Ether Sulfone Research Articles

Study on liquid oxygen compatibility of poly(phthalazinone ether) resins and their composites

AbstractNine poly(phthalazinone ether ketone) resins were designed and synthesized using three bisphenol and four halogenated monomers. Poly(phthalazinone bisphenol ether ketone) (PPBEK) and poly(phthalazinone ether sulfone ketone) (PPBESK) demonstrated liquid oxygen compatibility (LOC), with PPBEK maintaining its LOC even after 20 days of immersion in liquid oxygen. The liquid oxygen compatibility mechanism of the polymers in the presence of force‐thermal‐chemical multi‐energy fields was analyzed using techniques such as thermal analysis‐infrared‐gas chromatography (TGA‐IR‐GC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and x‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Carbon fiber (CF) reinforced composites were fabricated using PPBEK and PPBESK as matrices, with CF‐PPBEK composites successfully achieving LOC. The microcracking resistance and mechanical properties of the composites were investigated in liquid oxygen at 90 K. The interaction mechanism between the composites and liquid oxygen was elucidated, providing theoretical guidance and an experimental foundation for the application of resin matrix composites in liquid oxygen storage tanks.Highlights Poly(phthalazinone ether) resins were meticulously designed and synthesized. ·PPBEK and PPBESK exhibited excellent liquid oxygen compatibility. Composites exhibited excellent liquid oxygen compatibility. Composites exhibited excellent low‐temperature performance and heat resistance.

Synthesis of the Ag2S/PANI@PES Composite Membrane and Its Antipollution Properties.

Membrane separation technology offers a sustainable and efficient solution to wastewater management; however, membrane fouling significantly impedes its application. Photocatalytic membranes, integrating photocatalytic and membrane separation technologies, enhance membrane separation efficacy while effectively mitigating organic and biological contaminations. In this work, Ag2S/PANI@PES composite membranes were prepared via a facile in situ polymerization and successive layer adsorption technique. The modified poly(ether sulfone) (PES) membrane demonstrated improved hydrophilicity and separation performance, and its heterostructure between polyaniline (PANI), Ag0, and Ag2S effectively addressed organic fouling issues. Moreover, Ag2S/PANI@PES exhibited outstanding antimicrobial properties, as well as chemical and mechanical stability.

Solvent-induced microphase separation membranes of block poly (aryl ether sulfone) copolymer with high selectivity of O2/N2 separation

Gas separation membranes have a wide range of applications in industry, and there are two important factors in judging membrane standards permeability and selectivity. How to improve the selectivity of gas separation membranes while improving permeability is a challenge. In this study, poly (aryl ether sulfone) (PES) block copolymers were synthesized from fluorine-terminated polysulfone (PSF–F) and hydroxyl-terminated cardo PES containing phenyl substituted isoindolinone side group (PES-PPI-OH). Large side groups can enlarge the free volume and hinder chain movement to improve gas permeation behavior. Solvent-induced microphase separation of block copolymers by casting membranes with solvent benzyl alcohol (BA) can improve selectivity. The PSF-b-PES-PPI (10:10) BA membrane maintain good mechanical properties and tensile strength up to 93 MPa which compared to random polymer membrane rises to 14 MPa. Gas permeation at 23 °C showed that the O2/N2 selectivity of PSF-b-PES-PPI (5:15)BA membrane was 10.6, which was the 2008 Robeson upper bound. Thus, poly (aryl ether sulfone) materials showed great potential application for O2/N2 separation.

