Ethical Obligations Research Articles

Under my umbrella: LGBTQIA+ rights, LGBTQIA+ researchers and ‘internal allyship’

In this article, we consider the ethical obligations that LGBTQIA+ researchers have in researching LGBTQIA+ rights. First, we consider the potential impact of identity and positionality. Although people of all LGBTQIA+ identities share common experiences of marginalisation and persecution, there is much diversity among LGBTQIA+ people and their many intersections. We then propose that LGBTQIA+ researchers should act as ‘internal allies’ when undertaking work related to LGBTQIA+ communities. The familiar concept of allyship imposes obligations which are dynamic, appropriate for the research context and align with community expectations. These obligations include self-education, consultation and platforming marginalised voices.

The reporter's responsibility: Journalists and anthropologists

This guest editorial explores the parallel ethical responsibilities and institutional challenges faced by anthropologists and journalists, highlighting their shared commitment to reporting faithfully on the complexities of global conflicts, cultural transformations and sensitive social issues. It examines the pressures both professions encounter from institutional review boards and media sponsors, which can impede their ability to conduct in‐depth, culturally sensitive research and reporting. The text underscores the importance of honesty, expertise, open‐mindedness and courage in navigating the intricate cultural situations and conflicts within contemporary global issues. By examining the institutional pressures that demand conformity to specific ethical models or journalistic practices, the article calls for re‐evaluating these constraints to support reporters’ investigative integrity and ethical obligations better in both fields.

Exploring the challenges of taiwanese nurses in the COVID-19 post-pandemic era

In the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, the fluctuating nurse resignation rates highlighted an understudied area in healthcare: post-pandemic challenges in clinical settings. This study, conducted from May to November 2023, employed a qualitative inquiry using focus groups to delve into these challenges. Six focus group sessions, involving 33 nurse participants recruited through snowball sampling from various hospital settings were conducted to explore their clinical experiences during and after the pandemic. Thematic analysis revealed two primary themes: the 'Invisibility of Nurses' within the healthcare system and the 'Moral Duty of Nursing Practice'. These findings illuminate a tension between the overlooked role of nurses and their ethical obligations, underscoring a critical need for policy reassessment. The study advocates for systemic changes, particularly in the undervaluation of the nursing profession and the National Health Insurance system, to address the poor working environment and mitigate long-term nursing shortages. This research deepens understanding of post-pandemic nursing workforce challenges in Taiwan, highlighting the need for policy evolution to enhance recognition and support for the nursing industry. It is suggested to provide tangible compensation to acknowledge nurses' daily care and health education for patients. A healthier working environment can be enhanced by collaborative efforts between healthcare institutions and nurses.

539 Identifying best practices: Content analysis of Plain Language Summary (PLS) resources for disseminating study results to participants

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Investigators have an ethical obligation to return study results back to participants in a timely and layperson-friendly manner, but most do not. This lack of communication can erode trust in the research enterprise. One solution to this issue is Plain Language Summaries (PLS). METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: We investigated and collected best practices for PLS and results dissemination as part of formative research for a pilot PLS project. This pilot was used to inform the development of our own PLS resources, which we will share broadly with other CTSAs. We employed a two-part system for analysis. First, we examined extant PLS resources from five major, publicly accessible sources spanning academia, government, publishing, and nonprofits for themes and best practices. Then, we examined actual PLS from each source and collected more specific feedback. We examined PLS structure, length, inclusion of graphics, multiple language availability, readability, and potential for improvement. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Guidance sources recommended that PLS have logical and organized structures, and included essential trial information (e.g., study drug, adverse events). Suggestions for length varied widely, from 250 words to 15 pages. Guidance also recommended the use of media, including infographics, audio, and video. Only pharma guidance recommended multilingual PLS. Actual PLS included many common trial elements, including study purpose, treatment description, results, and adverse events. PLS in our analyses were 10-12 pages, and contained many infographics, including flow charts of study phases, visual explanations of treatment and participant demographics, and adverse event tables. None were multilingual, and most were readable at the 7th grade level, although one used undergraduate-level language. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: General guidance was similar across sources. In our analyses of PLS, we found novel recommendations, such as including auditory pronunciation guides, and personalized thank you letters to participants. In future research, we recommend focusing on novel dissemination methods such as short interactive videos and patient-actor testimonials.

Post-trial access to implantable neural devices: an exploratory international survey

ObjectivesClinical trials of innovative neural implants are rapidly increasing and diversifying, but little is known about participants’ post-trial access to the device and ongoing clinical care. This exploratory study examines...

