Ethical Concepts Research Articles

Mobile Legends dan Dampak Toksik: Refleksi Sikap dan Perilaku Remaja dalam Perspektif Pendidikan Agama Islam

Mobile Legends, as an online game that is popular among teenagers, has attracted the attention of many parties regarding the social and behavioral impacts that may arise from interactions in the game. This scientific article aims to explore the toxic impact of Mobile Legends on adolescent attitudes and behavior, with a focus on the perspective of Islamic religious education. This study uses a qualitative approach in the form of interviews to collect data from teenagers who actively play Mobile Legends. Through in-depth interviews, this research tries to identify patterns of toxic behavior in games and analyze how the values of Islamic religious education can shape teenagers' understanding of the concepts of justice, tolerance and ethics in the context of online games. The research results show that there is a correlation between the intensity of playing Mobile Legends and changes in teenagers' attitudes and behavior. Apart from that, this article also discusses Islamic education strategies that can be implemented to overcome toxic impacts that may arise, including the formation of moral character, instilling Islamic values, and promoting mutual respect in cyberspace. It is hoped that this article will provide deeper insight into the relationship between Mobile Legends and its toxic impact on adolescent attitudes and behavior, as well as contribute to the development of Islamic religious education in facing modern challenges such as online games which can influence the mindset and behavior of the younger generation.

Bioethics-CSR Divide

Bioethics-CSR Divide

Not Relational Enough? Towards an Eco-Relational Approach in Robot Ethics

With robots increasingly integrated into various areas of life, the question of relationships with them is gaining prominence. Are friendship and partnership with robots possible? While there is already extensive research on relationships with robots, this article critically examines whether the relationship with non-human entities is sufficiently explored on a deeper level, especially in terms of ethical concepts such as autonomy, agency, and responsibility. In robot ethics, ethical concepts and considerations often presuppose properties such as consciousness, sentience, and intelligence, which are exclusively aligned with humans. I will challenge the understanding of these properties by anchoring them in contexts, bodies, and actions. This approach allows to consider the specific ways of being of various human and non-human entities and to identify these properties in non-human entities as well. My “eco-relational” approach posits that it is crucial to consider the relationality with non-human entities such as animals and technology in central ethical concepts from the beginning. This approach reflects the “eco”, the entire house in which we live including animals and robots. To support this, I examine two dominant approaches in robot ethics within the contemporary Western tradition: the “properties approach” and modestly relational approaches. I will develop an eco-relational approach as an alternative. Employing a phenomenological method, I will demonstrate through various examples that our properties and actions are inherently connected with non-human entities. I will show that robots play a central role in our properties and actions, leading to concepts such as hybrid actions and non-human agency. It becomes clear that technology and our relationships with it disrupt traditional ethical concepts.

The Influence of Islamic Work Ethic, Productivity, and Employee Performance: Mediating Work Quality at KSPPS BMT

Islamic work ethic and productivity in the Islamic world play a crucial role in shaping individual character in the context of the world of work. The concept of Islamic work ethic is based on moral and ethical principles embodied in Islam, while productivity is an important factor in achieving individual and organizational goals., The research technique used is quantitative, with data collection using questionnaire methods, and the number of samples in this study is 110 employees. The analysis in this study was assisted using SmartPLS 3.0. The results showed that Islamic work ethic has a positive and significant effect on employee performance, productivity has a positive and significant effect on employee performance, Islamic work ethic has a positive and significant effect on work quality, productivity has a positive and significant effect on work quality, Islamic work ethic has a positive but not significant influence on work quality mediated by employee performance, Productivity has an effect on work quality mediated by employee performance, and employee performance has a positive and significant effect on work quality

Reflections on Habermas’s discourse ethics

In this article Habermas’s discourse ethics is critically interpreted. The article starts with a brief intellectual biography of Habermas (section 1), showing that his life and work has always had a strong ethical and political dimension – leading to the concept of discourse ethics. Next, it is indicated how Habermas’s work in the 1970s culminated via four steps in his major philosophical work – the Theory of Communicative Action (section 2) published in 1981. In the next two sections Habermas Theory of Communicative Action is applied to ethics and morality in the form of his discourse ethics – the heart of this contribution (section 3). In this process the following four aspects of Habermas’s discourse ethics are discussed: Its qualified Kantian deontological dimension, as well as its universalist, cognitivist, and formalist dimensions. In the following section (4) the discussion of discourse ethics is shifted to Habermas’s theory of law, deliberative politics, and democracy which is a further application of ideas developed in his Theory of Communicative Action. The contribution then ends with some critical remarks on Habermas discourse ethics and sketch of law and politics (section 5) Three arguments are presented in this regard. First, Habermas argument is judged to be too closely related to abstract rationality. Secondly the distinction that Habermas makes between morality and ethics is critically investigated. Finally, the Habermasian use of justification in his argument is critically compared with the concept of application. These points of criticism, though, indicate that the debate on Habermas’s discourse ethics is ongoing.Intradisciplinary and/or interdisciplinary implications: This article deals with the concept of discourse ethics (in the Kantian tradition of ethics) as developed firstly by Karel Otto Apel and later refined by Jurgen Habermas for his own purposes. The line of argumentation developed here has significant relevance for philosophy, moral theory, law, and theology. Discourse ethics can be considered as a contemporary version of Kantian deontological ethics after the linguistic turn.