Enhancing Water Absorption in Sulfonated Poly(arylene ether sulfone) Polymer Electrolyte Membranes by Reducing Chain Entanglement through Constrained Deswelling

Enhancing Water Absorption in Sulfonated Poly(arylene ether sulfone) Polymer Electrolyte Membranes by Reducing Chain Entanglement through Constrained Deswelling

Room temperature synthesis, characterization and enhanced gas transport properties of novel poly(oxindolylidene arylene)s with dibenzothiophene, dibenzothiophene-S-oxide and dibenzothiophene-S,S-dioxide fragments in the main chain

Aromatic sulfur-containing polymers poly(arylene ether sulfone)s and poly(arylene sulfide sulfone)s are widely used in membrane-based gas- and liquid separations and purification technologies. In this work, we report a facile, robust, room temperature synthesis of a series of novel, solution processable aromatic polymers containing dibenzothiophene, dibenzothiophene-S-oxide, and dibenzothiophene-S,S-dioxide fragments in the main chain, alternating with bulky, torsion resistant oxindolylidene groups. The NMR studies of the polymers obtained revealed ladderized, rigid kink-structured backbones. This combination provides membranes with higher permeability and selectivity with gas pairs CO2/CH4, H2/CH4 and H2/N2, close to or even surpassing the 2008 Robeson’s trade-off line, that compare favorably with polysulfones and poly(ether sulfone)s reported in the literature that lie below the 1991 upper bond. Polymer P2-SO2 containing dibenzothiophene-S,S-dioxide fragments showed impressive CO2 and H2 permeabilities (243. 3 and 315.1 Barrer, respectively); on the other hand, P1-SO containing dibenzothiophene-S-oxide exhibited remarkable H2/CH4 and H2/N2 selectivity (127.26 and 99.34, respectively). This work offers a novel and facile route to fabricate various polysulfones and polysulfoxides with reversible-tunable gas separation properties inspired by the concept of rigid kink-structured backbones that shift their gas transport properties towards higher permeability and higher selectivity.

Enhancing Comprehensive Performance via Capturing and Scattering the Carriers inside PESU-Based Nanocomposite Film Capacitors.

Film capacitors have become key electronic components for electrical energy storage installations and high-power electronic systems. Nonetheless, high-temperature and high-electric-field environments would cause a surge of the energy loss, placing a fundamental challenge for film capacitors applied in harsh environments. Here, we constructed a composite film, combining poly(ether sulfone) (PESU) with excellent thermal stability and large-band-gap filler boron nitride nanosheets (BNNSs). The introduction of BNNSs would form deep/shallow traps inside the dielectric polymer matrix, effectively affecting charge migration. Via density functional theory (DFT) calculation, the higher highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy levels of the BNNS than the matrix facilitate scattering electrons and attracting holes. The resultant composite obtains the desired discharged energy densities (Ud) of 5.89 and 3.86 J/cm3 accompanied by an efficiency above 90% at 150 and 200 °C, respectively, surpassing those of existing dielectric materials at the high-temperature conditions. The paper provides a promising composite dielectric material for high-performance film capacitors capable of operating in harsh environments.

Annular expansion for enhanced orientation and mechanical properties of extruded amorphous PPESK/PES pipes

AbstractWith the discovery of deeper oil fields, conventional metal pumping pipes have been proven to be ineffective in meeting the requirements for deep well oil production due to their high weights and limited corrosion resistance. Therefore, in this study, a composite of Poly(phthalazinone ether sulfone ketone) (PPESK) and polyethersulfone (PES) was used to fabricate nonmetal pipes. To enhance the mechanical properties of the PPESK/PES pipes, a self‐designed annular expansion pipe extruder head was used. The circumferential burst stress and axial tensile strength of the PPESK/PES pipes subjected to 30° expansion were 73.0% and 48.9% higher than those of the unexpanded sample, respectively. When annular expansion was integrated into the extrusion of PPESK/PES/carbon fiber pipes, the axial tensile strength and circumferential burst stress were 45.9% and 88.8% higher than those of the unexpanded sample, respectively. Results of polarized infrared testing and metallographic microscopic examinations demonstrated that molecular chains present a regular orientation at a certain angle to the extrusion direction, under the effect of annular expansion extrusion. These findings highlight the efficiency of annular expansion in promoting the large‐scale production of pipes.

