Ethical Assessment Research Articles

Avaliação do clima ético nos serviços de saúde: revisão sistemática

Resumo O clima ético refere-se à perceptibilidade dos profissionais de saúde quanto ao tratamento ético das questões do trabalho. Este estudo buscou identificar as evidências científicas das produções que utilizaram o instrumento Hospital Ethical Climate Survey na avaliação do clima ético. Trata-se de revisão sistemática realizada nas bases de dados Scopus, PubMed e Medline, sendo selecionados 33 artigos. Evidenciou-se que o clima ético foi associado às questões de saúde do trabalhador e avaliado como de moderado a positivo pelos profissionais de saúde. O clima ético foi classificado como positivo para os fatores “pares”, “pacientes” e “gestão”, e como negativo para os fatores “médicos” e “hospital”. Compreende-se a importância da avaliação do clima ético para a sustentabilidade e melhorias do ambiente de trabalho. Neste caso, o Hospital Ethical Climate Survey se apresentou válido e fidedigno ao ser aplicado em serviços de saúde.

Assessment of nurses’ ethical performance from the perspective of mothers and nurses in pediatric wards of beast hospital, Hamadan, 2019

Background and aim Difficult moral situations assume more critical importance in pediatric wards since children are more vulnerable than adults. Given that professional ethics is a substantial part of children treatment, the present study was conducted to determine the ethical performance of nurses from the perspective of mothers and nurses in the pediatric wards of Be'esat Hospital in Hamadan. Materials and methods The present descriptive-analytical study was conducted on 58 nurses and 263 mothers of children referred to the pediatric wards of Be'esat Hospital in Hamadan in 2019. The study samples were randomly selected. Data collection tools included the demographic form and Ethical Performance Assessment Questionnaire developed by Beykmirza et al. The obtained data were analyzed in SPSS software version 23using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results As evidenced by the obtained results, the mean ethical performance of nurses from the perspective of nurses and mothers were reported as 86.72 ± 6.397 and 69.92 ± 18.09. From the mothers' viewpoint, 27%, 39.2%, and 33.8% of nurses had weak, moderate and good levels of performance, respectively. On the other hand, from the nurses' perspective, 24.6% and 75.4% of nurses had moderate and good levels of performance, respectively. The obtained results were indicative of a statistically significant difference between the performance score as reported by mothers and nurses (P < 0.001). Conclusion Considering that the majority of mothers rated the ethical performance of nurses as weak and moderate, it is suggested that professional ethical principles be implemented in the form of Retraining programs in an attempt to improve the ethical performance of nurses.

Explainability for artificial intelligence in healthcare: a multidisciplinary perspective

BackgroundExplainability is one of the most heavily debated topics when it comes to the application of artificial intelligence (AI) in healthcare. Even though AI-driven systems have been shown to outperform humans in certain analytical tasks, the lack of explainability continues to spark criticism. Yet, explainability is not a purely technological issue, instead it invokes a host of medical, legal, ethical, and societal questions that require thorough exploration. This paper provides a comprehensive assessment of the role of explainability in medical AI and makes an ethical evaluation of what explainability means for the adoption of AI-driven tools into clinical practice.MethodsTaking AI-based clinical decision support systems as a case in point, we adopted a multidisciplinary approach to analyze the relevance of explainability for medical AI from the technological, legal, medical, and patient perspectives. Drawing on the findings of this conceptual analysis, we then conducted an ethical assessment using the “Principles of Biomedical Ethics” by Beauchamp and Childress (autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, and justice) as an analytical framework to determine the need for explainability in medical AI.ResultsEach of the domains highlights a different set of core considerations and values that are relevant for understanding the role of explainability in clinical practice. From the technological point of view, explainability has to be considered both in terms how it can be achieved and what is beneficial from a development perspective. When looking at the legal perspective we identified informed consent, certification and approval as medical devices, and liability as core touchpoints for explainability. Both the medical and patient perspectives emphasize the importance of considering the interplay between human actors and medical AI. We conclude that omitting explainability in clinical decision support systems poses a threat to core ethical values in medicine and may have detrimental consequences for individual and public health.ConclusionsTo ensure that medical AI lives up to its promises, there is a need to sensitize developers, healthcare professionals, and legislators to the challenges and limitations of opaque algorithms in medical AI and to foster multidisciplinary collaboration moving forward.

