles into the American transportation system. This new technology has the potential to revolutionize many aspects of transportation, particularly safety. However, fully automated vehicles may not create the truly crash-free environment predicted. One particular problem is crash assignment, especially between automated vehicles and nonautomated vehicles. Although some researchers have indicated that automated vehicles will need to be programmed with some sort of ethical system in order to make decisions on how to crash, few, if any, studies have been conducted on how particular ethical theories will actually make crash decisions and how these ethical paradigms will affect automated vehicle programming. The integration of three ethical theories—utilitarianism, respect for persons, and virtue ethics—with vehicle automation is examined, and a simple programming thought experiment is used to demonstrate the difficulty in selecting and implementing different ethical decisions. A simple crash scenario is introduced; an automated vehicle must choose between three crash types on the basis of a randomly assigned ethical theory. The results of the experiment indicate that in specific crash scenarios, utilitarian ethics may reduce the total number of fatalities that result from automated vehicle crashes, although other ethical systems may be useful for developing rules used in machine learning. The experiment demonstrates that understanding rational ethics is crucial for developing safe automated vehicles.

Juozo Keliuočio komunikacijos etikos paradigmos

The actual principles of social communication and media ethics have a power to support public communication among people. The existing patterns of human behaviour can determine real and concrete conduct both in public space and limited groups. Ethics usually appears in accordance with certain specified ideological or moral views. In Lithuania, Keliuotis (1902–1983) was the first to propose a value system for the sphere of mass media. This system is based on pursuing ideals, which lead to united society and human progress. The article raises the following question: how does the value system, invented by Keliuotis, correlate with paradigms of modern communication ethics?

Social Movement Organization and Communication Ethics: An Ethic al Analysis of Consumer-Directed Health Care Communication Campaig n of Tea Party Patriots (TPP)

Review of literature shows that the current scholarship lacks research on the ethicality of the social movement organizations. This paper examines the moral and ethical paradigms of a well-known social movement organization of America-tea party patriot (TPP), and its consumer directed health care social movement. This paper employed a textual analysis approach and used the communication campaign materials of TPP’s social movement to find whether the TPP’s communication campaign met five ethical principles, called TARES. The research found that truthfulness and authenticity of TARES principles are the strengths of the campaign, while equity and social responsibility of the campaign are not strengths, and respect for the audience is highly controversial. The paper recommends that TPP as a social movement organization should attempt to strike a balance between a consequentialist focus on health outcomes and costs, and a due respect for autonomy and integrity of individual freedom of choice.

“As there are hyena-men and panther-men …”: Chris Abani, Pieter Hugo, and the shocking life of images

This article looks at the combined work of South African photographer Pieter Hugo and of “global Igbo” author Chris Abani in the volume Nollywood (2009). In their creative work both artists usually strive to see beyond established aesthetic and ethical paradigms and to bypass conventional modes of representation, in order to zoom in on adventurous and often shocking areas of existence in both life and art in Africa. In his collection of photographs known as the Nollywood series, Hugo engages with the Nigerian video film industry in collaboration with local actors and make-up artists in order to recreate the workings and general atmosphere of Nollywood films. Their cooperation produces a series of violently surreal, hallucinating tableaux. The volume features an introduction by Chris Abani which aptly evokes Nollywood’s history and production, and provides a key to reading Hugo’s creative rendition of the phenomenon. Marked by an incessant effort to move beyond the limits of both literary and cultural representation, Abani’s work is a highly appropriate contribution to the artistic experimentation in the collection. This article argues that the visual and textual works of Hugo and Abani both revisit and remove – through sometimes disquietingly violent aesthetical intervention – the borders that are kept in place by societal control on culture and the arts.

