Ether Acetate Research Articles

BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE COPMOUNDS IN THE EXRTACTS OF SPERANSKIA TUBERCULATA (BUNGE) BAILL AND THEIR EFFECT ON THE VIABILITY OF CANCER CELLS OF FIVE DIFFERENT LINES

The aim of the work. Identifying the most considerable bioactive compounds in Speranskia tuberculata extracts and studying their effect on the viability of cancer cells of five lines. Materials and Methods. The herb Speranskia tuberculata extract was prepared based on ethyl acetate and petroleum ether in the 12.5-75 μg/ml concentration range. The presence of compounds in the extracts was investigated by the tandem high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy (HPLC/MS) method. The MTT cytotoxicity test was used to evaluate the effectiveness of extracts on five commercially available cell lines: A549 (human lung adenocarcinoma), HEPG2 (human hepatocellular carcinoma of the liver), A375 (human malignant melanoma), HELA (human pancreatic carcinoma), RAW264.7 (macrophage-like cell line from mice transformed with Abelson's leukaemia virus). Results and Discussion. The peaks of about 300 compounds were identified in the mass spectra. Fifty-six compounds with the largest peaks were investigated from the point of view of manifestations of anticancer, antitumour, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity known from the literature. Only 35 of the 56 peaks have a documented effect on the listed diseases, another 15 compounds are active on other diseases, and 6 showed no activity. Of the 35 compounds belonging to 10 chemical classes, alkaloids, lipids, and polyphenols dominate (20 out of 35). Chemical reactions for phytochemical screening of chemical classes found in extracts are presented. In MTT tests, the viability during treatment of 4 out of 5 cell lines significantly decreases with increasing concentration of extracts. Only RAW264.7 cells were stable - their viability did not fall below 75-85%. Ethyl acetate extracts were the most effective. They maximally reduce viability to 18%, and the IC50 of this extract for all cell lines varied between 49-53 μg/ml. For petroleum ether, the IC50 of three lines was 65-74 μg/ml (for A375, the approximate value reached 114 μg/ml). Conclusions. The peaks of about 300 compounds found in extracts of the herb Speranskia tuberculata were identified by the HPLC/MS. Among the 56 most intense peaks, 35 compounds, according to the literature, have anticancer, antitumour, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. MTT tests showed that the studied extracts significantly reduced the viability of cancer cells in 4 out of 5 lines. IC50 for ethyl acetate extracts is 49-53 μg/ml, and for petroleum ether - 65-74 μg/ml.

Assessment of in vitro antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of Broussonetia × hanjiana M. Kim

The fruit and bark of Broussonetia × hanjiana M. Kim (Kkujidaknamu, Korean paper mulberry) have been used as a resource for medicine and paper in Korea and Korean traditional paper (Hanji), made from extract of the B. × hanjiana bark, has been used to package dry foods. The present study was carried out to evaluate the in vitro antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of B.× hanjiana extract. The antimicrobial activity of four fractions of ethanol extract of the plant collected in July was evaluated through disc diffusion and minimal inhibition concentration (MIC) method against three Gram-positive strains, two Gram-negative strains, and one yeast. The ether and ethyl acetate fraction of ethanol extract from B. × hanjiana bark exhibited the highest antimicrobial activity with the lowest MIC value against the tested Gram-positive bacteria. The MIC of the hexane and ether fraction against Gram-negative bacteria was not detected in any sample extracts and the MIC was not observed against Saccharomyces cerevisiae in any fractions. The antioxidant activity of ethanol and hot water extract of the plant was evaluated by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging assay. The ethanol extract showed relatively higher DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity than the hot water extract, regardless of the samples. The results of total phenolic and flavonoid contents were not consistent with the results of antioxidant activity and it shows antioxidant activity is not only affected by the polyphenol content but also can occur by some other phytochemicals. The antimicrobial and antioxidant activity was influenced by plant organ or extract solvent. These findings may confirm the potential of this plant as an antimicrobial and antioxidant agent.

