Ethernet Link Research Articles

The simulation model uses the HIL method applied for studying the motion of 6 degrees of freedom of container ships

This article presents the construction of a hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) simulation model to research and test trajectory controllers for container ships. The proposed model consists of a 3D virtual control object and a real trajectory controller. The virtual object is a 3D dynamic model built based on 6 degrees of freedom (6-DOF) equations, technical records of the ship, and Unity software. Meanwhile, the controller is built using Matlab/Simulink software. The controller and control object communicate with each other using the Modbus TCP/IP protocol with a physical Ethernet link. Besides, the proposed model also fully includes the main turbulence components of the environment affecting the ship that many previous studies on ship trajectory control have ignored. The test results show that the model operates reliably, and accurately, and can be applied to research and test trajectory controllers for ships.

The simulation model uses the HIL method applied for studying the motion of 6 degrees of freedom of container ships

This article presents the construction of a hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) simulation model to research and test trajectory controllers for container ships. The proposed model consists of a 3D virtual control object and a real trajectory controller. The virtual object is a 3D dynamic model built based on 6 degrees of freedom (6-DOF) equations, technical records of the ship, and Unity software. Meanwhile, the controller is built using Matlab/Simulink software. The controller and control object communicate with each other using the Modbus TCP/IP protocol with a physical Ethernet link. Besides, the proposed model also fully includes the main turbulence components of the environment affecting the ship that many previous studies on ship trajectory control have ignored. The test results show that the model operates reliably, and accurately, and can be applied to research and test trajectory controllers for ships.

High Performance Software Architectures for Remote High-Speed Data Acquisition

There are various tools for real-time data acquisition and analysis of high-frequency signals. Usually, the tools for data acquisition and analysis are incompatible with each other, expensive, or require the utilization of various technologies. Designing a unique toolset for real-time data acquisition and analysis of high-frequency signals presents a large challenge, both in terms of hardware and software design. Some of the main challenges include fulfilling strict real-time performance requirements, using cost-effective hardware components, and designing a software architecture with minimal software latency for data sampling on an embedded platform and data analysis on a PC machine. This paper presents a software architecture design methodology for embedded platforms, including an RTOS and an Ethernet interface, along with the application architecture on the host side. To demonstrate the advantages of the proposed methodology, a prototype consisting of the STM32H747 microcontroller, FreeRTOS operating system, and a GUI application based on the Qt framework has been created. It has been shown that using the proposed architecture design methodology makes it possible to preserve the maximal hardware sampling rate utilizing a 100 Mbps Ethernet link. In the experiments, sampling rates up to 4.57 MSps for 10-bit resolution and real-time transfer of data over Ethernet link and visualization on host PC have been achieved with this specific MCU.

SCADA securing system using deep learning to prevent cyber infiltration

Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems are computer-based control architectures specifically engineered for the operation of industrial machinery via hardware and software models. These systems are used to project, monitor, and automate the state of the operational network through the utilization of ethernet links, which enable two-way communications. However, as a result of their constant connectivity to the internet and the lack of security frameworks within their internal architecture, they are susceptible to cyber-attacks. In light of this, we have proposed an intrusion detection algorithm, intending to alleviate this security bottleneck. The proposed algorithm, the Genetically Seeded Flora (GSF) feature optimization algorithm, is integrated with Transformer Neural Network (TNN) and functions by detecting changes in operational patterns that may be indicative of an intruder’s involvement. The proposed Genetically Seeded Flora Transformer Neural Network (GSFTNN) algorithm stands in stark contrast to the signature-based method employed by traditional intrusion detection systems. To evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithm, extensive experiments are conducted using the WUSTL-IIOT-2018 ICS SCADA cyber security dataset. The results of these experiments indicate that the proposed algorithm outperforms traditional algorithms such as Residual Neural Networks (ResNet), Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN), and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) in terms of accuracy and efficiency.

Combination of FSO and RF channels by using Ethernet link aggregation

AbstractHybrid free‐space optical and radio frequency (FSO/RF) systems have attracted much attention for more than a decade because of their enhanced reliability and capacity as comparison to single FSO or RF systems. Existing schemes to construct such a hybrid system are usually to use either switching or encoding/decoding strategies for combination of channels. The proposed scheme, based on packet sharing strategy of Ethernet link aggregation, provides a different way to combine FSO and RF channels. Theoretical analysis and Experimental results show that the proposed scheme does enhance the reliability and utilize both channel capacities for a multi‐channel system. Moreover, this scheme is simple and scalable because more channels can be combined based on such a packet sharing strategy without modifying the physical channel structures, therefore, this scheme may provide a good solution for constructing an efficient and cost‐effective hybrid FSO/RF system.

