Ethical Judgments Research Articles

Will ChatGPT undermine ethical values in nursing education, research, and practice?

Will ChatGPT undermine ethical values in nursing education, research, and practice?

Do the Right Thing

Exploring the intersection of legal compliance and ethical judgment.

How gratitude shapes acceptance of questionable consumer behavior: the mediating role of self-righteousness

PurposeA growing literature shows that (integral) emotions arising in response to firm transgressions may influence consumer punishment. However, incidental emotions (which are unrelated to the decision at hand) can also be powerful drivers of consumer decision-making and could influence responses to firm transgressions. This paper aims to examine the role of incidental gratitude, as compared to incidental pride and a control condition, in shaping the acceptance of questionable consumer behavior toward a transgressing firm and the mediating role of self-righteousness in this regard.Design/methodology/approachFour experimental studies are conducted to examine the effect of gratitude, as compared to pride and a control condition, on the acceptance of questionable consumer behavior against a transgressing firm. Further, this research tests the underlying mechanism and a boundary condition of the predicted effect.FindingsThe results show that consumers experiencing gratitude, as compared to pride and a control condition, judge a questionable consumer behavior directed against a transgressing firm as less acceptable. These different emotion effects are found to be explained by self-righteousness. The findings also demonstrate that an apology by the firm attenuates the effect of emotions on consumer response toward the transgressing firm.Research limitations/implicationsThe present research contributes to the literature on consumer punishment by identifying the role of incidental emotions in determining self-righteousness and ethical judgments. The research focuses on and contrasts the effects of two specific positive emotions – gratitude and pride.Practical implicationsThis paper offers managerial implications for firms involved in a transgression by highlighting the potential of gratitude. Notably, the findings of this research suggest that gratitude activation via marketing communications may help firms mitigate the negative effects of transgression events.Originality/valueThe present research provides a novel perspective on when and how positive emotions, such as gratitude and pride, can differentially and systematically influence ethical judgment toward a transgressing firm.

Tackling the COVID elective surgical backlog: Prioritising need, benefit or equality?

The National Health Service (NHS) in the UK is currently facing a significant waiting list backlog following the disruption of the COVID-19 pandemic, with millions of patients waiting for elective surgical procedures. Effective treatment prioritisation has been identified as a key element of addressing this backlog, with NHS England's delivery plan highlighting the importance of ensuring that those with ‘the clinically most urgent conditions are diagnosed and treated most rapidly’. Indeed, we describe how the current clinical guidance on prioritisation issued by The Federation of Surgical Specialty Associations serves this aim. However, whilst there are strong reasons to prioritise elective surgery in accordance with clinical need, we argue that it would be a mistake to assume that prioritisation in accordance with clinical need requires only a clinical or scientific judgement. The understanding of clinical need that we choose to employ in a prioritisation system will be grounded by some key ethical judgements. Moreover, we may also have to make trade-offs between addressing clinical need, safeguarding equality, and achieving other benefits. As the UK faces up to the backlog, it is important that surgical prioritisation guidelines enshrine a broad range of values that we believe ought to determine access to care in non-emergency circumstances. Our analysis suggests that the current approach to prioritisation is not a sufficiently nuanced way of balancing the different moral values that are operative in this context.

Pentingnya Etika Islam Pada Profesi Akuntan

This study explores the extent to which accountants are involved in financial reporting scandals causedby the ethical judgment of certain accountants and a number of academics recommend that theeducation system be held accountable. The paper argues that in applying accounting ethics, especiallyIslam, accounting education must focus on ethical codes and religious values.

The importance of values for science

ABSTRACT This essay examines the important roles for values in science, from deciding which research projects are worth pursuing, to shaping good methodological approaches (including ethical concerns), to assessing the sufficiency of evidence for scientific claims. I highlight the necessity of social and ethical value judgements in science, particularly for producing properly responsible research. I then examine the implications of the need for values to inform scientific practice for public trust in science. I argue that values serve as a key basis for public trust in scientists, along with the presence of expertise and engagement in a well-functioning expert community, and that scientists should thus be more open about the values informing their work. This result holds whether the science at issue is a matter of consensus or still contested within the scientific community.

Maximizing biomedical research impacts through bioethical considerations.

Bioethics is the formal study of ethical judgments concerning the advances and applications of biology, medicine and related technologies. In a time of unprecedented biomedical advances, it is critical to integrate bioethical frameworks more fully into biomedical research to align these scientific advances with their intended societal needs. In this Perspective, we describe some motivations and frameworks for cross-disciplinary bioethical training for biomedical researchers, and discuss how actively considering bioethics in research and study design could maximize biomedical researchers' intended impacts in society.