Preparation of a water-based carboxylated Poly(phthalazione ether nitrile) sizing agent for interfacial reinforcement of CF/PPESK composites

This study focuses on synthesizing a range of hydrolysis-modified poly(phthalazione ether nitrile) polymers with different quantities of carboxyl groups (HPPEN-COOH). These polymers are intended to enhance the bonding strength between carbon fibers (CFs) and poly(phthalazine ether sulfone ketone) (PPESK). The chemical structure of HPPEN-COOH was elucidated using FTIR spectroscopy, and the presence of HPPEN-COOH as a coating on the CFs surface was confirmed by XPS analysis. Compared with the UCF/PPESK composite, the interlaminar shear strength of the CF-5/PPESK composite increased by 39 %. In the DMA test, the service temperature and storage modulus of the CF-5/PPESK composite were increased to 268 °C and 112 GPa, respectively. Furthermore, the composite showed satisfactory performance in hydrothermal aging studies. This method is simple and easy to implement, has the potential for large-scale industrial production, and is an environmentally friendly method to improve the interface properties of the CF/PPESK composite.

Synthesis of Biobased Poly(butylene Furandicarboxylate) Containing Polysulfone with Excellent Thermal Resistance Properties.

A synthetic biopolymer derived from furandicarboxylic acid monomer and hydroxyethyl-terminated poly(ether sulfone) is presented. The synthesis involves 4,4'-dichlorodiphenyl sulfone and 4,4-dihydroxydiphenyl sulfone, resulting in poly(butylene furandicarboxylate)-poly(ether sulfone) copolyesters (PBFES) through melt polycondensation with titanium-catalyzed polymerization. This facile method yields segmented polyesters incorporating polysulfone, creating a versatile group of high-temperature thermoplastics with adjustable thermomechanical properties. The PBFES copolyesters demonstrate an impressive tensile modulus of 2830 MPa and a tensile strength of 84 MPa for PBFES55. Additionally, the poly(ether sulfone) unit imparts a relatively high glass transition temperature (Tg), ranging from 36.6 °C for poly(butylene 2,5-furandicarboxylate) to 112.3 °C for PBFES62. Moreover, the complete amorphous film of PBFES exhibits excellent transparency and solvent resistance, making it suitable for applications, such as food packaging materials.

Synthesis and properties of phenolphthalein‐based thermoplastic poly(ether nitrile imide)s via aromatic nucleophilic substitution polymerization

AbstractAromatic nucleophilic substitution polymerization was used to synthesize five poly(ether nitrile imide)s (PENIs) that include benzonitrile and bulky cardo groups from a mixture of phenolphthalein (PP), 4,4′‐bis(4‐fluorophthalimide) diphenyl ether (4,4′‐BFPI), and 2,6‐difluorobenzonitrile (DFBN). The structure and properties relationship of PENIs with different ratios of DFBN and 4,4′‐BFPI was explored. It was found that the glass transition temperature (Tg) of PENIs decreased from 280 to 260°C, while the temperature of 5% thermal weight loss (T5%) in N2 increased from 429 to 453°C as the benzonitrile content in PENI increased. The produced PENI films had good mechanical characteristics, including tensile strengths of 103–112 MPa, elongations at break of 5.6%–8.2%, and tensile moduli of 2.9–3.4 GPa. Furthermore, the solubility and melt processability were also improved with the introduction of the benzonitrile group. Compared with poly(ether ketone imide)s (PEKIs) and poly(ether sulfone imide)s (PESIs), PENIs with benzonitrile displayed higher Tg, tensile modules, and lower complex viscosity.