Introduction to Time-Sensitive Networking

Since the year 2000, a number of companies and standards development organizations have been producing products and standards for Time-Sensitive Networking to support real-time applications that require zero packet loss due to buffer congestion, extremely low packet loss due to equipment failure, and guaranteed upper bounds on end-to-end latency. Often, a robust capability for time synchronization to less than 1 s is also required. These networks consist of specially-featured bridges that are interconnected using standard Ethernet links with standard MAC/PHY layers. Since the year 2012, this technology has advanced to the use of routers, as well as bridges, and features of interest to Time-Sensitive Net-working have been added to both Ethernet and wireless standards. Since the year 2018, TSN standardization has been expanding to include more queuing and pacing technologies, and to support new markets, such as industrial, automotive, aviation, and service provider applications.

I‐WABA: An efficient wavelengths arrangement and bandwidth allocationWDMAprotocol for passive optical intra‐rack data center networks

AbstractIn this article, we effectively handle the continuously growing traffic within data centers (DCs) and we focus on the intra‐rack communication. We propose a passive optical intra‐rack DC network (DCN) that uses a set of wavelengths for the data intra‐rack communication and a separate control wavelength for pre‐transmission coordination. We introduce a distributed access control scheme, named intra‐rack wavelengths arrangement and bandwidth allocation (i‐WABA) protocol, to effectively arrange the data wavelengths into groups and efficiently allocate them among the servers for transmission, avoiding synchronization complexity. The proposed i‐WABA protocol ensures the collisions‐free transmission over the data wavelengths and at destination achieving high performance, scalability, and reliability. In opposition to the majority of the state‐of‐the‐art intra‐rack MAC protocols that adopt synchronous transmission requiring strict time compliance, the proposed i‐WABA protocol is unslotted providing simple and reliable access control even under high data rates. Moreover, unlike other studies that assume that the control communication is performed over an Ethernet link, the proposed intra‐rack DCN considers that it is performed in the optical domain, ensuring its effective parallel operation to the data communication. The throughput improvement is extensively studied and it is proven to be an increasing function of the number of data wavelengths groups. Finally, the proposed intra‐rack DCN along with the proposed i‐WABA protocol is compared with other state‐of‐the‐art intra‐rack DCNs in terms of throughput, power consumption, and cost, while it is proven to be a performance, energy, and cost efficient DCN solution.

Energy-Optimal End-to-End Network Slicing in Cloud-Based Architecture

Network slicing is a promising technology for realizing the vision of supporting a wide range of services with diverse and heterogeneous service requirements. With network slicing, the network is partitioned into multiple individual dedicated networks tailored and customized for specific services. However, this causes extra energy consumption to reserve resources for each slice. On the other hand, minimizing the energy consumption in radio access network (RAN) may result in increasing the energy consumption in the cloud and the fronthaul due to higher required processing and data transport. Therefore, the energy should be evaluated from an end-to-end perspective. In this study, we address the problem of minimizing the end-to-end energy consumption of a network with network slicing by jointly reserving communication and computation resources among slices. First, we propose an end-to-end delay and energy model for each slice. We take into account the delays and energy consumption of the radio site, midhaul/fronthaul transport, and the cloud site in an Ethernet-based cloud RAN (C-RAN). Then, we formulate a non-convex optimization problem to minimize the total energy consumption of the network by jointly allocating transmission bandwidth and processing resources in the digital unit pool of the cloud, respectively, to each slice. The constraints of the optimization problem are the total delay requirement of each slice, the maximum allowable bandwidth at each radio unit, the maximum rate limitation of the Ethernet links, and the total processing limit of the cloud. To solve the problem optimally, we transform it into a convex quadratic programming problem. The simulation results show that end-to-end network slicing can decrease the total energy consumption of the network compared to only RAN slicing. We also investigate the impact of the 5G numerology on the allocated resources to each slice and the total energy consumption. We show that using mixed numerology depending on the slice type, we can interplay between delay and energy consumption for each slice.