Facile Separation of Acetic Acid from 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium Acetate Ionic Liquid with the Aid of a Protic Solvent.

1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate (EmimAc), an excellent solvent for cellulosic biomass, is expected to be utilized in chemical conversion, such as in biomass acetylation with acetic anhydride. The corresponding carboxylic acid, acetic acid (AcH), is quantitatively generated as a byproduct and should be separated from EmimAc for recycling. However, the strong interaction between EmimAc and AcH makes their separation difficult under moderate conditions. This study examined the efficacy of protic solvents in distillation and extraction to weaken this interaction through solvation or hydrogen-bonding interactions. The separation efficiency of AcH from EmimAc via distillation increased as the boiling point of the protic solvent increased. Water addition was more effective than the addition of alcohols with boiling points similar to those of water such as 1-propanol and 2-butanol. Furthermore, the favorable effect of water addition on the extraction of AcH was confirmed using common organic solvents, such as diisopropyl ether, diethyl ether, and ethyl acetate. The partition coefficient (α) of AcH between the aqueous and organic phases increased with an increasing dielectric constant of the organic solvent, whereas the α value of EmimAc decreased. Repeated treatments in both distillation and extraction facilitated the complete separation of AcH from EmimAc.

Phytochemical Diversity and Related Bioactivity of Ethyl Acetate Fraction from Different Organs and Provenances of the Edible Halophyte Crithmum Maritimum L.

Sea fennel (Crithmum maritimum L.) is a facultative halophyte from the Apiaceae family. The variation of phenolic compounds, the antioxidant and antibacterial activities of different extracts of different organs of sea fennel were investigated. The roots, stems, leaves and seeds were collected from three bioclimatic stages of Tunisia. Solvent fractionation method (using aqueous acetone, petroleum ether and ethyl acetate) was adopted to separate the extract ingredient and to concentrate phenolics. Total phenolics, total flavonoids, and condensed tannins significantly varied between organs and localities. In leaves, the highest level of phenols was detected in the upper and sub-humid zones. However, in stems the high amounts of phenols were observed in semiarid climate. The antioxidant activity was evaluated through four different methods and the antimicrobial activity was assessed against five human pathogenic bacteria and a fungal strain. Multivariate analysis showed significant effect of organ and locality on the antioxidant properties. Results of the antibacterial activities showed significant differences among extracts and was reflected by a large spectrum of activity ranging from totally not active (Zones of inhibition (zi) < 1 mm) to very high activity (zi >16 mm). Combined statistical results allowed to select the more potent fraction to be analyzed using reversed-phase HPLC (RP-HPLC). The flavanol epigallocatechin was identified as a major phenolic compound which contributed greatly to the antioxidant capacity. The results established in this study highlighted the importance of this halophyte cash crop in the human diet as natural source of active components.

Screening of Antimicrobial Activity of Murraya koenigii Leaf Extracts Against Pathogenic Bacterial Strains Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli Isolated from Contaminated Water

Aim: Murraya koenigii is a widely used plant both as a potential medicinal agent and also for common cooking purposes. Aim of this present study was to determine the antimicrobial activity of Murraya koenigii leaf extracts on Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. 
 Study Design: Screening and isolation of pathogenic bacterial strains from contaminated water. Preparation of Murraya koenigii leaf extracts using petroleum ether, acetone and ethyl acetate by using serial extraction method with Soxhlet apparatus.
 Place and Duration of Study: Department of microbiology, Agro biotec research centre Ltd, Poovanthuruthu, Kottayam, Kerala, India, between 2014 January to 2014 May.
 Methodology: Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli were the bacterial strains used in this study. Morphological and biochemical analysis of microorganisms were conducted to identify the strains. Leaf extracts (petroleum ether, acetone and ethyl acetate) of Murraya koenigii were screened using MHA disc diffusion methods.
 Results: Various concentration of plant extracts were used to check its activity against isolated pathogens. Acetone extract of curry leaves exhibit maximum zone of inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus and petroleum ether extracts shown maximum inhibition against Escherichia coli.