Über-Setzung als diskursive Dominanz: Paul Ricœurs Übersetzungsparadigma neu gelesen

Über-Setzung as a discursive Dominance: A new Interpretation of Paul Ricoeur's Paradigm of TranslationPutting into question the idealized interpretations of translation as an ethical paradigm and model for Europe (Paul Ricoeur, Domenico Jervolino), the author aims to reveal some negative aspects related to the politics of translation, specially the use of translation as a transfer of a dominant discourse. This negative phenomenon is analyzed by mean of the neologism of Über-Setzung (superimposition) designating an overlap of a discourse or an idiom over another through the abuse of the linguistic hospitality of translation. On the base of diverse examples and narratives the author offers a descrip-tion of the eidetic structure of Über-Setzung, and argues that the dominating language and its dis-course intervene in the mother language and its culture by putting itself "on" and "over" them as something primary, absolute and universal. The dominant discourse, that is established by means of translation, requires mindfulness, comprehension and acceptance; however, because it is a kind of anti-giving, the dominator who use it refuses to recognize the dominated as a partner; he treats him as non-equal and even as "retarded". In conclusion the author displays the intercultural potentialities of hermeneutic phenomenology in regard of a new European ethos of translation.

Reexamining the Ethics of Nuclear Technology.

This article analyzes the present status, development trends, and problems in the ethics of nuclear technology in light of a possible revision of its conceptual foundations. First, to better recognize the current state of nuclear technology ethics and related problems, this article focuses on presenting a picture of the evolution of the concepts and recent achievements related to technoethics, based on the ethics of responsibility. The term 'ethics of nuclear technology' describes a multidisciplinary endeavor to examine the problems associated with nuclear technology through ethical frameworks and paradigms. Second, to identify the reasons for the intensification of efforts to develop ethics in relation to nuclear technology, this article presents an analysis of the recent situation and future prospects of nuclear technology deployment. This includes contradictions that have aggravated nuclear dilemmas and debates stimulated by the shortcomings of nuclear technology, as well as the need for the further development of a nuclear culture paradigm that is able to provide a conceptual framework to overcome nuclear challenges. Third, efforts in the field of nuclear technology ethics are presented as a short overview of particular examples, and the major findings regarding obstacles to the development of nuclear technology ethics are also summarized. Finally, a potential methodological course is proposed to overcome inaction in this field; the proposed course provides for the further development of nuclear technology ethics, assuming the axiological multidisciplinary problematization of the main concepts in nuclear engineering through the basic ethical paradigms: analytical, hermeneutical, and poststructuralist.

Rethinking Interdisciplinary Collaboration: Towards New Ethical Paradigms in Music and Health Research

Rethinking Interdisciplinary Collaboration: Towards New Ethical Paradigms in Music and Health Research19 October 2013, Goldsmiths College, London, United KingdomGoldsmiths College, University of LondonBritish Forum for Ethnomusicology (BFE)Society for Education and Music Psychology Research (SEMPRE)

Digital Education and Oppression: Rethinking the Ethical Paradigm of the Digital Future

Digital education seems to often be approached from the perspective of educational structures that existed before contemporary technology. In this way, the old structures of oppression are replicated in the spaces most capable of liberation. This article offers a conversation about a future digital education that not only enacts the goals of liberation but also works to embed social justice concepts into the oppressive structures that liberation seeks to topple. Enacting a new ethical paradigm is needed to address the issues of the digital age and education, and this article attempts to build such a paradigm that can be applied to contemporary and future iterations of educational ventures.

INSTITUT AGAMA ISLAM NEGERI (IAIN) DAN PEMBANGUNAN ETOS KERJA KEILMUAN

<p>The development of information and communication technology has brought a change in materialism and pragmatismtrend. Material satisfaction is increasingly becoming an obsession even at the sacrifice of his moral life. This phenomenon occurs not only in politics or government bureaucracy, but also a lot of education and college academic community. In this regard the efforts of revitalization work of ethic paradigm based on religious morality becomes important to be strengthened. The Expectation from this community effort that the academic community based on intellectual integrity and academic honesty. This work ethic can be developed through moral and religious consciousness that work only to get Allah's approval.</p>

"Real men don't": constructions of masculinity and inadvertent harm in public health interventions.

Research shows that constraining aspects of male gender norms negatively influence both women's and men's health. Messaging that draws on norms of masculinity in health programming has been shown to improve both women's and men's health, but some types of public health messaging (e.g., Man Up Monday, a media campaign to prevent the spread of sexually transmitted infections) can reify harmful aspects of hegemonic masculinity that programs are working to change. We critically assess the deployment of hegemonic male norms in the Man Up Monday campaign. We draw on ethical paradigms in public health to challenge programs that reinforce harmful aspects of gender norms and suggest the use of gender-transformative interventions that challenge constraining masculine norms and have been shown to have a positive effect on health behaviors.