Removal of Monovalent and Divalent Cations from Brine Water by Electrodialysis Using Modified Polyethersulfone Membranes

In electrodialysis, an ion exchange membrane removes unwanted ions from wastewater and toxic metal ions from effluents. Montmorillonite-based modified "polyethersulfone membranes" have been studied as a potential small-scale electrodialysis approach for removing ions from wastewater. The study featured several steps, including solid polymerization, electrolyte balance, and removal of each component from the water. The study used three distinct “cation-exchange membranes (CEM)" types. The selected water body was diluted 100 times before being added to the electrodialysis cell in amounts of the center, cathodic, and anodic chambers, each containing 55, 30, and 40 mL. The initial pH for the real solutions of the water body was 7.16 at 25°C. Compared to "Sulfonated poly arylene ether sulfone (S-PESOS)" (23.23%) and Nafion® (35.34%), "hexamethylenediamine (HEXCl)" stands out as the only cross-linked material with significantly high-water content. When the membrane water content is too high, the membrane may lose its mechanical strength and cannot provide enough ionic conductivity. The semi-empirical model's parameters were estimated to simulate the elimination of Na+, K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ by three membranes. HEXCl and S-PESOS were electrodialyzed and used to treat the serial dilution from the water with cationics. The removal rate gradually rose after the electrodialysis started.

PTFE-reinforced pore-filling proton exchange membranes with sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone)s and poly(aryl ether sulfone)s

It is a technical challenge to improve the dimensional and chemical stability of pore-filling proton exchange membranes (PEMs) filled with high-sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (SPEEK) electrolytes. To solve this issue, double-electrolyte pore-filling PTFE PEMs were prepared by co-filling sulfonated poly(aryl ether sulfone) (SPAES) and SPEEK in this work. Utilizing ethanol hydrophilic pre-treatment, the double-electrolyte can be efficiently and uniformly infused into the porous PTFE, resulting in a compact, homogeneous and defect-free membrane. The existence of low-sulfonated SPAES40 in the double-electrolyte demonstrates a quite positive effect on inhibiting the dissolution of high-sulfonated SPEEK70 at high temperatures and controlling membrane swelling. Consequently, the PTFE/SPEEK-SPAES membrane shows 103.4 % higher proton conductivity, 33.6 % and 21.5 % lower in-plane and through-plane swelling than the control PTFE/SPEEK70 membrane at 90 °C. Moreover, heat treatment further enhances the mechanical and antioxidant characteristics of the membrane by forming –SO2- crosslinking. The resulting thermally cross-linked membrane exhibits 76.5 % lower oxidation mass loss, 70.4 % and 38.2 % higher elongation at break and tensile stress than the control PTFE/SPEEK70 membrane. After 48 h fuel cell operation, the output voltage of the PTFE/SPEEK-SPAES(1:1)* membrane only decreases by 3.6 %, which is better than the control PTFE/SPEEK70 membrane (46.2 %). This proves that a double-electrolyte pore-filling membrane is an efficient and facile method to strengthen the stability of PEMs.

Synergistic contribution of sulfonated poly(ether sulfone) and iminodiacetic acid functionalized-graphene oxide nanosheets towards enhancing cationic dye wastewater purification using nanocomposite membranes

Water purification and wastewater treatment can be achieved using membrane technologies. However, conventional poly(ether sulfone) (PES) membranes suffer from hydrophobicity, fouling issues, and insufficient dye removal. In this study, hydrophilic sulfonated PES (sPES) and iminodiacetic acid-functionalized graphene oxide (IDA-GO) nanosheets were incorporated into the PES membranes to enhance cationic dye removal efficiency. PES/sPES membranes containing 0.05–0.2 wt% IDA-GO nanosheets were fabricated via phase inversion. PES/sPES@IDA-GO membrane and IDA-GO nanosheets were fully characterized using various analytical techniques. With a negative surface charge, the PES/sPES@IDA-GO membrane is a good candidate to remove cationic days. Compared with pristine PES membranes, hydrophilic nanosheets improve membrane porosity, hydrophilicity, and mechanical properties. Further altering the membrane structure by incorporating IDA-GO nanosheets into the PES/sPES-based casting solution increased the porosity and mean pore radius. Using PES/sPES@IDA-GO membrane containing IDA-GO nanosheets as low as 0.1 wt%, values of 99.9 % 19.4 L/m2.h were achieved for dye rejection and pure water flux, respectively. Tuning membrane properties using sPES and IDA-GO nanosheets enabled exceptional cationic dye removal. This offers a facile approach to engineering high-performance PES membranes for effective wastewater purification and environmental remediation applications.