Effect of Topical Petroleum Ether and Ethyl Acetate Fractions From Euphorbia milii on Imiquimod-induced Psoriasis-like Skin Inflammation in Mice

Effect of Topical Petroleum Ether and Ethyl Acetate Fractions From Euphorbia milii on Imiquimod-induced Psoriasis-like Skin Inflammation in Mice

Toward a More Sustainable Sample Preparation in Phytochemistry: Case Studies in Four Subclasses of Alkaloids.

The fact that alkaloids are bases has been the most explored chemical feature of their extraction and purification procedures. The main drawback of these procedures is that they employ undesirable chemicals, with HCl and CH2Cl2 probably being the most commonly employed chemicals in their subsequent steps. This work tested the hypothesis that advantages in recovery efficiency support this common practice. Experiments were conducted in three laboratories, monitoring the alkaloids harmine (1), boldine (2), vincamine (3), and mescaline (4) extracted from Banisteriopsis caapi, Peumus boldus, Vinca minor, and Trichocereus macrogonus var. pachanoi, respectively. The research demonstrated that HCl could be replaced with citric acid (CA) without loss or even better extraction performance. The recommended EtOAc could completely replace CH2Cl2 in three out of four study cases and partially in the fourth case without harming the extraction efficiency. In addition, the alternative solvents tert-amyl methyl ether (TAME) and n-butyl acetate (BuOAc) could enhance the extraction of alkaloids. These results might incentivize natural products laboratories to consider sustainability more routinely, thus being closer to current practices in the pharmaceutical industry, which has been replacing solvents and processes with greener ones.

Optimizing the Solvent Selection of the Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Sea Buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) Pomace: Phenolic Profiles and Antioxidant Activity

Sea buckthorn pomace (SBP) is a by-product of sea buckthorn processing that is rich in bioactive compounds. In this study, different active ingredients were extracted by using different solvents (water, methanol, ethanol, glycerol, ethyl acetate, and petroleum ether) combined with an ultrasonic assisted method. The correlation between the active ingredients and antioxidant properties of the extract was studied, which provided a research basis for the comprehensive utilization of SBP. This study revealed that the 75% ethanol extract had the highest total phenolic content (TPC) of 42.86 ± 0.73 mg GAE/g, while the 75% glycerol extract had the highest total flavonoid content (TFC) of 25.52 ± 1.35 mg RTE/g. The ethanol extract exhibited the strongest antioxidant activity at the same concentration compared with other solvents. The antioxidant activity of the ethanol, methanol, and glycerol extracts increased in a concentration-dependent manner. Thirteen phenolic compounds were detected in the SBP extracts using UPLC-MS/MS analysis. Notably, the 75% glycerol extract contained the highest concentration of all identified phenolic compounds, with rutin (192.21 ± 8.19 μg/g), epigallocatechin (105.49 ± 0.69 μg/g), and protocatechuic acid (27.9 ± 2.38 μg/g) being the most abundant. Flavonols were found to be the main phenolic substances in SBP. A strong correlation was observed between TPC and the antioxidant activities of SBP extracts. In conclusion, the choice of solvent significantly influences the active compounds and antioxidant activities of SBP extracts. SBP extracts are a valuable source of natural phenolics and antioxidants.

Extraction and characterization of glycerides from oilseed of Pongamia pinnata plant found in Manipur

The extraction of Pongamia pinnata seed oil was accomplished through the solvent extraction technique, employing petroleum ether as the solvent on the crushed kernel. Subsequent to extraction, the oil underwent purification for further analysis via column chromatography over silica gel (60-120 mesh), utilizing a mixture of petroleum ether and ethyl acetate (20:1) as the eluent. The resulting purified oil was then subjected to transesterification, producing the final product recognized as biodiesel, characterized by its composition of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME). The FAME composition of Pongamia pinnata seed oil was meticulously determined through NMR, IR, and GC-MS analyses. The transesterified oil of Pongamia pinnata revealed a FAME composition consisting of 10.53 wt% of methyl palmitate (C16:0), 68.05 wt% of methyl oleate (C18:1), 12.58 wt% of methyl stearate (C18:0), 3.65 wt% of methyl arachidate (C20:0), and 5.22 wt% of methyl behenate (C22:0).