From virtue ethics to rights ethics: Did the Reformation pave the way for secular ethics?

In chapter four of his book, The unintended Reformation, Brad Gregory argues that ethical thinking since the 1500’s experienced a major shift in emphasis from the teleological concept of a ‘substantive morality of the good’ to liberalism’s ‘formal morality of rights’. He attributes it to the religious upheavals and ‘sociopolitical disruptions’ during the Reformation era. This article probes three elements of Gregory’s argument. Firstly, the article offers a critical assessment of Gregory’s depiction of the Reformation’s stance towards reason. It pays particular attention to the Reformation’s understanding of the effects of sin on the human being’s image of God, reason and the possibility for a shared social ethics. Secondly, this study scrutinises Gregory’s argument that the Reformation created an individualist notion of selfhood in contrast to the Roman Catholic communal notion of selfhood and thereby paved the way for modernism. Lastly, the discussion probes into Gregory’s claim that the Reformation’s ethical paradigm diverged radically from the Latin Christendom paradigm and that this contributed to the subjectivisation of ethics, by replacing a virtue ethics with a rights ethics.

The emancipation of disability studies in Portugal

Despite the interest of the social sciences in issues of exclusion and inequality, the question of disability, as a key issue of reflection, remains absent from many academic areas. The emergence of disability studies owes much to contexts in which the activism of disabled people has revealed the structural conditions that oppress and neglect experiences of disability. Bearing in mind the specific features of the Portuguese socio-political environment, two lines of inquiry are developed in this text. Firstly, what are the challenges faced by Portuguese academics in making disability a central issue, enabling it to confront the silencing of the voices and experiences of disabled people in society? Secondly, how important is it for research to engage with an ethical and political paradigm that supports the rights of disabled people?

Healthcare overview: new perspectives

Global process of personalisation in medicine - New perspectives in healthcare V. Costigliola Part I Healthcare systems around the globe Italian healthcare system in the global context: The cultural challenge of predictive, preventive and personalised medicine G. Trovato & F. Basile Healthcare in the UK - Predictive, preventive and personalised medicine perspective at the beginning of the 21st Century K. Grosios, P. Gahan & J. Burbidge The German Healthcare system A. Doring & F. Paul Healthcare overview in the Slovak Republic and implementation of predictive, preventive and personalized medicine M. Kapalla, D. Kapallova & L. Turecky An overview of the healthcare system in the Czech Republic with respect to predictive, preventive and personalized medicine J. Kinkorova & O. Topolcan Perpetual Transitions in Romanian Healthcare L. Spiru, R. Trascu, I. Turcu & M. Marzan An overview of the healthcare system in Georgia T. Rukhadze A general overview of the healthcare system in the Republic of Macedonia (FYROM): Healthcare indicators, organisation of healthcare system and its challenges N. Kamcev, M. Danilova, V. Ivanovska, G. Kamceva, N. Velickova & K. Richter Overview of the healthcare system in Turkey M. Dundar & S.Y. Ozdemir Taiwan's healthcare report W.S.H. Chan Mobility of medical doctors as an attribute of the cross-border healthcare: Challenges, opportunities and perspectives V. Costigliola Where is going the European Pharma Industry? M. Antonelli Part II Female health/care Changing long-held beliefs is never easy: A proposal for multimodal approaches in female healthcare - An integrative view O. Golubnitschaja A gender-specific nutritional approach to women's healthcare N. Shapira Implications of gender based biology in oral health issues - Are women more susceptible? R. Krishna & C. Drisco Simultaneous systematic approach to enable predictive, preventive and personalized medicine - Women healthcare as s case study M. Marcus-Kalish & H. Meiri Part III Traditional and non-conventional medicine Widening the Paradigm in Medicine and Health: Person Centred Medicine as Common Ground of Traditional and Non Conventional Medicine P. Roberti di Sarsina, M. Alivia & P. Guadagni Music-therapy, a personalised bridge towards healing beyond surgery and medication: European paediatrics overview R. Haus Part IV The role of laboratory medicine in healthcare Characterization and validation of biomarkers by immunoassays: Quality requirements, physical standards and data management in predictive medicine T. Waerner, J. Urthaler & K. Krapfenbauer Part V Economy of PPPM Effectiveness, cost effectiveness, and financial viability of personalized medicine: A role for comparative effectiveness research? P. Brown The economic challenge of predictive, preventive, and personalized medicine: The case study of lung-, head and neck cancer A. Kugler, C. Kertu & K. Krapfenbauer Health Promotion and Prevention in companies - economic aspects and prevention strategies for Shift work sleep disorders K. Richter Part VI Ethics of PPPM New ethical paradigm in preventive, predictive and personalised medicine E. Gefenas, A. Cekanauskaite, E. Tuzaite, V. Dranseika & D. Characiejus