Psychiatry on fire: Climate change and the role of mental healthcare

IntroductionWhat is the psychiatrist’s role on a burning planet? As our world faces the existential ramifications of irreversible climate change, clinicians are contending with what purpose a normalizing institution like psychiatry can have in increasingly abnormal times.Objectives This presentation investigates the role of the modern mental health clinician by examining psychiatry’s current impotence in the face of climate crisis. It will be shown that current approaches are often complicit in psychiatry’s historical depoliticization of mental health and subsequent individualization of social concerns. It will be argued that the only way psychiatry can maintain its ethical obligations to its patients is by taking a courageous sociopolitical stance.MethodsEmerging from a multidisciplinary literature review on the relationship between psychiatry and social crises, this work examines our field’s response to climate change in particular. A focus is made on literature that explores psychiatry’s political obligations, current trends in climate psychiatry, and proposed social psychiatric approaches to the climate crisis.ResultsIt is shown that while ecological collapse tangibly affects our patients, psychiatry often fails to engage socio-politically with the crisis’ root causes. Framing intense reactions to climate change as trauma responses and developing neo-diagnoses such as “ecoanxiety” both risk individualizing inherently social experiences. However, Psychiatrists are also uniquely positioned to speak with authority about social crises and to articulate what a more comprehensive medical response to climate change might look like.ConclusionsGiven climate change’s disproportionate effects on disenfranchised populations, it is increasingly clear that health is inextricable from social circumstances. As a result, political inaction is incompatible with our ethical duty to serve patients’ health, both in the clinic and beyond it.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

540 Diversifying SC CTSI’s Message: Successfully Leveraging Multi-Platform Social Media for Multi-Audience Dissemination

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: We explain our multi-platform, multi-audience approach to stakeholder engagement/communication, discuss KPIs for our Instagram accounts, and highlight five top performing posts. Finally, we provide tips to Hubs who would like to tailor and optimize their social media approach. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: We employed Uses & Gratifications theory and formative research with stakeholders to inform our social media strategy. We run two Instagram accounts (main CTSI & Community Engagement [CE]), one Facebook page (CE), and one Twitter/X page (main CTSI). To understand impact, we collected social media analytics on both Instagram accounts (main CTSI and Community Engagement-specific accounts) to ascertain four social media-related Key Performance Indicators since the inception of the two accounts: reach, impressions, growth rate, and engagement. Additionally, we examined the five top-performing posts on each account that gave us insights into trending topics and ideas for future content. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: From January 2023 to October 2023, the reach for the main account was 3,578 and 38,235 for CE. The number of profile visits for the main account was 474 and 2,703 for CE. Engagement data on Instagram is only available for the last 90 days. For the main account, the number of post likes, comments and shares was 622 and 2,700 for CE. The views and reach for the five top-performing posts on the main and CE accounts ranged in the thousands. The content of the top-performing posts for the main CTSI account varied between highlighting our KL2 scholars' accomplishments, recap of campus-wide research events, and advertisements for upcoming educational webinars. CE’s top posts varied between highlighting their work in a South LA housing community, recaps of large community health events, and interviews with local key leaders. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: CTSA Hubs have an ethical obligation to keep their local academic and community audiences apprised of their activities. Creating a formative research and theoretically-informed social media plan that varies by platform, and regularly evaluating performance insights allows us to track the type of content that appeals to our multiple audiences.

Social License, Mine Closure, and the Exploration Geologist

Editor’s note: The aim of the Geology and Mining series is to introduce early career professionals and students to various aspects of mineral exploration, development, and mining in order to share the experiences and insight of each author on the myriad of topics involved with the mineral industry and the ways in which geoscientists contribute to each. Abstract This paper describes the potential value that can be gained when exploration geologists, early in the project life cycle, contribute to aspects of project development that have historically been outside of their purview. Increasingly strong societal pressures are being directed toward exploration and mining to ensure (1) an enduring social license to operate is in place and (2) closure and postclosure mine liabilities are fully addressed and funded. These actions are consistent with the professional and ethical obligation of caring for human and ecological well-being over both the short and long term. The roles and responsibilities of exploration geologists are evolving as a result. A singular focus on searching for and assessing the nature of ore deposits from a technical perspective has expanded to include (1) contributing to building the foundation for a social license to operate and (2) capturing increasing amounts of data and information relevant to the full mine life cycle, up to and including the closure and postclosure phases of activity. These activities are additional to the traditional geologic role of the exploration geologist and will further enhance the value of an exploration project, despite the rare transition of an exploration target to an operating mine. This expanded role is critical for aligning industry and social values, strengthening trust in the mining industry, and enhancing the appeal of the mining industry as a desirable career option.