Enhanced Optical and Thermal Properties of a Novel Yellow Quinophthalone Derivative for Color Filter Colorants in Image Sensors

Herein, the design and synthesis of novel yellow quinophthalone derivatives, 4,5,6,7‐tetrachloro‐2‐(6‐chloro‐2‐(3‐hydroxy‐1‐oxo‐1H‐cyclopenta[b]naphthalen‐2‐yl)quinolin‐4‐yl)isoindoline‐1,3‐dione (pC‐QP) and 4,5,6,7‐tetrachloro‐2‐(7‐chloro‐2‐(3‐hydroxy‐1‐oxo‐1H‐cyclopenta[b]naphthalen‐2‐yl)quinolin‐4‐yl)isoindoline‐1,3‐dione (mC‐QP), are used for use as yellow colorants in image sensors. The synthesized compounds are designed to modulate the optical properties based on the substituted positions of the chloride group within the quinophthalone structure. The solubility of pC‐QP and mC‐QP in propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate solvent is found to be 0.08 and 0.15 wt%, respectively. The molar extinction coefficient values of pC‐QP and mC‐QP in solution are determined to be 3.14 × 104 and 3.62 × 105 L mol−1 cm−1, respectively. The transmittance of mC‐QP meets commercial requirements, exhibiting less than 0.3% between 412 and 475 nm and over 91% above 530 nm. Both pC‐QP and mC‐QP demonstrate high thermal stability with decomposition temperatures of 464 and 393 °C, respectively. As a result, mC‐QP emerges as an excellent candidate material for use as a yellow colorant in image sensors due to its outstanding properties.

Chemical composition, biological activities, and molecular mechanism of Inula viscosa (L.) bioactive compounds: a review.

Inula viscosa is an herbaceous plant mainly found in Mediterranean regions, predominantly, used in developing countries as a folk remedy for treating numerous diseases using different traditional methods of preparation that includes infusion, decoction, and external application. Researchers have been interested in studying the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antifungal, antibacterial, antidiabetic, and antitumor effects of I. viscosa extracts, due to its high countenance of bioactive molecules. The chemical studies of ethanol, methanol, chloroform, aqueous, petroleum ether, dichloromethane, and ethyl acetate extracts from different parts of I. viscosa, growing around the world, and analyzed by different analytical techniques allowed to isolate and identify a great number of secondary metabolites from terpenes, flavonoids, phenylpropanoids, and polyketides, and complementary in vitro and in vivo studies indicated the pharmacological activities of an isolated compound, a mixture, or the crude extract. I. viscosa extracts had a great in vivo potential reducing mice paw, ear, and the severity of pulmonary edema, and the occurrence of skin carcinoma growing; in vitro recent study results showed, in addition, the high antioxidant, α-glucosidase, and α-amylase inhibitory activity, and neuroprotectivity effects; a correlation with the in vivo studies confirming the anti-inflammatory and antitumor proprieties, elucidating some molecular mechanisms: showing that tomentosin reduced pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion (IFNγ, IL-1, IL-2, TNF-α, and IL-6) via the suppression of transcription factor NF-κB and MAP kinase (p38/JNK) activation, and that the two phenolic compounds banaxanthone E and paxanthone inhibited the antiapoptotic protein BCL-2, activating the apoptotic process leading to the antiproliferative effect.