Clinical, inflammatory, and immune differences between COVID-19 patients with and without cancer: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis.

Introduction:The World Health Organization announce that novel coronavirus (COVID-19) is pandemic worldwide on March 11, 2020. In this pandemic, cancer patients are prone to become critically ill after being infected with COVID-19 due to special immune conditions, and cannot effectively benefit from the treatment plan designed for normal people. However, only a few literatures report the differences between cancer patients and normal people after being infected with COVID-19. There is no systematic review to evaluate the clinical, inflammatory, and immune differences between COVID-19 patients with and without cancer. The systematic review aims to summarize and analyze the clinical, inflammatory, and immune differences between them.Methods and analysis:We plan to conduct a systematic review according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols (PRISMA-P) guidelines. Several databases (PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, The Cochrane Library, CNKI, CBM, VIP, WanFang) were searched for relevant eligible observational studies on COVID-19 patients with cancer published from December 2019 to September 2020. Two researchers (Y.ZY and W.PP) will independently complete search strategy formulation, literature selecting, Information extraction, data collation, and quality assessment. The primary outcome will be the clinical characteristics differences between COVID-19 patients with and without cancer. Secondary outcomes will include immune function regulation characteristics such as T cell subset status, inflammation and other factors for COVID-19 patients with cancer. We intend to perform a meta-analysis of studies calculating odds ratio differences (Hedge g) for comparison in Forest plots and subgroup analysis after assessment of heterogeneity using I2 statistics based on compatibility on the basis of population and outcomes.Ethics and dissemination:We will use the information from published researches with no need for ethical assessment. Our findings will be published in a peer-reviewed journal according to the PRISMA guidelines.PROSPERO registration number:CRD42020204417

ПРАВИЛА ЯЗЫКА — РЕЧИ — СЛОВА В ПСАЛТИРИ, ПРИТЧАХ СОЛОМОНА И ЕВАНГЕЛИИ

Spiritual texts implicitly contain rules and recommendations for the construction of speech communication. These rules are derived from direct references to the language-speech-word, or indicate speech actions or language actions. The texts of the Psalter, the book of Proverbs of Solomon, and the Holy Gospel are selected for this article. The author identified direct or hidden references to the terms language-speech-word-mouth that express judgments about the content or evaluation of these words in the life of a person. All these terms are used in the sense of “an instrument of communication, an instrument of organizing human contacts.” And they all receive a fundamentally dual moral and ethical assessment: language-speech-word can either “praise God” and be “words of good,” carry “joy in the response of the mouth,” or become an instrument of evil (“slander”), deception (“flattery”), suffering and destruction (“flood verbs”). Compared with oral pre-literate speech in folklore at a new stage of civilization development, these terms have acquired new meanings in written and printed literature: the term language obtains the meaning of “people” (in the Psalter), the term word becomes of overriding importance for European culture as the Word of God (the Holy Gospel), and the term mouth is metaphorically used most frequently in the Proverbs of Solomon. The revealed position in regard to the primacy of moral and ethical requirements for the speaker in the preparation of speech, when “pure heart” is mentioned first (“create a pure heart in me, oh God”), about righteousness and wisdom (in “Parables”), about the qualities of a person (see the Beatitudes), and only then it is about actions “of the tongue and mouth.” The duality of assessments of language-speech-word also speaks of the dual nature of man, who either “praises God with his mouth” or receives “judgment” for idle and false words. The analysis of judgments about language-speech-word-mouth in spiritual texts allows us to form recommendations and instructions for language acts and actions of a modern person who must preserve moral and cultural traditions and creatively apply the newly revealed rules in their own speech acts.

Effect of adjunctive glucose-lowering drugs on body weight in people with type 1 diabetes: a systematic review and network meta-analysis protocol

IntroductionObesity increases the risk of comorbidities and diabetes-related complications and, consequently, efforts to prevent and reduce excess weight in people with type 1 diabetes are essential. The aim of this...

Неофіційний антропонім Петръ Гоугнивыи. 1.