Supply and Demand in the Development of Coaching Professional Ethics

While all business and service providers should be guided by general ethical obligations, some—professions—possess special ethical codes, supported and/or enforced by professional associations. How do professions differ from other service providers, such that their services both require, and can deliver, high ethical standards? Previous research has explored the development of professional ethics through an examination of demand-side factors (the various stakeholders whose needs drive them to demand high ethical standards of service providers) and supply-side factors (the motivational structures that empower service providers to conscientiously live up to those high ethical standards). This paper applies this framework to explore the need for special ethical standards for coaches, and the social and psychological resources coaches have for delivering on those standards.

Best practice guidelines for evaluating patients in custody in the emergency department.

Patients in custody due to arrest or incarceration are a vulnerable population that present a unique ethical and logistical challenge for emergency physicians (EPs). People incarcerated in the United States have a constitutional right to health care. When caring for these patients, EPs must balance their ethical obligations to the patient with security and safety concerns. They should refer to their institutional policy for guidance and their local, state, and federal laws, when applicable. Hospital legal counsel and risk management also can be helpful resources. EPs should communicate early and openly with law enforcement personnel to ensure security and emergency department staff safety is maintained while meeting the patient's medical needs. Physicians should consider the least restrictive restraints necessary to ensure security while allowing for medical evaluation and treatment. They should also protect patient privacy as much as possible within departmental constraints, promote the patient's autonomous medical decision-making, and be mindful of ways that medical information could interact with the legal system.

Considering ethical obligations to overcome stagnant psychological report-writing practices.

Considering ethical obligations to overcome stagnant psychological report-writing practices.

Bioethics-CSR Divide

Bioethics-CSR Divide

Legal and Ethical issues in Nursing Research

Introduction: In contemporary scientific and clinical research, legal and ethical issues pertaining to subjects and researchers, subject dignity preservation, and research publication play a significant role. Nonetheless, when nurses engage in research, they must navigate three distinct value systems: nursing, science, and society. These systems may clash with the values of the research subjects, communities, and cultures, leading to conflicts and challenges within the nursing profession. Definition: The definition of ethics in nursing research is "the act of moral principles that the researcher has to follow while conducting nursing research is to ensure the right and welfare of individuals, groups, or communities under study, as well as the extent of confidentiality of study and medical records." Ethics in Nursing Research Is Important. Keep the other research participants and the vulnerable group safe from the negative impacts of the experimental interventions. Prevent researchers from taking advantage of the subjects. The following are the rights of patients: emergency care, information, records, and reports; informed consent; confidentiality; and another opinion. The Ethical Obligations of a Nurse Investigator: makes ensuring that study participants' autonomy is respected when giving their agreement to engage in research and makes sure that the necessary safeguards are in place to keep them safe. In order to provide the best possible protection for the vulnerable groups included in the study—children, the elderly, pregnant women, mentally ill patients, people with physical disabilities, people who are terminally ill, and institutions—it is necessary to minimize potential risks and maximize potential benefits for each and every subject. The study's risks and rewards must be split equally between preserving the promised level of proficiency in the designated research methodologies.

Applying Lessons From Ars Moriendi to Foster Dying Well in Acute Care Settings.

Medical and technological advances have made it possible to keep people alive well beyond what was once possible, leading health care providers to focus on life-sustaining measures rather than questioning the futility of such measures and considering quality of life. In the midst of the struggle to foster dying well in a medicalized environment, acute care nurses may be challenged with shifting the focus to providing optimal end-of-life care because of lack of training, time, and resources. A remedy for the current western societal approach to medicalized dying is to look back in history to a time during the late Middle Ages, when death was an accepted part of medieval life. A literary genre called Ars Moriendi (translated "the art of dying") was written and illustrated to provide instruction on how to die well and how to care for the dying. Nurses can apply lessons from this text to fulfill the ethical obligation to practice with dignity and provide compassionate end-of-life care. These lessons include helping patients and families identify goals of care and accept finitude, encouraging the participation of loved ones at the bedside, and fostering reconciliation at the end of life.

Patients’ satisfaction with the quality healthcare services

<p>The quality of health services has become a priority in the modern health system, defined as a service that meets professional and patient needs by efficiently using resources and minimizing risks. The quality of health care implies the best possible outcomes, timely service, rational use of resources and application of appropriate procedures. Quality measurement includes dimensions such as availability, safety, continuity, effectiveness and interpersonal relationships, key to patient trust and satisfaction.<br />This literature review analyzes instruments for measuring the quality of health services and their importance for improving the system. <br />Satisfaction is not a sufficient indicator of quality, because patients are often unaware of their real needs and may demand inadequate treatments. Quality also includes economy and compliance with legal, ethical and contractual obligations of the healthcare institution. Major satisfaction factors include healthcare, communication, waiting time and patient education. Patient satisfaction should be measured regularly and used for continuous improvement of services.<br />The quality of health care is a continuous process that requires constant monitoring, evaluation and improvement to ensure the best possible outcome for patients.</p>