CME Information:Surrogate Partner Therapy: Ethical Considerations in Sexual Medicine

Surrogate partner therapy (SPT) is a controversial and often misunderstood practice. The aim of this study was to review the history and evidence-based literature regarding SPT, describe and provide a model for ethical SPT practice, and present two case examples illustrating ethical concerns. Literature review and report of clinical experience were the methods used. Results of literature review and clinical experience were assessed for this study. Sex therapy pioneers Masters and Johnson introduced surrogacy in sex therapy; however, there is a lack of published evidence supporting treatment efficacy and ethico-legal questions have limited the practice from becoming a common intervention. SPT can be an effective intervention that may enhance sexual medicine practice. However, SPT must be offered according to legal, professional, and ethical standards. Sexual medicine practitioners should consider SPT based on the ethical paradigms offered, and sex therapy practices utilizing SPT should collect and publish outcome data.

Six perspectives in search of an ethical solution: utilising a moral imperative with a multiple ethics paradigm to guide research-based theatre/applied theatre

Throughout the International Drama in Education Research Institute (IDIERI) 2012 conference, practitioners in keynotes, presentations and workshops mentioned ethical dilemmas that arose in their work; wondering at times if they did the ‘right’ thing. By addressing a moral imperative, practitioners can start to identify common ethical dilemmas and questions within applied theatre generally and research-based theatre specifically. Applied theatre, in which theatre is used for extra-theatrical purposes, and research-based theatre, which is a hybrid of theatre and research practices, transcend traditional boundaries of one discipline. A moral imperative which is not prescriptive, but serves to frame issues and situations from different perspectives can highlight the borders of one perspective and how it may create tensions within other ethical stances. By identifying these different frames of references, practices can be interpreted and translated throughout social, psychological, political and/or cultural settings. In 2010/2011, seeking a moral imperative to guide my work in research-based theatre, I surveyed six applied theatre practitioners deemed leaders in the field, namely Johnny Saldana, Jim Mienczakowski, Kathleen Gallagher, Tim Prentki, Anthony Jackson and James Thompson. In this article, I address the moral imperative each suggested and link it to an ethical perspective identified in a multiple ethics paradigm model. Shapiro and Gross highlight four ethics: justice (dealing with laws, rights and policies), critique (challenging the status quo, and questioning oppression and social inequities), care (focusing on supportive and nurturing relationships) and profession (setting a high moral standard and code for a specific vocation). In addition, Branson adds a fifth ethic to Shapiro and Gross's model: moral integrity (challenging ethical leaders to consciously analyse, judge and determine why they choose a particular ethic and course of action). I then put forward a synergised moral imperative which may help theatre-based researchers in particular, and applied theatre practitioners in general, to think about ethical issues in a comprehensive manner to support their own ethical practice and further discussions towards new ethical paradigms in the field.

Development ethics and evolving methods: a comparison of fair trade with the Millennium Villages Project

The motivations for rural and agricultural development in the twenty-first century are not different from previous centuries, but evolving technologies in the late twentieth century have altered many methods and institutional arrangements for accomplishing development. The internet has facilitated initiatives that in earlier decades would have required large, complex organizations in both donor and developing countries. We will compare the ethical and institutional strengths and weaknesses of two such initiatives in Malawi: a smallholder farmers organization involved in fair trade and the Millennium Village Project. These are two of a large array of institutions which are currently being used to benefit smallholder agricultural producers. We will examine their relative merits through the lenses of various ethical paradigms and show that the institutional arrangements of the two programs are complimentary in the evolution of agricultural trading systems linking the global north and south.

Business Ethics and Corporate Social Responsibility – Is there a Dividing Line?