Ethical Concepts in the Tao Te Ching and Professional Ethics Education: Principles, Challenges, and Opportunities

Ethical Concepts in the Tao Te Ching and Professional Ethics Education: Principles, Challenges, and Opportunities

Mahayana Philosophy: Problems and Research

The introduction to the topic of this issue is an overview of the research articles authored by Russian, Lithuanian, and Indian scholars on various problems of Mahayana Buddhist philosophy. While explaining the status of the terms “Mahāyāna” and “Hīnayāna,” the author emphasizes that since they are represent the apologetic conceptualizations of Mahayanists, the appellation “Hīnayāna” (“Lesser Vehicle”, etc.) is not recognized either by those Buddhists who are supposed to be characterized by it, or by scholars striving for a neutral appellation. This creates difficulties, including the need for a generally accepted designation for this Buddhist tradition. However, despite the apologetic nature of the Mahāyāna - Hīnayāna opposition, the difference between the two is captured very plausibly. The first one teaches about the individual way of achieving liberation from the cycle of endless rebirths (saṃsāra) through a personal, individual self-perfection (the path of the arhat) leading to enlightenment (bodhi) and nirvāṇa (extinction of passions). The second one develops a full-fledged religion with its own pantheon and rituals, in which nirvāṇa and individual liberation, while remaining, more or less theoretically, the ultimate goal, are pushed to a distant plane. At the same time, the idea of compassion and the ideal of bodhisattva who, having taken a vow to help all living beings to get rid of sufferings, continues to remain in saṃsāra, is put forward in the center. However, despite this major difference a Buddhist discipline known as Abhidharma which consists in analysis and classification of discrete states of consciousness (dharmas), identified in meditation, remains a reference point in both traditions. Three authors touch upon it (Helen Ostrovskaya, Pradeep Gokhale, and Vladimir Korobov). Two of them (Ostrovskaya and Gokhale) focus on the problems of murder and death, and the third one (Korobov) dwells on the methodology of Abhidharma. Vladimir Ivanov offers a new interpretation of the structure of Śāntarakṣita’s treatise “Tattva-saṃgraha” with Kamalaśīla’s “Pañjikā” commentary. Yangutov and Lepekhov explore the specificity of Buddhism reception in China, Tibet, Mongolia, and Russia. Nesterkin publishes for the first time B. Baradiin’s theses for Agvan Dordjiev’s lecture, which exemplifies the Buryat Buddhist Renovationists’ interpretation of Buddhism. Burmistrov analyzes the views of Indian historians of philosophy on the history of Buddhism, Volkova - the concepts of Buddhist ethics in contemporary analytical philosophy.

Ethics in the Age of AI: An Analysis of AI Practitioners’ Awareness and Challenges

Ethics in AI has become a debated topic of public and expert discourse in recent years. But what do people who build AI—AI practitioners—have to say about their understanding of AI ethics and the challenges associated with incorporating it into the AI-based systems they develop? Understanding AI practitioners’ views on AI ethics is important as they are the ones closest to the AI systems and can bring about changes and improvements. We conducted a survey aimed at understanding AI practitioners’ awareness of AI ethics and their challenges in incorporating ethics. Based on 100 AI practitioners’ responses, our findings indicate that the majority of AI practitioners had a reasonable familiarity with the concept of AI ethics, primarily due to workplace rules and policies . Privacy protection and security was the ethical principle that the majority of them were aware of. Formal education/training was considered somewhat helpful in preparing practitioners to incorporate AI ethics. The challenges that AI practitioners faced in the development of ethical AI-based systems included (i) general challenges, (ii) technology-related challenges, and (iii) human-related challenges. We also identified areas needing further investigation and provided recommendations to assist AI practitioners and companies in incorporating ethics into AI development.