The thickening mechanism of CO2 thickener poly (vinyl acetate -vinyl ether) (PVAEE): A molecular dynamics study

This paper performed molecular dynamics simulation to calculate the effect of poly (vinyl acetate-vinyl ether) (PVAEE) on the viscosity of CO2 and its thickening mechanism. The main conclusions are as follows: i) With the increasing of PVAEE, the viscosity of CO2 also increases, indicating that the addition of PVAEE can improve the thickening efficiency. VDW potential interaction energy is the main driving force. ii) PVAEE will gradually curl and aggregate under the effect of electrostatic potential energy, forming a certain network structure. The curled PVAEE chains can increase the rigidity and viscosity of the system. iii) Through studying the properties of the Vinyl Acetate (VAc) and Vinyl Ether (VEE) groups under salt ions environment, we found that VAc groups on PVAEE can bind more CO2 and increase viscosity significantly than VEE groups. iiii) Moreover, we also found that CO2 molecules tend to be circularly distributed around the methyl (CH3) groups on the VAc and VEE groups. While Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions tend to be distributed around O atoms of them. Based on the conclusions above, this paper can provide selection and assistance for the synthesis of better CO2 thickeners.

Solvent effects on terpenoid compositions and antioxidant activities of Cinnamomum camphora (L.) J. Presl extracts and the main antioxidant agent evaluation through in vitro and in vivo assay

Plant secondary metabolites can protect organisms against oxidative stress caused by adverse environmental conditions. Cinnamomum camphora (L.) J. Presl contains plentiful terpenoids and is subdivided into 5 chemotypes. To develop natural antioxidants using the plant terpenoids, the terpenoid composition and antioxidant abilities of methanol, ethyl acetate, n-hexane and petroleum ether extracts from linalool and eucalyptol chemotypes were investigated, and the solvent effects on in vitro antioxidant activity of 8 main terpenoids were analyzed. Meanwhile, the in vivo effects of two strong antioxidant terpenoids were evaluated. For the two chemotypes, the 4 solvents exhibited the same extracting effects on the terpenoid types, but methanol extracts contained the highest content of terpenoids, which should contribute to their strongest scavenging activity against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) free radicals. In linalool and eucalyptol chemotype extracts, linalool, eucalyptol, ocimene, α-pinene, D-limonene, terpinene, β-pinene and longifolene were the 8 main terpenoids. Among the 4 solvents, the 8 terpenoids showed the strongest free radical-scavenging activity with methanol as the reaction medium, which might result from strong-polarity methanol easily activating C = C unsaturated bonds in these compounds. This might also contribute to the strongest scavenging activity of methanol extracts against free radicals. Among these main components, ocimene and longifolene separately showed the strongest activity in scavenging DPPH and ABTS free radical. In in vivo assay, the two compounds significantly lowered the reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, a single-celled model organism, under H2O2 stress, and the lowering effects gradually enhanced with increasing the compound concentration, resulting in the corresponding promoting effect on the algal growth. At the same concentration, longifolene showed the strongest effect on protecting the algal cells against oxidative stress. Therefore, methanol was suitable for extracting terpenoids in natural antioxidant development, and ocimene and longifolene were two strong antioxidant terpenoids without cell toxicity, with the latter having stronger in vivo antioxidant activity.Graphical