Ethical Analysis of Amazon’s ‘Legal’ Tax Avoidance

This paper gives an overview of the ethical consequences of Amazon’s strategic tax avoidance, exploring its multifaceted impacts on society, economy and environment. Through a meticulous PESTEL analysis and the application of a comprehensive 7-step ethical decision model, the paper highlights that Amazon makes the most of legal loopholes to minimize tax obligations. It argues for the necessity of measures aimed at enhancing fairness, transparency, and ethical obligations in corporate tax practices, emphasizing the imperative for Amazon to integrate social responsibility and sustainable development. This analysis advocates for combined efforts between corporations, governments and communities to address and optimize current unethical tax practices.

Does Engineering Undergraduate Education Under-utilize Human Factors / Ergonomics?

Human Factors or Ergonomics, (HFE) focuses on understanding interactions among humans and other elements of a system, to optimize human well-being and overall system performance. HFE is essential to ensuring engineers are prepared to meet ethical obligations for health, safety, welfare, environment protection, and cultural and societal sensitivity. Two studies measured exposure of graduates of accredited engineering programs to HFE content. Firstly, 37 engineering professors world-wide with knowledge of HFE teachings in their programs responded to a questionnaire. Most perceived HFE exposure as insufficient. Secondly, we searched for HFE keywords within required and technical elective course descriptions of 20 Canadian universities’ engineering programs. HFE keywords were absent from required courses for 68% of programs, and from elective course for 66% of programs; the highest required content was 7.5% of a program. We conclude that HFE is currently under-represented in engineering education to meet required professional obligations of engineers in Canada.

Ethical issues when conducting health research with military personnel: a scoping review protocol.

The objective of this scoping review is to understand the scope and nature of evidence in relation to the ethical issues that arise when conducting health research with military personnel. Ethical obligations in human research have been debated for centuries. Historically, research conducted with military personnel has led to ethical controversies regarding autonomy, harm, and informed consent. In particular, the power dynamics, hierarchical nature, and culture that are inherent in military structures may compromise the voluntary nature of research participation. This scoping review will include all sources of evidence that identify ethical issues, such as autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, and justice, within health research with military personnel, including reservists. This review will exclude sources of evidence on health research conducted during combat or on new technologies for fighting in wars. This scoping review will be conducted in accordance with the JBI methodology for scoping reviews. A 3-step search strategy will be used to obtain both published and unpublished sources of evidence. Two independent reviewers will screen sources of evidence against the inclusion and exclusion criteria. No limits on language will be applied; we will use Google Translate to translate sources of evidence in languages other than English. Sources of evidence published since 1964 will be included. Data will be extracted using a purpose-designed spreadsheet and the results will be summarized descriptively and presented in tabular format. Open Science Framework https://osf.io/db85p.

Out of time: The experience of contrasting temporal frameworks in participatory art

Abstract Participatory art turns the artwork into a process of engagement and co-creation, and it thus involves forms of time-based coordination that influence the experience of creating participatory art. In this paper I argue that participatory art is underscored by two contrasting temporal frameworks. One is the framework of long-term durational approaches that have been internalized among artists as an ethical and political obligation toward participants; the other is the short-term temporary framework that typically comes with project funding and steers the project toward delivery of target outcomes. To show the tensions to which these contrasting temporal frameworks can give rise, I analyze the development of a participatory art project in Copenhagen’s South Harbor. Specifically, the analysis emphasizes how tensions arose in respect to delimitations of project aspects such as who constitutes the creative team, what is the task before us, and what is our expected contribution to the community. By emphasizing the tensions arising from contrasting temporal frameworks, the article contributes to a more nuanced understanding of the experience of creating participatory art, and to problematizing the question of time for participatory art.

Out of time: The experience of contrasting temporal frameworks in participatory art

Abstract Participatory art turns the artwork into a process of engagement and co-creation, and it thus involves forms of time-based coordination that influence the experience of creating participatory art. In this paper I argue that participatory art is underscored by two contrasting temporal frameworks. One is the framework of long-term durational approaches that have been internalized among artists as an ethical and political obligation toward participants; the other is the short-term temporary framework that typically comes with project funding and steers the project toward delivery of target outcomes. To show the tensions to which these contrasting temporal frameworks can give rise, I analyze the development of a participatory art project in Copenhagen’s South Harbor. Specifically, the analysis emphasizes how tensions arose in respect to delimitations of project aspects such as who constitutes the creative team, what is the task before us, and what is our expected contribution to the community. By emphasizing the tensions arising from contrasting temporal frameworks, the article contributes to a more nuanced understanding of the experience of creating participatory art, and to problematizing the question of time for participatory art.