Article is devoted to finding out the motivational basis, reconstruction of reference connections, denotative features of an unofficial anthroponym Петръ Гоугнивыи available in the original and translated East Slavic written monuments (the Lavrenty chronicle, «Chronicle of George Amartol», «Old Slavonic Kormchaia of 14 titles» etc.). The anthroponym belongs to two people — Patriarch Peter ІІІ of Alexandria V century (Πέτρος Μογγός) and the «chronicle» Roman heresiarch ІХ century. It is assumed that Peter ІІІ got an unofficial name among the Monophysites during his lifetime. It is proved that the transition from the assessment of a person by physical disabilities to religious and ethical assessment, from the meaning ‛who has a hoarse, vague voice’ to the meaning ‛heretic’ reflected in the internal form of the unofficial proprial name Μογγός and its translation equivalent Гоугнивыи. The use of an informal anthroponym in written monuments after the thirteenth century has been traced in connection with reconstruction of denotative features of an unofficial anthroponym Петръ Гоугнивыи. A number of discussion issues were considered, including the origin of «Philosopher’s Speech», time of inclusion of the legend of Петръ Гоугнивыи in the chronicle, fact of existence of Pope ІХ century by name Петръ Гоугнивыи, ethnic roots of the heresiarch, etc. It was shown that Peter Huhnyvyy introduced into the Catholic faith a heretical teaching focused on pagan and Jewish dogmas. Denotation of second component in an unofficial name Петръ Гоугнивыи includes characteristics that appeared at rethinking the original semantics of Indo-European root *gou‑(n‑) and its continuants. Semantics of dissatisfaction, mockery, disrespect developed in East Slavic derivatives. The transition to cultural semantics has already taken place in a word-forming nest with a root ‑гоу(г)‑ at a time when the legend of Peter Huhnyvyy was included in the chronicle article * 988. The ethnocultural denotative components which are included in the content of the anthroponym Петръ Гоугнивыи, in its entirety coincide with the semantic structure of the word heretic. Combination of linguistic analysis with historical and cultural analysis, taking into account historical facts and information contained in apocryphal legends and scientific versions, gives reason to believe that the «chronicle» Peter Huhnyvyy was the real historical person.

Assessment of medical students’ achievement of Najaf Abad Islamic Azad University educational objectives of medical ethics course using manuscript of them from “Extreme Measures” film

Medical ethics is a practical key element in the medical curriculum. Movies can be used as an effective and innovative way to involve students in discussions and reflections on ethical issues. This study aimed to evaluate the appropriateness of medical movies as a tool in medical ethics education. During the last teaching session of the medical ethics courses, the movie “Extreme Measures” was shown to the medical students. The present study is a descriptive-analytical study of 302 students’ manuscripts. The quantitative content analysis of the students’ manuscripts was carried out using a checklist that contained 11 titles and 75 subtitles. Each student’s checklist was compared to the student’s final exam score. The most recognized issue was justice (98%), and the least recognized one was confidentiality and privacy (8%). Nonmaleficence, respecting autonomy and informed consent, honor and integrity, end of life, duty and responsibility, conflict of interest, beneficence, relationship with colleagues and altruism were located in-between. There was a relationship between students’ final exam scores and their manuscripts’ scores. According to our findings, relevant movies with standard categorization can be used as a useful method for medical ethics education and assessment.

From Fairness Metrics to Key Ethics Indicators (KEIs): A Context-Aware Approach to Algorithmic Ethics in an Unequal Society

There is growing concern that decision-making informed by machine learning (ML) algorithms may unfairly discriminate based on personal demographic attributes, such as race and gender. Scholars have responded by introducing numerous mathematical definitions of fairness to test the algorithm, many of which are in conflict with one another. However, these reductionist representations of fairness often bear little resemblance to real-life fairness considerations, which in practice are highly contextual. Moreover, fairness metrics tend to be implemented in narrow and targeted toolkits that are difficult to integrate into an algorithm’s broader ethical assessment. In this paper, we derive lessons from ethical philosophy and welfare economics as they relate to the contextual factors relevant for fairness. In particular we highlight the debate around acceptability of particular inequalities and the inextricable links between fairness, welfare and autonomy. We propose Key Ethics Indicators (KEIs) as a way towards providing a more holistic understanding of whether or not an algorithm is aligned to the decision-maker’s ethical values.