Random sulfonated poly(arylene ether sulfone) and sulfonated poly(arylene ether ketone) membranes for fuel cell applications

AbstractIn this study, sulfonated poly(arylene ether sulfone) (SPAES) and sulfonated poly(arylene ether ketone) (SPAEK) were randomly synthesized, employing a presulfonation process. This presulfonation process resulted in a more controlled and reproducible sulfonation level. The respective polymers were prepared using 2,2‐Bis(4‐hydroxyphenyl) propane at 50% molar ratio, which also provided some membrane elasticity. The resulting polymers, each had 25% of the block containing the sulfonic domains (SPAES A 25 and SPAEK A 25). Better conductive membranes were achieved for the random sulfone polymers than for the random ketone polymers, with values, respectively, of 0.24 and 0.07 S cm−1 at 80°C. The lower proton conductivity from the ketone‐based polymer was compensated with very low methanol permeability (0.25 × 10−6 cm2 s−1) and outstanding oxidative stability. The selectivity of both polymer membranes exceeded the reported values for the state‐of‐the‐art Nafion® 117 and other commercially available options. Both polymer membranes, with their unique combination of ionic domains, elastomeric blocks, and resulting morphology, could be viable candidates for fuel cell applications.

Selective synthesis of cyclic-polymer-free poly(ether sulfone)s with OH ends or F ends by non-stoichiometric, reversible polycondensation

Non-stoichiometric, reversible polycondensation of bisphenol disilyl ether and bis(4-fluorophenyl) sulfone is a convenient approach to synthesize telechelic PES end-capped with the excess monomer, without the formation of cyclic polymers.

Poly (ether sulfone) (PES)/polystyrene (PS) Thermoplastic Polymer Blend: Molecular Dynamics (MD) Simulation Methods and Experimental to Miscibility Evaluation

In this study, poly (ether sulfone) (PES)/polystyrene (PS) thermoplastic polymer blend miscibility was looked at using both molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and experiments. In particular, the parameters of the Flory-Huggins interaction and the heat of mixing of poly (ether sulfone) (PES)/polystyrene (PS) blends at different compositions were calculated from MD simulation. For the PES/PS blend, both differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and MD simulation showed that they are immiscible at PES/PS: 80/20,60/40 ratios. The degree of compatibility of the 20/80 and 40/60 PES/PS blends is higher than that of a PES-rich blend. This thermodynamic behavior was found to be due mainly to intermolecular interactions. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) results confirmed this observation. Results show that the calculated and#120594; value is positive at the compositions of PES/PS: 80/20 and 60/40, which confirmed that the polymer mixtures were immiscible at these compositions. The miscibility between PES and PS at these ratios is attributed to favorable van der Waals interactions. Also, the results of the DREIDING 2.21 force field show that electrostatic energy, bond angle bending energy, and bond stretching energy may be to blame for the immiscibility of certain composition polymer blends (PES/PS: 80/20 and 60/40).

Accelerated Single Li-Ion Transport in Solid Electrolytes for Lithium-Sulfur Batteries: Poly(Arylene Ether Sulfone) Grafted with Pyrrolidinium-Terminated Poly(Ethylene Glycol).