Evaluation of Selected Ayurvedic Proprietary Medicine: Senna tablet

The research investigates the pharmacological properties and formulation characteristics of Senna (Cassia Angustifolia), a medicinal plant known for its laxative effects due to the presence of active ingredients like Sennoside A and Sennoside B. Given the growing interest in herbal medications, understanding the solubility, purity, and formulation parameters of Senna is crucial for its pharmaceutical application. The study utilized HERBAL HILLS senna tablets and a range of laboratory equipment including a weighing balance, UV Spectrophotometer, HPLC, UV cabinet, pH meter, hot plate, Friability tester, Digital tablet disintegration tester, LC-MS system, column chromatography. Various chemicals and reagents such as Methanol, Ethanol, Dimethyl sulfoxide, Chloroform, Glacial Acetic acid, n-hexane, Propanol, Acetonitrile, water, Pet ether, and Ethyl acetate were employed for analysis. The investigation yielded comprehensive insights into the pharmacological and formulation characteristics of Senna (Cassia Angustifolia). Solubility testing across various solvents demonstrated the compound's favorable dissolution behavior, while Bontrager assays confirmed the presence of Sennoside. Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) further characterized the compound, with column chromatography facilitating the separation of calcium sennoside. UV-visible spectrophotometry and HPLC analysis affirmed the concentration and presence of sennosides, with an observed absorbance of 18.77%. Quality assessment of senna tablets revealed adherence to pharmaceutical standards, encompassing organoleptic properties, hardness, thickness, diameter, weight uniformity, friability, disintegration time, and content uniformity. The study underscores the significance of safety and quality in the global acceptance and utilization of Ayurvedic herbal medications, as advocated by regulatory bodies such as the WHO and various Pharmacopoeias. Additionally, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) proved effective in detecting Sennoside, providing valuable insights into the compound's pharmaceutical potential.

Periliminary phytochemical analysis of Alangium salviifolium ethyl acetate, ethanol and petrolium ether extracts

Periliminary phytochemical analysis of Alangium salviifolium ethyl acetate, ethanol and petrolium ether extracts

The performance of Adsorbing and Removing gaseous acetic acid by activate carbon

Currently, gaseous molecular contaminants (acetic acid) is one of the main factors that cause defects in semiconductors and wafers, reduce product yields in high-tech process plants. Propylene Glycol Monomethyl Ethyl Ether Acetate (PGMEA) is a versatile solvent with many applications. Solvents used in the solder mask process in the manufacture of printed circuit boards (PCBs). The diluent in photoresist and edge bead removers used in semiconductor and wafer fabrication is PGMEA, which forms acetate contaminants through an acid-catalyzed hydrolysis reaction. The concentration standard of acetic acid pollutants in clean rooms is 1ppb.In order to protect the expensive optical components, the acetic acid generated by PGMEA needs to be controlled.For this purpose, the activated carbon filter in the intake filter prevents acetic acid from contaminating the components and corroding the material. In this study, we used the commercially available activated carbon fabricated filter to adsorption of acetic acid. The effect of adsorption under different face velocity (0.03/0.06/0.09 m/s) and initial acetic acid concentrations (4/6/8/10 ppm) were measured according to the principle of ASHRAE 145.1standard. The experimental data are also evaluated for adsorption performance, adsorption capacity, kinetic model of acetic acid adsorption process, and isothermal model of acetic acid adsorption process.The results of the acetic acid adsorption experiment show that MM3000 activated carbon has the highest adsorption capacity and the longest adsorption saturation time than KPL activated carbon. The higher the inlet acetic acid concentration at a fixed wind speed, the shorter the saturation time and the higher the adsorption capacity; the faster the wind speed at a fixed acetic acid concentration, the shorter the saturation time and the higher the adsorption capacity.The Langmuir (R2) of the MM3000 sample is higher than the Freundlich’s coefficient of determination (R2), which indicates that the adsorption phenomenon of the MM3000 sample is more suitable to be described by the Langmuir isothermal adsorption mode, which is the adsorption of a single molecular layer on a homogeneous surface. The Freundlich R2 of the KPL sample is higher than the Langmuir’s coefficient of determination (R2), which means that the adsorption phenomenon of this KPL sample is more suitable to be described by the Freundlich isothermal adsorption mode, and it is a case of adsorption of multiple layers on an inhomogeneous surface. The adsorption of MM3000 activated carbon and KPL activated carbon is more suitable to be described by the proposed second-order adsorption kinetic model, which is a phenomenon of chemisorption.