Perseverance in Teacher Preparation and Certification Assessments During the COVID-19 Pandemic (or Not)

Once lauded for its potential to increase the quality of novice educators entering the teaching profession by representing a performance-based assessment akin to professional licensure examinations in other fields, edTPA was discontinued by the Georgia Professional Standards Commission (GaPSC) as a required credential for professional educator certification in the state of Georgia after almost six years of implementation. The decision accompanied the removal of a second ethics assessment in the midst of school and testing center closures during the COVID-19 pandemic, despite administrative efforts to clarify accommodations for completing the portfolio-based assessment in online teaching environments. Time will tell if our institution’s temporary solution to replace edTPA will lead to the meaningful changes in teacher education envisioned by our college.

POSTHUMANISTIC CULTURE THROUGH THE PRISM OF NATURAL HUMAN RIGHTS

Problem setting. A person of posthumanist culture appears as a pragmatic, rational, unsentimental consumer of the market of digital goods and services, access to which guarantees him full socialization and realization of a wide range of natural rights, freedoms and opportunities.Recent research and publications analysis. The transhumanistic model of human evolution with its current system of values, rights, freedoms and norms is very popular in the modern scientific space and requires further theoretical reflection and development. Futurological forecasts of the social, physiological and moral formation of man are given today by many popular foreign theorists, including N. Bostrom, D. Pearce, J. Habermas, R. Kurzweil, as well as Ukrainian and Russian scientists, in particular V. Lobanov, A. Goryachkovskaya, O. Polyakova, O. Popova and others.Paper objective. The purpose of the article is to actualize the problem ofnatural rights and moral values of a person in the horizon of the philosophy of transhumanism.Paper main body. The paper actualizes the problem of moral values in the horizon of the philosophy of transhumanism, gives an ethical assessment of the concept of a transhuman and his freedoms. The category «freedom» in the era of metamodern gets rid of its lofty, spiritual, transcendental forms and returns to its natural and primitive incarnations, meaning the infinity of bodily pleasures and cognitive possibilities.The corporeity effect as an autonomous feeling consciousness, as well as a person’s virtual freedom, makes it possible to speak of the emergence of a specific area of the economy of «cloudy» reality, where completely materialistic categories appear. This indicates the general commercialization of the ideal sphere, the objectification of the human body and the pragmatization of consciousness, which represents a serious ethical problem. Against the backdrop ofsuch trends, the issue of the limits and nature of individual freedom becomes relevant. The digital communicative space locks a person within the framework of conditional «freedom», depriving the need, and sometimes the real possibility, of interpersonal living contact. In this state, physical pleasure and enjoyment become the best way to realize a person’s personal freedom. They are guaranteed by a transhumanistic perspective.Critics of transhumanism observe one of the tendencies of the transhumanistic project - the gradual loss of a person’s identity, this comes after the separation of consciousness from the body and the formation of virtual corporeity. Anthropological development from generation to generation determines more and more new needs and capabilities of man, and also expands the catalog of his rights and limits of freedom. The postman has a completely new outlook on the relationship between dialogue and communication, sign and body, existence and presence, life and reality. The modernity and especially the future offer completely new priorities, needs and ways of human existence in the world.Conclusions of the research. Thus, transhumanism sees human evolutionary one­sidedly. Spiritual, moral, intimate is sacrificed to the cognitive, rational, useful, individual. At the same time, the prospect of the transformation and transition of humanity to a new quality is considered as the most probable way ofdevelopment of the majority of the active and educated population.

Ethics, society, and technology: A Confucian role ethics perspective

This essay provides a very brief overview of Confucian ethics that focuses on the role-based morality. It compares Confucian ethics with two dominant schools of thought in Western ethics deontology and consequentialism. This essay then discusses how Confucian ethics provides a unique way to think about social and political issues such as how the political leaders are selected and evaluated, the ethical justification of political legitimacy, the prioritization of economic, social, and cultural rights over other rights, and moral egalitarianism. Finally, this essay explores the ways in which Confucian ethics serves as a useful intellectual resource for examining the issues arising from the ethical assessment of (emerging) technologies and the professional formation of engineers. The Appendix of this essay includes some teaching resources that instructors can employ to teach students about ethics, society, and technology from a Confucian role ethics perspective.