Why 10BASE-T1S is the Missing Ethernet Link for Automotive Communications

Fionn Hurley, Marketing Manager at Analog Devices discusses the latest trends in the automotive industry that are dictating changes in vehicle electrical/electronic (E/E) architecture and how the new IEEE automotive Ethernet standard 10BASE-T1S supports and enables this new architecture rollout.

A CLOSED-FORM SOLUTION FOR A QUEUEING MODEL OF ENERGY EFFICIENT ETHERNET LINKS

To save energy consumption of Ethernet switches, IEEE has standardized a new energy-efficient operation for Ethernet links with a low-power state and transition mechanisms between the high-power state for transporting traffic and the low-power state.In this paper, we propose a queueing model with the Markov Modulated Compound Poisson Process that is able to characterize backbone packet traffic. We derive a closed-form solution for the stationary distribution of the proposed queueing model. We show that our model can capture an entire system where the transition times are constant.

Research and development of the back-end electronics for the two-dimensional improved resistive plate chambers in CMS upgrade

To complement and ensure redundancy in the endcap muon system of the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) detector and to extend the Resistive Plate Chamber (RPC) system coverage, improved RPCs (iRPCs) with either orthogonal layer strips with one-end electronics or single layer strips with two-end electronics providing more precise time measurement will be installed in the very forward pseudorapidity region of $$|\eta |<2.4$$ . The iRPC readout system needs to support two-dimensional (2D) or two-end readout. In addition, it must combine detector data with Timing, Trigger and fast Control (TTC) and Slow Control (SC) into one data stream over a bi-directional optical link with a line rate of 4.8 Gb/s between the Front-End Electronics (FEE) and the Back-End Electronics (BEE). To fulfill these requirements, a prototype BEE for the iRPC 2D chamber has been researched and designed. A Micro-Telecommunication and Computing Architecture ( $$\mu $$ TCA)-based processing card was designed in this study to establish a prototype system together with a $$\mu $$ TCA crate. The Giga-Bit Transceiver (GBT) protocol is integrated to provide bi-directional communication between the FEE and BEE. A server is connected with the BEE by a Gigabit Ethernet (GbE) link for SC and a 10-GbE link for Data AcQuisition (DAQ). The Bit Error Rate (BER) test of the back-end board and a joint test with the iRPC 2D prototype chamber were performed. A BER of less than $$1.331\times {10^{-16}}$$ was obtained. The time measurement with a resolution of 3.05 ns was successfully realized, and detector efficiencies of 97.7% for longitudinal strips and 96.0% for orthogonal strips were measured. Test results demonstrate the correctness and reliability of the prototype BEE. The BEE prototype satisfies the requirements for the iRPC 2D chamber, and it worked stably and reliably during a long-term joint test run.

Using QKD in MACsec for secure Ethernet networks

Media access control security (MACsec) is an IEEE 802.1AE standard for secure communication on Ethernet links. MACsec ensures the confidentiality, integrity and origin authenticity of Ethernet frames. The secrecy of MACsec stems from a root key that is either configured as a pre-shared key or derived from a mutual authentication protocol. However, both methods are not ideal because such a root key may be disclosed due to human errors or broken by quantum attacks. Here, the authors investigate the quantum key distribution (QKD) as an alternative source of trust for MACsec. QKD can be used as either a root key provider or a session key generator. The authors develop a new key exchange protocol based on QKD for Ethernet networks. Furthermore, it is verified by the experiment that QKD could be well integrated into MACsec without performance degradation.

Nonlinear Differential Coding for Spectral Shaping of PAM Signal in High-Baudrate Short-Reach Optical Transmission

Rapid increase of data-center traffic due to the growing use of cloud services and mobile broadband services requires a higher capacity Ethernet link based on an economical approach and high-performance short-reach optical transmission techniques based on intensity-modulation and direct-detection have been attracting huge interest. In the next-generation Ethernet such as 800GbE or 1.6TbE, a higher-baudrate signal will be necessary and the transmission performance will be limited by the transceiver bandwidth. In this article, we show a spectral-shaping technique for PAM signals based on a nonlinear differential coding which realizes the narrower signal spectrum and enhances the tolerance to bandwidth limitation. We theoretically investigate the characteristics of the proposed scheme and demonstrate 186-Gb/s 10-km transmission by means of an O-band experiment with a 3-dB bandwidth of 14 GHz in which the proposed technique is applied to a 93-Gbaud PAM4 signal. Furthermore, we propose a combination of nonlinear differential coding and LLR-based decoding and show that the combined scheme realizes 4-dB improvement in the required optical power. We also investigate the performance dependency on the parameters such as the number of taps in the equalizers utilized in the decoder.