Этика рекламного дискурса: коммуникативный аспект

In the modern information society, the role of various forms of communication is actualized. Advertising, being one of the forms of communication, has a direct impact on the ethical attitudes of society, forming the consciousness of the mass audience. The problem of ethics of advertising messages has been comprehensively studied by the scientific community, but the relationship between ethics and communication as two aspects of the impact of advertising discourse on society is not considered in most works.
 
 The purpose is to analyze the communicative component of the ethics of advertising discourse and to consider the use of ethical concepts in advertising communication.
 
 Methodology. Comparative, comparative, and linguistic scientific methods were used to conduct the analysis. The practical basis of the research is the material of modern advertising discourse.
 
 Outcomes. As a result of the study, the definition of advertising ethics was formulated, taking into account its communicative nature. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the consideration of the ethics of advertising discourse through the prism of communication theory.
 
 The practical significance of the study lies in the consideration of the communicative aspect of advertising communication from the standpoint of ethics, which ensures the formation of a healthy society and reduces the negative impact of the manipulative nature of advertising. The results of the study will be useful both to specialists studying advertising communication and to practitioners of the advertising industry in terms of advertising ethics.

Beyond the participant-researcher division: co-creating ethical relationships through care and rapport in studies of post-laryngectomy communication

This article presents the ethical implications for social science research emerging from our study on interpersonal communication after a laryngectomy. By tracing the evolution of our approach through specific research experiences and participant feedback, we provide empirical support for a flexible, multidimensional, and relational understanding of key ethical concepts, such as vulnerability and the researcher-participant relationship. Our approach has shifted from institutionally imposed rigid categorizations and somewhat stereotypical treatment of both the research group and the researcher-participant relationship to an emphasis on building relationships founded on mutual care and rapport. We argue that this revised perspective fosters ethical collaboration that is beneficial and secure for all parties involved, and we offer practical examples of its implementation in research practice.

Assessing the work ethic among employees of the Bengkulu City Regional Secretariat

The investigation into the operational dynamics within the Regional Secretariat of Bengkulu City has highlighted several pertinent issues regarding the conduct and performance of its employees. Notably, instances of chronic tardiness, diminishing morale, and waning motivation among staff members have been identified as factors contributing to suboptimal task execution and operational efficiency. These phenomena manifest in passive engagement with duties, tardiness in task completion, and unauthorized absences during working hours, collectively undermining the organizational efficacy and productivity. Central to addressing these challenges is the concept of work ethic, which encompasses the holistic demeanor and approach of individuals within the State Civil Service towards their professional responsibilities. This research aims to elucidate how these principles of work ethic manifest among the State Civil Apparatus (ASN) at the Bengkulu City Regional Secretariat, focusing on diligence, commitment, creativity, collaboration, punctuality, and fairness. Analysis reveals a commendable adherence to these fundamental aspects of work ethic among personnel, indicating a robust commitment to professional standards and performance excellence. Diligence is evident in the conscientious execution of tasks, while commitment and dedication underscore a steadfast allegiance to organizational objectives. Creativity fosters innovative problem-solving, while collaborative dynamics promote a culture of cooperation and healthy competition. Punctuality ensures timely task completion, and fairness permeates interpersonal interactions. Overall, the findings reflect a positive implementation of work ethic principles among the State Civil Apparatus (ASN) at the Bengkulu City Regional Secretariat, indicating a promising trajectory towards enhanced organizational effectiveness and performance optimization.

Cultural Intermediation and Civil Society: Towards a Hermeneutically Strong Conception

Literary fiction narrates ethical and moral meaning. It is rich with ethical conceptions of the good life and expressions of moral universalism, and it assumes a meaningful role in civil society through this richness. And yet, existing conceptions of cultural intermediation do not consider this richness; they are reductive in the way they focus on the social-structural space in between author and reader. Cultural intermediation is trimmed down to competition and generalizations of taste and aesthetic acclaim without considering cultural meaningfulness. In this article, I propose and discuss a new conception of cultural intermediation that builds a bridge between understanding the production and reception of literature in social-structural terms and society’s civil discourse. I draw on a diverse set of authors from philosophy and cultural sociology – discourse ethics and civil sphere theory in particular – to form a critique of intermediation. I conceptualize what it means to claim that literary text is a morally meaningful medium in three different ways: productive intermediation, receptive intermediation and critical intermediation. And I highlight that literary fiction is not culture per se, but that it enables actors to mediate culture. From authors along with agents, publishers, distributors and critics towards readers, literary text is embedded in culture-specific context. This is a hermeneutically strong conception of cultural intermediation that contributes to a meaning-centred sociology of literature.