Polymeric solid electrolytes have attracted tremendous interest in high-safety and high-energy capacity lithium-sulfur (Li─S) batteries. There is, however, still a dilemma to concurrently attain high Li-ion conductivity and high mechanical strength that effectively suppress the Li-dendrite growth. Accordingly, a rapidly Li-ion conducting solid electrolyte is prepared by grafting pyrrolidinium cation (PYR+)-functionalized poly(ethylene glycol) onto the poly(arylene ether sulfone) backbone (PAES-g-2PEGPYR). The PYR+ groups effectively immobilize anions of Li-salts in Li-conductive PEGPYR domains phase-separated from PAES matrix to enhance the single-ion conduction. The tailored PAES-g-2PEGPYR membrane shows a high Li-ion transference number of 0.601 and superior ionic conductivity of 1.38mScm-1 in the flexible solid state with the tensile strength of 1.0MPa and Young's modulus of 1.5MPa. Moreover, this PAES-g-2PEGPYR membrane exhibits a high oxidation potential (5.5V) and high thermal stability up to 200(C. The Li/PAES-g-2PEGPYR/Li cell stably operates for 1000h without any short circuit, and the rechargeable Li/PAES-g-2PEGPYR/S cell discharges a capacity of 1004.7mAhg-1 at C/5 with the excellent rate capability and the prominent cycling performance of 95.3% retention after 200 cycles.

Stepwise Optimization of Single-Ion Conducting Polymer Electrolytes for High-Performance Lithium-Metal Batteries

Single-ion conducting polymer electrolytes (SIPEs) are among the most promising candidates for high-energy and high-safety lithium-metal batteries. Nevertheless, their commonly limited ionic conductivity and electrochemical stability hamper their practical application. Herein, three new SIPEs, i.e., poly (1,4-phenylene ether ether sulfone)-Li, polysulfone-Li, and hexafluoropolysulfone-Li, all comprising covalently tethered perfluorinated ionic side chains, were designed, synthesized, and comparatively investigated to unveil the influence of the backbone chemistry and the concentration of the ionic group on their electrochemical properties and the eventual cell performance. In particular, the trifluoromethyl group in the backbone and the concentration of the ionic group turn out to play an important role for the charge transport and electrochemical stability towards oxidation. As a result, the combination of both leads to the best-performing SIPE with a high ionic conductivity of ca. 2.5 × 10-4 S cm-1, an anodic stability of >4.8 V, and the best cycling stability in Li‖LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 cells.

Poly(methyl vinyl ether-alt-maleic acid)-Coated Poly(ether ether) Sulfone Ultrafiltration Membranes Augmented with Silver Nanoparticles for the Removal of Proteins and Pesticides from Aqueous Solutions

Poly(methyl vinyl ether-<i>alt</i>-maleic acid)-Coated Poly(ether ether) Sulfone Ultrafiltration Membranes Augmented with Silver Nanoparticles for the Removal of Proteins and Pesticides from Aqueous Solutions

Introduction of end groups into cyclic poly(ether sulfone) by means of transetherification with bis(aryloxyphenyl) sulfone

AbstractEnd‐functionalized linear poly(ether sulfone) (PES) free from cyclic PES (CPES) was obtained by reversible transetherification of CPES with bis(aryloxyphenyl) sulfone 1 in the presence of base catalyst. Initially, transetherification of CPES with bis(phenoxyphenyl) sulfone 1a in the presence of a catalytic amount of CsF in N‐methylpyrrolidone (NMP) at 145 °C afforded not the desired linear PES (LPES), but CPES with decreased molecular weight. However, when PhOSiMe3/K2CO3 was used instead of CsF at 180 °C, the desired LPES with a phenoxy group derived from 1a at both ends was obtained. Under the established conditions, the transetherification of CPES with bis(bromophenoxyphenyl) sulfone 1b instead of 1a afforded not only LPES with a bromophenoxy group at both ends, but also LPES with a bromophenoxy group at one end and a phenoxy group at the other. Since the phenoxy group might be introduced from PhOSiMe3, the reaction was conducted with BrPhOSiMe3 instead of PhOSiMe3 along with K2CO3 as a catalyst, and in this case, the desired LPES with a bromophemoxy group at both ends was obtained.