47.5 GHz Membrane-III-V-on-Si Directly Modulated Laser for Sub-pJ/bit 100-Gbps Transmission

Near-future upgrades of intra data center networks and high-performance computing systems would require optical interconnects capable of operating at beyond 100 Gbps/lane. In order for this evolution to be achieved in a sustainable way, high-speed yet energy-efficient transceivers are in need. Towards this direction we have previously demonstrated directly-modulated lasers (DMLs) capable of operating at 50 Gbps/lane with sub-pJ/bit efficiencies based on our novel membrane-III-V-on-Si technology. However, there exists an inherent tradeoff between modulation speed and power consumption due to the carrier-photon dynamics in DMLs. In this work, we alleviate this tradeoff by introducing photon–photon resonance dynamics in our energy-efficient membrane DMLs-on-Si design and demonstrate a device with a maximum 3-dB bandwidth of 47.5 GHz. This denotes a bandwidth increase of more than 2x times compared to our previous membrane DMLs-on-Si. Moreover, the DML is capable of delivering 60-GBaud PAM-4 signals under Ethernet’s KP4-FEC threshold (net data rate of 113.42 Gbps) over 2-km of standard single-mode fiber transmission. DC energy-efficiencies of 0.17 pJ/bit at 25 °C and 0.34 pJ/bit at 50 °C have been achieved for the &gt; 100-Gbps signals. Deploying such DMLs in an integrated multichannel transceiver should ensure a smooth evolution towards Terabit-class Ethernet links and on-board optics subsystems.

Deep Learning Forwarding in NDN With a Case Study of Ethernet LAN

In this paper, the authors propose a novel forwarding strategy based on deep learning that can adaptively route interests/data packets through ethernet links without relying on the FIB table. The experiment was conducted as a proof of concept. They developed an approach and an algorithm that leverage existing intelligent forwarding approaches in order to build an NDN forwarder that can reduce forwarding cost in terms of prefix name lookup, and memory requirement in FIB simulation results showed that the approach is promising in terms of cross-validation score and prediction in ethernet LAN scenario.

The development and application of the test system for the silicon pixel modules in HEPS-BPIX

HEPS-BPIX is a prototype of photon counting pixel detector developed for the High Energy Photon Source. It consists of 16 silicon pixel modules which should be tested individually to ensure the function and performance. Due to various factors such as the non-uniformity of the processes and voltage drop, the response of each pixel in the silicon pixel module is not identical completely. The response difference of pixels can be minimized by the threshold calibration. This system is developed for the quality test and calibration of the silicon pixel modules. The system consists of a mother board, a control board and a data acquisition (DAQ) system. The mother board provides necessary resources including power supplies and the fanout of calibration signals. Besides, it can be used to test the connectivity by monitoring the power states. The control board reads data out and provides the clock, trigger and configuration data for the silicon pixel module. The DAQ system sends the control commands and receives the readout data through an Ethernet link. Compared with the previous readout system, this designed system has a lower noise level and better scanning curves making the calibration more accurate. And it has been successfully applied to the comparison experiments of the through silicon via and wire-bonding silicon pixel modules. The results show that this test system can be used to the quality test and calibration of the silicon pixel modules. In addition, the system can be adapted to the measurement of different pixel array detector modules.

The Information and Communication Technology Infrastructure on University of Mines and Technology Campus and Its Impact on Library e-Resource Accessibility

Abstract&#x0D; The University of Mines and Technology (UMaT), Tarkwa, Ghana has a Local Area Network (LAN) infrastructure whose primary purpose is to facilitate research; teaching and learning; and information dissemination. The LAN infrastructure spans a maximum distance of 1.39 square-kilometers with an upload and download speed of 115 Mb/s and interconnects the administration block, faculties, library and halls of residence with high-speed ethernet links operating over a dedicated fiber optic backbone. The LAN infrastructure with connectivity to the internet impact operations in various sections of the University, notably, the University Library. The main purpose of the library is to interact with different information networks to make available e-resource materials to students, academic and non-academic staff. This can only be achieved over a dedicated LAN infrastructure. The introduction of Library Management Systems (Koha), Online Public Access Catalogue (OPAC) and the UMaT Space has improved library services such as document delivery, circulation and borrowing, amongst others. However, there exist a major challenge associated with library e-resources accessibility. This paper sought to investigate the factors hindering library e-resource accessibility for the purposes of improving research. Questionnaire was administered to respondents to solicit primary information while secondary information was obtained from published literature. 537 out of 855 participants responded to the questionnaire administered. 351 (65.36%) represented undergraduate students, 73 (13.60%) represented postgraduate students, 87 (16.20%), 21 (3.91%), 5 (0.93%) represented teaching, non-teaching and library staff respectively. The responses were analysed using simple tables and pie charts. Results from the study showed inadequate access points to enable users access these e-resource materials and lack of knowledge about the existence of these resources. The investigation further revealed the need for the library to embark on an information literacy drive for both students and academic staff. Various ways of improving e-resource accessibility was suggested.&#x0D; &#x0D; Keywords: Local Area Network, ICT Infrastructure, Online Public Access Catalogue (OPAC), E-Resources