이현화의 희곡 <카덴자>와 <오스트라키스모스>에 나타난 헤테로토피아적 공간성

This study postulated the theatrical space presented in Lee Hyun-hwa’s plays―<Cadenza>(1978) and <Ostrakismos>(1979), which were the analysis subjects, for the heterotopic space that overlaps incompatible places in an actual place and investigated it with a focus on the play space and the event place. From a theatrical aesthetic point of view, <Cadenza> erases the boundary between the stage space and the auditorium space and mixes the historical past, theatrical situation, and the reality of performance. Though <Ostrakismos> released the following year was not brought onto the stage, it advanced the spatial experiment of <Cadenza> and showed a theatrical strategy for the performance embracing the entire theater space.
 As a female audience is dragged out into a theatrical situation in <Cadenza>, the audience experiences a contradictory situation due to whether the event on the stage space should be treated at an aesthetic distance or they should intervene in the theatrical event with ethical and moral judgment. In this situation, the audience experiences the boundary between the play and reality. As a result, the context of <Cadenza> can be connected to not only the theatrical situation but also to a “social situation.” Meanwhile, <Ostrakismos> is a play planned to let the audience move around the theater building, which may be Lee’s attempt to allow the audience to occupy various spots of the space and play a specific role in the play, while trying to understand the relative perspective. In this way, <Cadenza> and <Ostrakismos> can be said to induce new and reflective thoughts on the recognition and perception of reality by providing a place for audiences to experience theatrical events through heterotopic extensity that crosses the boundary between daily and non-daily as breaking down the stage and auditorium space.

Always take a look back. Ethics in post-conflict archaeology

AbstractThis reaction to the Paul Newson and Ruth Young paper entitled ‘Post-conflict ethics, archaeology and archaeological heritage. A call for discussion’ (Archaeological dialogues, 2022) supports the call for a discussion regarding archaeological ethics in post-conflict zones. Following the agreement on the fuzzy border between the state of ‘conflict’ and ‘post-conflict’, it reflects on the continuity between these two. Furthermore, the reaction adds an additional issue to the discussion, which is the ethical ground of ‘being above the conflict’. Applying a ‘holistic ethic’ approach, it reflects on the ethical assessment of archaeological practices performed by Russian archaeologists in the zones that were damaged during conflict, escalated due to the actions of the Russian government. A series of examples are shown to consider the complexity of ethical judgements in this particular case. Last but not least, the reaction claims that in some cases ethical judgements are possible and effective due to the convergence of numerous factors.

Interaction Effect of Foreign Language and Obedience Pressure on Ethical Judgment in Accounting: Evidence from Japan

ABSTRACTThis study examines the interaction effect of foreign language and obedience pressure from superiors on the ethical judgment in an auditing context. We conducted a 2 × 2 between-participants experiment with language and obedience pressure as independent variables. Participants are accounting students from eight leading universities in Japan to proxy entry-level auditing professionals. They were asked to provide their judgments based on a consolidation reporting scenario. We found that, under obedience pressure, foreign language use makes one’s judgment less aligned with the superior’s preference (less compliant) than the use of the native language. These results provide new insights regarding the potential boundary of the foreign language effect in auditing issues.

Pragmatist quietism: A meta‐ethical system. By Andrew Sepielli, Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. 2022. vi + 231 pp. £55 (Hbk)

Pragmatist quietism: A meta‐ethical system. By Andrew Sepielli, Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. 2022. vi + 231 pp. £55 (Hbk)

Pengaruh Ideologi Etis Terhadap Penilaian Etis

The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of ethical ideology on ethical judgments. This research contributes to the existing literature on student ethical judgment, particularly in the context of a developing country such as Indonesia. There are 193 of accounting students Faculty of Economics Universitas Negeri Padang who have taken/are currently taking courses Ethics on Accounting Profession. This study shows that idealism doesn’t have positive effect on Ethical Judgment, while relativism shows negative results on ethical judgment.

The mobile-assisted showroomer’s dilemma: where to buy? Actions to prevent sales leakage

Intensive in-store use of smartphones has driven ethically questionable behaviors with significant economic repercussions for the survival of brick-and-mortar retailers. The mobile-assisted showroomer’s dilemma refers to the dilemma such shoppers experience at the moment of decision in a brick-and-mortar store, when they are holding an item in their hands, check their phone, and hesitate between buying it (a) at the physical store (loyal behavior, LB) or (b) through a cheaper online retailer (competitive behavior, CB). Using the theoretical framework of the Composite MES, this research proves that the dilemma exists: in a sample of 648 mobile-assisted showroomers, 44.91% would engage in CB vs. 55.09% in LB. Furthermore, 50.6% of the CB is explained by two dimensions of ethical judgment: relativism and egoism. To prevent sales leakage at brick-and-mortar stores, ethical judgment must be considered. The greater the weight of the relativism dimension, the less predisposed customers are toward CB. The egoism dimension is positively associated with engaging in CB. LB is a major opportunity for independent brick-and-mortar retailers.

"What If It Was Your Dog?" Resource Shortages and Decision-Making in Veterinary Medicine-A Vignette Study with German Veterinary Students.