The SAGE Framework for Explaining Context in Explainable Artificial Intelligence

ABSTRACT Scholars often recommend incorporating context into the design of an explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) model in order to ensure successful real-world adoption. However, contemporary literature has so far failed to delve into the detail of what constitutes context. This paper addresses that gap by firstly providing normative and XAI-specific definitions of key concepts, thereby establishing common ground upon which further discourse can be built. Second, far from pulling apart the body of literature to argue that one element of context is more important than another, this paper advocates a more holistic perspective which unites the recent discourse. Using a thematic review, this paper establishes that the four concepts of setting, audience, goals and ethics (SAGE) are widely recognized as key tools in the design of operational XAI solutions. Moreover, when brought together they can be employed as a scaffold to create a user-centric XAI real-world solution.

Genetic studies on forensic-psychiatric inpatients? : Clinical, ethical and legal considerations

Research on people deprived of liberty raises serious questions, especially concerning behavioral genetic studies. Does including criminally detained patients with mental disorders in genetic studies lead to again of new knowledge and can this be ethically and legally justified? Evaluation of existing literature and interdisciplinary reflection. After areview of research ethics and legal norms, we consider the benefits and risks of behavioral genetic research, taking the unique situation of test persons deprived of their liberty into account. The fundamental right to freedom of research also justifies foundational research in forensic psychiatry and psychotherapy. The possible future benefits of improving treatment plans must be weighed against the risks resulting from potential data leaks and inappropriate public reception of research results. Then we analyze possible threats to voluntary and informed consent to study participation in more detail by the ethical concept of vulnerability. Alongside problems with grasping complex issues, above all dependencies and power dynamics in the correctional system play apivotal role. Recommendations on the ethical and legal inclusion of this study population are given. Including criminally detained study participants can be ethically and legally justified when autonomous consent is supported by specific organizational and legal procedures and measures, for example via aclear professional and organizational separation of correction and research.

An examination of the status, contexts of anatomical body donation, and perspectives in China

Body donation is a valuable resource in medical education, research, clinical diagnosis, and treatment. Consequently, donors are honored as “Silent Mentors” in Chinese medical schools. This article briefly reviews the history, current status, and strategies to promote body donation in China (excluding data from Hong Kong, Macao, and Taiwan regions) and discusses the problems encountered in body donation work in China. After establishing the People’s Republic of China in 1949, the central government issued regulations on the use of dissected bodies. In 2001, the “Shanghai Regulations on Body Donation” were officially implemented and became China’s first local legislative regulation on body donation. Subsequently, local legislative regulations and rules on body donation were issued in various regions to promote smooth and orderly body donation. There has been tremendous development in body donation in China for more than 40 years; however, the progress of this partial work has been uneven in various areas owing to the influence of traditional ethical concepts. It is, therefore, imperative to legislate body donations at a national level. Raising the public’s scientific literacy and changing the traditional concept of funerals can create a positive social atmosphere for body donation, thus increasing the public’s awareness and willingness to donate their bodies. Donating the body at the end of life contributes to life science and medical causes and is a noble act worthy of praise.

The importance of professional responsibility and fetal viability in the management of abortion.

In June 2022, the Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization Supreme Court decision ended the constitutional right to the professional practice of abortion throughout the United States. The removal of the constitutional right to abortion has significantly altered the practice of obstetricians and gynecologists across the US. It potentially increases risks to pregnant patients, leads to profound changes in how physicians can provide care, especially in states with strict bans or gestational limits to abortion, and has introduced personal challenges, including moral distress and injury as well as legal risks for patients and clinicians alike. The professional responsibility model is based on the ethical concept of medicine as a profession and has been influential in shaping medical ethics in the field of obstetrics and gynecology. It provides the framework for the importance of ethical and professional conduct in obstetrics and gynecology. Viability marks a stage where the fetus is a patient with a claim to access to medical care. By allowing unrestricted abortions past this stage without adequate justifications, such as those concerning the life and health of the pregnant individual, or in instances of serious fetal anomalies, the states may not be upholding the equitable ethical consideration owed to the fetus as a patient. Using the professional responsibility model, we emphasize the need for nuanced, evidence-based policies that allow abortion management prior to viability without restrictions and allow abortion after viability to protect the pregnant patient's life and health, as well as permitting abortion for serious fetal anomalies.