Legal boundaries of research to create inherited modifications of the human embryo genome in the people's Republic of China

The growing impact of assisted reproductive technologies on the quality of human life and health has required the leading countries to establish a legal framework in the sphere of biomedical research. The question of the legitimacy of genetic modification of human embryos for reproductive purposes is particularly acute. The public and the scientific community give a controversial ethical assessment of the prospects for human DNA editing to new generations. This fact arouses interest in the legal environment of countries that have achieved some success in the sphere of medical innovation. The People's Republic of China was one of the first countries to declare successful genetic research with human embryos. The purpose of this work is to identify the legal boundaries of research to create inherited modifications of the human embryo genome in China. The methodology used in the research: dialectical method as a universal tool of cognition with method of dogmatic (formal-legal) analysis, discourse analysis and case study. By using these methods managed to structure and meaningfully disclose the regulatory framework of the PRC, regulating genetic research of the human embryo for reproductive purposes. The legal documents regulating preclinical and clinical embryo genome studies are summarized. The particular attention is paid to legal precedent of human DNA editing.

Ethical Assessment and Reflection in Research and Development of Non-Conformité Européene Marked Medical Devices

Today there are multiple implantable medical devices on the market. The type of implants that interface the body's tissues has been considered to have particular strong ethical implications. This article describes a development of a novel practice for ethical assessment and reflection within medical device research and development of non-CE marked medical devices, taking the perspective of both the ethicist and the researcher. The research case was an EU funded project where the aim was to develop and compare the efficiency of invasive and non-invasive technological medical devices to create meaningful sensations as a novel therapy for phantom limb pain. An Independent Ethical Advisor (IEA) with a regulatory and advisory role was assigned to the project, allowing us to investigate the projects deliberate incorporation of ethics. In the article we suggest and applied a novel framework based on action research for combining ethical assessment with building ethical reflection. The case analyse five different activities / elements: 1) the use of informed consent; 2) a survey amongst the research partners; 3) a workshop session; 4) observation of consortium meetings; and 5) an interview with a participating patient.

The Theme of the Change of Times in Ivan Bunin and Vyacheslav Ivanov’s Literary and Philosophical Interpretation

The article presents a philosophical analysis of I.A. Bunin and V.I. Ivanov’s concepts and views on Russian history, culture, literature, and language. The research reveals common and different in the positions of Ivan Bunin and Vyacheslav Ivanov regarding the events of the Russian revolution. An attempt is made to show the special place occupied by I.A. Bunin and V.I. Ivanov in the literature of the Silver Age as well as their attitude toward each other. Special attention is paid to criticism of the writers by their contemporaries. The article discusses the specifics of V.I. Ivanov and I.A. Bunin’s attitude to the Russian revolution of 1917, based on their ideological, artistic, and socio-political views. The author examines their criteria for aesthetic and ethical assessments of some revolutionary events. Particular attention is paid to Ivanov’s interpretation of the root causes of the revolution: the crisis of individualism and the desire for a new organic era. The article also discusses the writers’ attitude to the reform of Russian orthography of 1918, the peculiarities of Ivanov and Bunin’s understanding of the language and its significance for the nation as well as the main findings reached by V.I. Ivanov and I.A. Bunin in their interpretations of the revolutionary changes in the country. The articles concludes that the image of Russia, its culture and revolution is manifested in their artistic worldview in different ways, due to the mismatch of their existential positions on religion, mysticism, social and political structure of the country as well as on the tasks and goals of art.

Coronavirus Human Infection Challenge Studies: Assessing Potential Benefits and Risks.

Human infection challenge studies (HCS) have been proposed as a means to accelerate SARS-CoV2 vaccine development and thereby help to mitigate a prolonged global public health crisis. A key criterion for the ethical acceptability of SARS-CoV2 HCS is that potential benefits outweigh risks. Although the assessment of risks and benefits is meant to be a standard part of research ethics review, systematic comparisons are particularly important in the context of SARS-CoV2 HCS in light of the significant potential benefits and harms at stake as well as the need to preserve public trust in research and vaccines. In this paper we explore several considerations that should inform systematic assessment of SARS-CoV-2 HCS. First, we detail key potential benefits of SARS-CoV-2 HCS including, but not limited to, those related to the acceleration of vaccine development. Second, we identify where modelling is needed to inform risk-benefit (and thus ethical) assessments. Modelling will be particularly useful in (i) comparing potential benefits and risks of HCS with those of vaccine field trials under different epidemiological conditions and (ii) estimating marginal risks to HCS participants in light of the background probabilities of infection in their local community. We highlight interactions between public health policy and research priorities, including situations in which research ethics assessments may need to strike a balance between competing considerations.