The here presented vignette study was part of a survey on ethical judgement skills among advanced veterinary students at the University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation. The vignette describes a fictitious dilemma in veterinary practice due to medication supply shortages. First, the students should make an ethically justified decision: who of the two patients in the waiting room gets the last dosage of a medication. Important factors were the animal patients' characteristics (age, state of health, life expectancy), the patient owners' wellbeing, and context-related criteria. Second, the students were asked for decisional changes if one of the patients was their own dog. They reacted in four different ways: (1) for a professional, this should not make a difference; (2) most likely being "egoistic" and preferring their own dog; (3) giving the medication to the other dog; and (4) avoiding a decision. Finally, the students judged a list of possible solutions to the dilemma on a 9-point scale. They preferred patient-related criteria to patient-owner-related criteria in this task. In the overall results, it became obvious that no "gold standard" or guidelines for situations of medication shortages exist, yet, which presents an important subject for future research and veterinary ethics teaching.

Big Is Bad: Stereotypes About Organizational Size, Profit-Seeking, and Corporate Ethicality.

Individuals tend to hold a dim view of for-profit corporations, believing that profit-seeking comes at the expense of ethicality. In the present research, we show that this belief is not universal; rather, people associate ethicality with an organization's size. Across nine experiments (N = 4,796), people stereotyped large companies as less ethical than small companies. This size-ethicality stereotype emerged spontaneously (Study 1), implicitly (Study 2), and across industries (Study 3). Moreover, we find this stereotype can be partly explained by perceptions of profit-seeking behavior (Supplementary Studies A and B), and that people construe profit-seeking and its relationship to ethicality differently when considering large and small companies (Study 4). People attribute greater profit-maximizing motives (relative to profit-satisficing motives) to large companies, and these attributions shape their subsequent judgments of ethicality (Study 5; Supplementary Studies C and D).

Desert Retributivism: A Deweyan Critique

AbstractIn this article, I argue that Michael Moore’s (1997), and other similar formulations of desert retributivism – viz., the theory that holds punishment to be justified because of the deserved suffering it imposes on guilty offenders – are epistemically problematic. The argument draws on John Dewey’s inchoate critique of retribution, and on Dewey’s more general contention that the justification of ethical judgments and principles proceeds ex post – viz., that it depends on the experiences elicited by acting on those judgments and principles. Based on Dewey’s ex post take on justification, I more specifically argue that, given its commitment to moral naturalism and to coherentism, Moore’s version of desert retributivism is epistemically unwarranted. This is because we have evidentially grounded reasons to think that many of the retributive judgments that underlie the principle of retributive justice are not clearly supported ex post in the relevant, desert retributivist sense.

A Critique of Principlism

A Critique of Principlism

Ethical judgments in the sharing economy: When consumers misbehave, providers complain

AbstractThe complex triadic relationships among consumers, providers, and platforms in the sharing economy have led to increasing conflicts in the interactions between the actors involved, especially when it comes to unethical behavior, such as rule breaking by consumers. This paper examines consumer misbehavior from the perspective of their peers, i.e., service providers. In two studies (an experiment and a survey, combined N = 452), we observe a significant positive effect of ethical climate and a significant negative effect of trust in consumers on providers' strictness of ethical judgments of consumer misbehavior and through this on negative word of mouth. Further, the survey results show that the relationship between the strictness of ethical judgments and negative word of mouth is only significant for providers with low or medium levels of trust in the platform. The results highlight the importance of regulating consumer misbehavior in the sharing economy.

MORAL INTENSITY AND ETHICAL ANALYSIS IN ACCOUNTING DECISION MAKING

Theoretically there are four stages in ethical decision making, namely identification of an ethical dilemma, ethical judgment, ethical intention, and ethical action. This study examines the relationship between perceived moral intensity and the first three stages of the ethical decision-making process for accounting students. This study uses an experimental design that uses four business scenarios. This study examines three stages in the ethical decision-making process and provides additional support for the role of moral intensity in ethical decision-making. The results of empirical testing at least partially support all the hypotheses developed in this study. Ethical identification was significantly related to ethical judgment and ethical intention of the four scenarios and ethical judgment was significantly related to ethical intention of the four scenarios. The two dimensions of moral intensity are differently related to the stages of the ethical decision-making process with social consensus emerging as the most important component of moral intensity

A Conversation about Ethics: A Deliberative and Practice-Based Approach to Ethics in Arts Education

This article reports on a practice-based research project that examined the various orientations of practice to ethical deliberation. The aim was to produce a film that captured ethical debate between two creative practitioners as they walked through their local streets. The film would be a catalyst for staff and students at an arts institution to think about their own ethical practices. The approach taken was based on Aristotelian notions of phronesis or practical wisdom, which is concerned with making ethical judgments based on deliberation. Issues were raised by the project, such as the tensions between policy and practice and the tensions between aesthetic considerations and ethical practice. Questions about the value of narrative, representation, and learning through doing were raised by the work.