M/M/1 model of Energy-Efficient Ethernet with byte-based coalescing

Communication networks have been recognized as substantial energy consumer. However, the ubiquity of Ethernet links provides opportunity for energy savings with Energy-Efficient Ethernet standard and packet coalescing. So far, theoretical analysis of coalescing algorithms for Energy-Efficient Ethernet has assumed that the coalescing limit is expressed in packets; however, as Ethernet links are byte-congestible resources in nature, we argue that byte-based coalescing algorithms should be employed. To that goal, we propose an M/M/1 model for byte-based coalescing on Ethernet links compliant to Energy-Efficient Ethernet standard. The model is based on compound Poisson distribution and provides single formula for calculation of expected low-power state duration and, in turn, of energy savings. The model is applicable to 10GBASE-T Ethernet and to emerging 2.5GBASE-T and 5GBASE-T standards. Detailed simulation results show a good match of achieved energy savings to those predicted by the model. The paper discusses application of the proposed model for the evaluation of energy efficiency of 10GBASE-T Ethernet links in future IoT data centers within Smart Cities.

Simulasi Sistem Monitoring Link Metro Ethernet (ME) di PT Indosat Ooredoo Medan dengan Metode Doppler

Current technological developments have been so rapid, monitoring computer networks has become a very necessary thing. Computer network connection is a fundamental thing in a computer network that cannot be used. Likewise for the Metro Ethenet network work, If a parameter is problematic then the quality of the network will be reduced and Frequently occurs the duration of Metro ethernet monitoring and access to the report report ME becomes disrupted. This Final Project I will discuss how the Metro Ethernet Link Monitoring Simulation System in PT Indosat Ooredoo with the doppler method to determine the status of the Link on Metro Ethernet uses tree topology because it only simulates 3 Metro Ethernet and also discusses Metro Ethernet performance, which analyzes simulation applications, and Metro Ethernet Link status. Metro Ethernet is one of the technological solutions for High End Market (HEM) in providing integrated solutions for voice, data and video services. Metro Ethernet network has characteristics. Based on the above problems, a system for Metro Ethernet Link monitoring simulation is needed at Indosat Ooredoo to get better results than the previous system.

10 Gigabit White Rabbit: Sub-Nanosecond Timing and Data Distribution

Time synchronization is a critical feature for many scientific facilities and industrial infrastructures. The required performance is progressively increasing everyday, for instance, few tens of nanoseconds for Fifth Generation (5G) networks or sub-nanosecond accuracy on next family of particle accelerators and astrophysics telescopes. Due to this exigent accuracy, many applications require specific timing dedicated networks, increasing the system cost and complexity. Under this context, the new IEEE 1588-2019 High Accuracy (HA) default profile is intensively based on White Rabbit (WR) which can provide sub-nanosecond accurate synchronization for Ethernet networks. However, current WR solutions have not been designed to work properly with high data bandwidth delivery services even in 1 Gigabit Ethernet (GbE) links. On this contribution, the authors propose a new architecture design that enables WR and, consequently, the IEEE 1588-2019 HA profile to be deployed over 10 GbE links solving the already identified data bandwidth problem. Furthermore, this work addresses different experiments needed to characterize the system performance in terms of time synchronization and data transfer. As final result, this contribution presents for the first time in the literature a new WR system which allows high bandwidth data exchange in 10 GbE networks while providing sub-nanosecond accuracy synchronization. The proposed solution maintains the time synchronization performance of existing WR 1 GbE devices with significant advantages in terms of latency and data bandwidth, enabling its deployment in applications that integrate data and synchronization information in the same network.