I Wrote this Paper for the Lulz: the Ethics of Internet Trolling

Over the last decade, research on derogatory communication has focused on ordinary speech contexts and the use of conventional pejoratives, like slurs. However, the use of social media has given rise to a new type of derogatory behavior that theorists have yet to address: internet trolling. Trolls make online utterances aiming to frustrate and offend other internet users. Their ultimate goal is amusement derived from observing a good faith interlocutor engage with their provocative posts. The basis for condemning a pejorative utterance is often taken to be the harm it causes or a defective attitude in the speaker. However, trolling complicates this picture, since trolling utterances are by definition insincere and should be recognizable as such to other trolls. Further, these utterances seem morally questionable even when they cause little to no harm (e.g. when a troll’s utterance fails to secure uptake), and they often do not feature conventional pejoratives. I argue that while the potential for negative effects is relevant to ethical assessment, in general trolling is pro tanto wrong because the troll fails to accord others the proper respect that is their due (independently of whether they harm them). However, this characteristic wrong-making feature is sometimes overridden.

Entering Law Students’ Conceptions of an Ethical Professional Identity and the Role of the Lawyer in Society

Kegan’s theory of lifespan identity development framed a pilot study of law students’ understanding of professionalism, part of a broader study of ethical professional identity. Four raters trained in Kegan’s stage criteria could reliably assess one of three developmental stages, based on coding essays on professionalism. Correlations of stage scores with moral judgment scores, service learning, and work experience supported the validity of the method. Ethical professional identity assessment can be integrated with courses or mentoring programs to provide students with developmental feedback. This method can also be used to assess law school outcomes with respect to ethical professional identity by comparing growth from matriculation to graduation.

Ethics across the curriculum: Detecting and describing emergent trends in ethics education

This paper presents an inclusive and emergent approach to identifying ethics courses and revealing their pedagogical methods and goals. It outlines a two-year study of undergraduate and professional courses at a private university addressing ethical themes. The study began with three assumptions: 1) ethics education occurs across the curriculum; 2) instructors are master practitioners with learning theories and goals that are often implicit; and 3) education contributes to three domains of human development: existential, civic, and vocational. These principles informed the development of a method for describing ethics education based on instructor reports of what and how they teach. Results of an application of this method are presented, and implications for ethics teaching and assessment in higher education are discussed.

Methodological aspects of regulation of neuroresearch and neurotechnologies in neuroethics

This article is dedicated to methodological questions in ethical regulation of neuroresearch. Neuroethics has emerged recently within the framework of the neuro-trend in modern technoscience; its regulatory capabilities are yet to be discovered. Sciences that study human brain and behavior orient towards existing institutions of ethical regulation, which do not consider the complexity and specificity of the emerging threats and risks. The author examines the circumstances for formation of the research ethics and points of intersection with neuroethics. Research ethics is viewed as a part of bioethics, which not only assessed the potential harm for the examinees, but also the social and anthropological consequences of scientific and technological development. The author provides a “narrow” understanding of research ethics as a system of rules within the framework of particular disciplines, and as a clinical research practice. Based on the historically established ethical regulation of clinical research and the forming beneath our eyes rules of modification of human genome and artificial intelligence, the author demonstrates contradictions and trends of the separate regulatory systems, which should be taken into account to prevent risks in neuroresearch and prediction of social implications of the spread of neurotechnologies. Ethical examination became a part of a complex system of international control of clinical research, which leads to fading of the value component aimed at protection of research subjects. The author underlines two factors that form the types of harm peculiar to neuroresearch: orientation towards technological realization and vulnerability of mental sphere as a subject of research. The conclusion is made on inefficiency of application of the calculation of harm/advantage in ethical assessment of neuroresearch. Leaning on the experience of bioethics, neuroethics requires development of the own systems of rules that would become the institutions of neuroethical regulation. For preventing formalization of ethical control, it is essential to advance extensive socio-humanistic assessment of new achievements in neuroscience, as well as neuroethical education for the scientists.