Toxicity Test of Flavonoid Compounds from Ethyl Acetate Extract of Malacca Leaves with Brine Shrimp Lethality Test

Flavonoids are a group of polyphenolic compounds produced in plants as secondary metabolites. Flavonoids have favorable biochemical effects on multiple diseases and other bioactivities. This study aimed to isolate the active compounds contained in malacca (Phyllanthus emblica) leaves and analyze toxic properties using the Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT) method in Artemia salina leach shrimp larvae. This study used malacca leaf powder with ethyl acetate solvent then macerated. Ethyl acetate extract was concentrated and fractionated, then toxicity tests were carried out. Extracts from the evaporation results were further fractionated using solvent petroleum ether, diethyl ether, and ethyl acetate. Then the ethyl acetate fraction was hydrolyzed using reflagged with 7% sulfuric acid for two hours, then the filtrate was extracted with ethanol solvent. The obtained fraction washed with aquades and dried using a vacuum desiccator. The toxicity test results showed that the flavonoid compound of malacca leaves was not toxic with a value of LC50 > 1000 ppm, an increase in the concentration of the extract was followed by an increase in the average mortality of larvae.

Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl. (Mahkota Dewa) seed essential oils: Extraction yield, volatile components, antibacterial, and antioxidant activities based on different solvents using Soxhlet extraction

Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl., locally known as ‘Mahkota Dewa’, is a fruit commonly found in Malaysia. It demonstrates high potential for various biological activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and anticancer properties. Nevertheless, there is a lack of research on the effect of essential oil extraction using different solvents on the antibacterial and antioxidant activities of this seed's fruit. This study aims to investigate the extraction yield, volatile components, antibacterial, and antioxidant activities of essential oil extracted from P. macrocarpa seeds using ethyl acetate, hexane, and petroleum ether as solvents. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to analyse the volatile components, while the antibacterial activity was assessed against Listeria innocua and Serratia marcescens. The antioxidant activity was evaluated using total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. Hexane showed the highest extraction yield (51.87 ± 0.21%), followed by petroleum ether (44.40 ± 0.14%) and ethyl acetate (27.08 ± 0.10%). The essential oils extracted with ethyl acetate, hexane, and petroleum ether contained 24, 26, and 21 volatile components, respectively. The major component, 1-(ethenylthio)-octane was found in concentrations ranging from 42.371 to 54.863 ppm, followed by 2,2-dimethyl-5-(3-methyl-2-oxiranyl)cyclohexanone, with concentrations between 30.771 and 40.783 ppm. The essential oil exhibited moderate antibacterial activity, as indicated by the zone of inhibition against L. innocua (8.00 ± 1.30 mm to 11.00 ± 1.40 mm) and S. marcescens (9.00 ± 1.00 mm to 14.00 ± 1.20 mm) compared to the positive control. Additionally, the essential oil demonstrated good antioxidant activity, with TPC, TFC, and DPPH values for hexane (65.56 ± 0.02 mg GAE/g, 4.46 ± 0.17 mg RE/g, 223.78 ± 29.69 μg/mL), ethyl acetate (72.99 ± 0.05 mg GAE/g, 19.47 ± 0.41 mg RE/g, 294.02 ± 12.70 μg/mL), and petroleum ether (70.29 ± 0.07 mg GAE/g, 4.83 ± 0.05 mg RE/g, 803.64 ± 27.76 μg/mL), respectively. Nonetheless, correlation analysis revealed a moderate relationship between DPPH and TFC. The essential oils from P. macrocarpa seeds demonstrates strong natural antibacterial and antioxidant potential, with hexane as the most efficient solvent. Exploring compounds like 1-(ethenylthio)-octane and 2,2-dimethyl-5-(3-methyl-2-oxiranyl)cyclohexanone may reveal medicinal applications and lead to innovative remedies.

PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING, ANTIBACTERIAL AND INSECTICIDAL ACTIVITIES OF STEM BARK EXTRACTS OF BOSWELLIA DALZIELII HUTCHIN FROM KALTUNGO, NIGERIA

The importance of traditional herbal medicinal system has now gained attention in developed and developing countries. Boswellia dalzielii is a tree grows in the wild usually in the Savannah region of West Africa. These work assessed the phytochemical constituents, antibacterial and insecticidal activities of the stem bark extracts of Boswellia dalzielii. The plant extracts were obtained using soxhlet method with petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, acetone, ethanol and water as solvents for 10 hours while the phytochemicals and insecticidal activities were determined using standard methods. The phytochemical screening showed significant presence of carbohydrate in the ethanol and water extracts while significant amount of tannin was detected only in the ethanol extract. The petroleum ether and ethyl acetate showed absence of carbohydrate, tannins, phlobotannin, cyanogenic glycoside, chlorogenic acid and alkaloid. Significant amount of flavonoid was seen in the water extract, while only the ethanolic extract showed significant amount of cardiac glycoside and alkaloid. The acetone extract showed significant quantity of alkaloid and terpenes and steroids. The antibacterial screening showed that ethanol extract had the highest inhibitory activity. The petroleum ether extract had the least active components with no activity on the test organisms. The insecticidal activity of the plant extracts showed that acetone extract had the highest insecticidal activity on both the test insects. Camponotus consobrinus shows the highest percentage mortality of 75% at a concentration of 500µg and LC50 of 1.64x102µg followed by the Acanthscelides obtectus with the percentage mortality of 53% at a concentration of 250µg and...

Targeted screening of the synergistic components in Artemisia annua L. leading to enhanced antiplasmodial potency of artemisinin based on a "top down" PD-PK approach

Ethnopharmacological relevanceArtemisinin (ART) showed enhanced antimalarial potency in the herb Artemisia annua L. (A. annua), from which ART is isolated. Increased absorption of ART with inhibited metabolism in the plant matrix is an underlying mechanism. Several synergistic components have been reported based on a "bottom-up" approach, i.e., traditional isolation followed by pharmacokinetic and/or pharmacodynamic evaluation. Aim of the studyIn this study, we employed a "top-down" approach based on in vivo antimalarial and pharmacokinetic studies to identify synergistic components in A. annua. Materials and methodsTwo A. annua extracts in different chemical composition were obtained by extraction using ethyl acetate (EA) and petroleum ether (PE). The synergistic antimalarial activity of ART in two extracts was compared both in vitro (Plasmodium falciparum) and in vivo (murine Plasmodium yoelii). For the PD-PK correlation analysis, the pharmacokinetic profiles of ART and its major metabolite (ART-M) were investigated in healthy rats after a single oral administration of pure ART (20 mg/kg) or equivalent ART in each A. annua extract. A liquid chromatography-tandem high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS)-based analytical strategy was then applied for efficient component classification and structural characterization of the differential components in the targeted extract with a higher antimalarial potency. Major components isolated from the targeted extract were then evaluated for their synergistic effect in the same proportion. ResultsCompared with pure ART (ED50, 5.6 mg/kg), ART showed enhanced antimalarial potency in two extracts in vivo (ED50 of EA, 2.9 mg/kg; ED50 of PE, 1.6 mg/kg), but not in vitro (IC50, 15.0–20.0 nM). A significant increase (1.7-fold) in ART absorption (AUC0-t) was found in rats after a single oral dose of equivalent ART in PE but not in EA; however, no significant change in the metabolic capability (AUCART-M/AUCART) was found for ART in either extract. The differential component analysis of the two extracts showed a higher composition of sesquiterpene compounds, especially component AB (3.0% in PE vs. 0.9% in EA) and component AA (14.1% in PE vs. 5.1% in EA). Two target sesquiterpenes were isolated and identified as arteannuin B (AB) and artemisinic acid (AA). The synergism between ART and AB/AA in the same proportion with PE extract (20:1.6:7.6, mg/kg) was verified by a pharmacokinetic study in rats. ConclusionsA "top-down" strategy based on PD-PK studies was successfully employed to identify synergistic components for ART in A. annua. Two sesquiterpene compounds (arteannuin B and artemisinic acid) could enhance the antimalarial potency of ART by increasing its absorption.