Нравственность в царстве духа: к вопросу о спе­цифике осмысления этической проблематики в философии Гегеля

The subject of the research is the nature of Hegel’s consideration of ethical issues and its place in the system of philosophy. The author draws attention to the contradiction be­tween the philosopher’s interest in moral issues, which he retained throughout all his life, and the absence of a separate element in the system of philosophy that would strictly cor­respond to the concept of ethics as a philosophical discipline. Two complementary hy­potheses are proposed to explain this contradiction. The first hypothesis connects the spe­cial nature of the consideration of moral issues with the difficulty discovered by Hegel in describing the content of self-consciousness. The second hypothesis establishes the de­pendence of the Hegelian approach to the study of ethical life on the peculiarities of the organization of the narrative space of the «Phenomenology of Spirit», in which the relationship between “self-consciousness” and “morals” are mediated by socio-historical being. During the discussion of the first hypothesis, the conclusion is substantiated, ac­cording to which the appearance of socio-historical sections in the “experience of con­sciousness” is due to the fact that only in the process of analyzing human activity in the social environment it becomes possible to reveal the inner content of self-consciousness, which remains inaccessible to direct theoretical comprehension. During the discussion of the second hypothesis, it is established that the formation of moral consciousness is the result of the «repeated» ascent of self-consciousness to the Spirit, in the course of which it appropriates the content explicated in the «experience of consciousness» in the form of social relations. As a result, ethical sections of philosophy turn out to be an element of a broader socio-philosophical theory that received its final formalization in the “Philosophy of Spirit” and “Philosophy of Right”.

The foundation of ethical and moral dimensions for Indonesian future

The basic concept of ethics and morality expressed by humans actually originates from the teachings of religion (theology) that view humans as creations of the divine, originating from what is holy. However, the issue of corruption and various forms of ethical and moral violations within the nation pose a significant threat that can destroy the pillars of national integrity in Indonesia, and this must be acknowledged by all Indonesians in order to find solutions to resolve and overcome it. This article is the result of qualitative research that examines the establishment of the ethical and moral dimensions for the future of the Indonesian nation. The data in this research was obtained through a study of literature related to the research theme and analyzed using content analysis. One way to build and maintain the ethics and morality of the Indonesian nation is by developing multicultural education. This will instill nationalism, patriotism, respect for human rights, and democratization. It is crucial to implement this in Indonesia immediately to prevent religious, ethnic, racial, and intergroup conflicts. To prevent various potential conflicts and future terrorism, multicultural education can be implemented starting from the family environment, schools, and society. In this regard, education largely depends on the exemplary behavior of parents at home, teachers at school, religious leaders, and community leaders in their respective communities. This begins with revising the curriculum and teaching materials, ensuring the availability of adequate teaching materials, and enhancing the ability of teachers and lecturers to understand multicultural education.

Religious and Ethical Conception of Xiao-Filiality in Pre-Imperial China

Xiao-filiality is the most fundamental concept in the Chinese intellectual-cultural tradition. It represents not only family values but also religious, political and ethical ideologies. The conception of xiao, which originally denoted the meanings of presenting offerings to deceased ancestors and inheriting their legacy in the Shang dynasty, went through two stages of evolution from the early Zhou dynasty to the Warring States period. In the first stage, xiao was extended to ethical domain with the humanistic turn from human-spirit relationship to human-human relationship. Xiao was not only expanded to the empirical exercise of serving living parents but also established as a ritual-ethical norm that defined people’s familial, social, and hierarchical role duties and regulated their conducts of dealing with interpersonal relationships. As a result, the religious authority of paranormal ancestral spirits was transferred to the social-political authority who enforced the implement of the ritual-ethical norm of xiao. In the second stage, Confucius and his followers on the one hand recognized the importance of compliance with this prescribed ritual-ethical norm, and on the other internalized it to become the individual agent’s moral emotion and free choice. Consequently, the social-political authority was further transferred to the internal authority of moral autonomy.

Fighting Political Corruption with the Citizens

AbstractPolitical Corruption by Emanuela Ceva and Maria Paola Ferretti (2021) presents a deontological account of political corruption, understood as an interactive injustice. The aim of the present contribution is to contextualize the authors’ arguments in relation to democracies and through the lens of democracy theory. In particular, it proposes to expand on one of the book’s main theses—namely, that public officials have a moral duty of office accountability towards their colleagues that stems from the nature of public institutions as systems of embodied and interrelated rule-governed roles. In a democratic context, however, officeholders should be accountable not only to their colleagues, but also to citizens, since the latter also occupy an embodied and interrelated rule-governed role in democratic institutions. Consequently, the moral burden of ensuring that public authorities and the public administration operate in a way that conforms with public ethics does not lie exclusively with officeholders or oversight agencies, but, at least in part, with the citizenry. Finally, this contribution shows how democratic innovations could contribute to fighting corruption and to realizing the conception of public ethics advanced in the book.