There is growing research in all areas of ethics and CSR that govern the activities of a firm and the value systems that underlie their business activities. In our paper we have explored the concepts of Business Ethics and Corporate Social Responsibility with a perspective that meaningfully CSR should be seen in the context of an overall paradigm of Business Ethics. We have studied CSR through the framework of the stakeholder theory of the firm and posit that CSR as practiced today is a subset of Business Ethics with other dimensions of an overall ethics framework still uncovered.

Towards a Minimalist Theory of Intra-Firm Management Professionalism

The social welfare implications of the managerial role may be fruitfully problematized using a simple distinction – extra-firm social welfare (i.e. socially beneficial corporate impact outside the firm’s organizational structure), versus intra-firm social welfare (i.e. socially beneficial corporate impact within the firm’s organizational structure). Focusing on the intra-firm dimension, I argue that managers occupy professional roles, and that management professionalism involves following efficiency imperatives, despite prevalent market failures arising from intra-firm information asymmetries. This approach is grounded upon a novel minimalist theory of the professions and their role in society. Beyond market governance mechanisms, professional governance involves non-market mechanisms such as ethics codes and social norms. Intra-firm management professionalism thus involves promoting social welfare within the firm, by drawing on norms that also have extra-firm and general public interest relevance. Dominant paradigms of business ethics already consider promoting social welfare to be a professional obligation, viz. a special obligation applicable to the managerial role, as opposed to a general obligation applicable to all individuals and corporations at large. An intra-firm theory of management professionalism thus facilitates a dynamic engagement with on-going debates about a unified intra-firm/extra-firm theory of business ethics.

Akademinis integralumas: nuo abstraktaus kalbėjimo apie akademinį sąžiningumą ‒ prie jo vadybos

The paper deals with the analysis of academic integrity concept and its wider application possibilities in Lithuanian universities. It provides the analysis of ethics institutionalization problems in the field and relates the ways of their resolution through academic integrity management. The aim of the paper is to reveal that integrity in organization activity has definite meanings and to prove that integrity is valid when transferring from abstract talking to real building of academic integrity is taking place. The author also explains that the realization of academic integrity is stipulated by proper organizational processes, ethics infrastructure and presupposed by effective value management systems, which enforce operationalization of outstanding aims of higher education.The author traces existing in Lithuanian higher school structures social cultural attitudes that determine mental and institutional barriers for integrity concept establishing. She argues that instrumental application of academic integrity diminishes the gap between declared values and facts, as well as between established ethics norms and their realization in institutional practice. Thus, integrity management helps to eliminate academic misconduct and still existent multiple facts of academic dishonesty.If such situation remains, the value of higher education decreases. That is why the formation of academic integrity assures the way to improve the situation. The paper generally raises the seminal problem of academic ethics institutionalization in Lithuanian higher schools and offers building the system, in which the society could trust in and rely on higher school diploma, university credentials and competencies of university graduates as prospective professionals.The paper offers to build academic integrity in Lithuanian higher school institutions by transferring the focus from individual integrity to the organizational one, while purposively forming corporative integrity through implementation of definite organisational processes and procedures. Only complex formation of integrity culture can surmount academic dishonesty, so it requires systems approach to the struggle against academic fouls, reconstruction of appropriate organization processes, creation of required integrity promotion procedures as well as its consistent implementation by using all managerial tools.The attempts to implement ethics codes “from above”, in many cases without substantiation of new ethics regulation necessity by discourse, and to avoid a reflection of academic integrity problems were unlucky. The failures are also stipulated by maintaining ethics norms purely through prescriptive imperatives, along with widespread ignorance of value management on the institutional level and without due awareness of definite ethics tools. Namely, these tools enable changes of attitudes and behaviours, promote academic integrity and empower changes on institutional level, help to cultivate integrity culture in academic life practices.In recent decade, ethical regulation of academic community in Lithuania has been improving purely through creation of normative content of documents, however, its evaluation and comparing against real possibilities and specific environment was lacking, while making norms more exact and correcting mistakes and inaccuracies.The author stresses peculiarities of modern organisational ethics paradigm and offers to apply them in a wider context, while constructing organisational integrity in universities, i.e. while forming practically ethics values and purposively creating academic integrity with the help of interdisciplinary scientific knowledge. It is possible if one uses his analytical and prognostic abilities not only copying the examples of good practices or blindly moving along the way of “trial-and-error methods”.