Ethanolic Leaf Extract Research Articles

Effectiveness of Calina Papaya Leaf Ethanol Extract on The Red Blood Profile of Wistar Rats Exposed to Cigarette Smoke

Cigarette smoke is a source of exogenous free radicals that can affect the blood. Calina Papaya leaves contain secondary metabolites that act as antioxidants. The purpose of the study was to analyze the antioxidant activity of ethanol extract of Calina Papaya leaves using DPPH method and to analyze the difference in red blood profile of wistar rats exposed to cigarette smoke after administration of Calina Papaya Leaves Ethanol Extract (CPLEE). The research method used 24 wistar rats with oral administration of CPLEE for 23 days and exposure to cigarette smoke for 15 days. There are 4 treatments, namely rats not exposed to cigarette smoke and given distilled water (K), rats exposed to cigarette smoke (KN), rats given CPLEE 100 mg/Kg BW then exposed to cigarette smoke (P1) and rats given CPLEE 200 mg/Kg BW then exposed to cigarette smoke (P2). Parameters observed were red blood profile (erythrocyte number, hemoglobin, hematocrit, MCV, MCH, MCHC, RDW). Blood was collected through the orbital sinus and analyzed using a hematology analyzer. Data were analyzed using one way ANOVA and Duncan Multiple Range Test (P<0.05). The results showed the IC50 value of the extract was 1,194.1 ppm while ascorbic acid was 22.92 ppm. The number of erythrocytes, MCV, MCH and RDW showed significant differences between groups with the highest treatment in P1. The conclusion shows that the antioxidant activity of CPLEE is very weak compared to ascorbic acid but the red blood profile (erythrocytes, MCV, MCH, MCHC, RDW) in treatment P1 is higher than other treatments.

Antimicrobial Effect of Cinnamomum verum Leaf Extract on Fungus and MDR Bacteria

Multi-drug resistance is a major concern to medical science across the globe. The inability of most drugs to destroy different pathogenic bacteria and fungi demands the use of natural products like phytochemicals to treat various infections. At this juncture, Cinnamomum verum is an active agent against various bacteria and fungi. C. verum or true cinnamon is widely used as a spice. It has several medicinal values and is widely accepted as traditional medicine. Cinnamaldehyde is the most active compound of C. verum that is responsible for its antimicrobial activity. In this study, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of C. verum leaf ethanolic extract was determined against different bacteria and fungi along with ethanol as a control. The extract showed remarkable antifungal action on Candida albicans and antibacterial action against Pseudomonas aeruginosa with a MIC value of only 0.039 mg/ml. The MIC value against other microorganisms ranges from 0.78 mg/ml to 25mg/ml. C. verum leaf extract can be used as an effective antimicrobial agent in fungal and bacterial infections.

Antimycobacterial and Anticancer Properties of Myrtus communis Leaf Extract.

Plant-derived products or extracts are widely used in folk/traditional medicine to treat several infections, ailments, or disorders. A well-known medicinal herb, Myrtus communis is an evergreen fragrant plant native to the Mediterranean region that has been used for ages in traditional medicine around the world. The microplate alamarBlue assay and the well diffusion method were used to evaluate the zone of inhibition and MIC, respectively. The double-disc diffusion method was used to investigate the synergy between antibiotics and the extract. The crystal violet method was used to investigate biofilm development. The SulphoRhodamine-B assay and DNA flow cytometry were used to investigate the proliferation and subsequent distribution of cells among different phases of the cell cycle. The apoptotic and necrotic phases of the cancer cells were examined using flow cytometry in conjunction with Annexin V-FITC/PI labeling. Using the IBM SPSS statistical program, a one-way ANOVA with Tukey's post hoc test was employed for statistical analysis. The ethanolic leaf extract of M. communis showed a strong growth inhibition effect (zone of inhibition: 20.3 ± 1.1-26.3 ± 2.5 mm, MIC: 4.88-312.5 µg/mL, and MBC: 39.07-1250 μg/mL) against several rapidly growing and slow-growing mycobacterial strains in a dose-dependent manner. Damage to the cell wall of bacterial cells was determined to be the cause of the antimycobacterial action. The extract inhibited biofilm formation (MBIC of 9.7 µg/mL) and eradicated already-formed mature and ultra-mature biofilms of M. smegmatis, with MBEC values of 78 µg/mL and 156 µg/mL, respectively. Additionally, the extract exhibited potent anticancer effects against diverse cancer cell lines of the breast (MCF-7), liver (HepG2), cervix (HeLa), and colon (HCT116) (IC50 for HCT116: 83 ± 2.5, HepG2: 53.3 ± 0.6, MCF-7: 41.5 ± 0.6, and HeLa: 33.3 ± 3.6) by apoptosis after arresting the cells in the G1 phase of the cell cycle. These results suggest that M. communis leaf extract is a potential source of secondary metabolites that could be further developed as potential anticancer and antimycobacterial agents to treat diverse types of cancers and mycobacterial infections.

Inducing Effect of Corylus avellana on Cytotoxic Activity in Lung and Breast Cancer Cells via Apoptosis

Turkish hazelnut (Corylus avellana L. cv Tombul) is a widely used nut in the chocolate industry and is also rich in polyphenol content, which promises anticancer effects. The anti-cancer and apoptotic effects of hazelnut leaves extracts examined on lung and breast cancer cells. Sulforhodamine B (SRB) and Adenosine 5’- triphosphate (ATP) assays were carried out for cell viability measurement. The mode of cell death was shown morphologically by the double fluorescence staining. Apoptosis was determined by performing caspase-mediated cytokeratin 18 (M30 ELISA) and western blot analysis. PARP, caspase 3, caspase 8, DR4, and GAPHD (Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate Dehydrogenase) protein bands were visualized as markers of apoptosis. A wound healing test was employed to measure cell migration. Methanol extract of hazelnut leaf exhibited inhibition of cell growth activities in a dose-dependent manner. IC50 values were determined as 32.17 µg/ml in MCF-7, 32.16 µg/ml in MDA-MB-231, 20.40 µg/ml in A549 and 12.04 µg/ml in H1299 cells for ethanol extract while it was determined as 21.08 µg/ml in MCF-7, 40.16 µg/ml in MDA-MB-231, 22.04 µg/ml in A549 and 5.91 µg/ml in H1299 cells in methanol extract. In comparison, methanol leaf extracts were more effective in H1299 cells (IC50 value was 5.91 µg/ml).In comparison, ethanol leaf extracts were more effective in H1299 cells (IC50 value was 9.722 µg/ml). Western blot analysis demonstrated that hazelnut leaf extract treatment of cancer cells led to cell death via apoptosis and inhibited cell migration in lung and breast cancer cell lines. The cytotoxic effects of hazelnut extract on breast and lung cancer cells might be valuable and promising in elucidating cell death mechanisms for the development of new methods in cancer treatment.

Nephroprotective effect of sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) leaves ethanol extract on gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats.

Kidney damage is commonly attributed to using certain drugs, such as gentamicin, which causes elevated kidney parameters in blood and damage to renal tissue. This damage is often a result of oxidative stress, but it can be mitigated by using antioxidants. Several studies proved the potential of sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) leaves as an antioxidant. Therefore, this experiment aimed to examine the nephroprotective action of sugarcane leaves. Twenty-five Wistar rats were separated into the normal, negative, and sugarcane leaf extract (SLE) (200, 400, and 600 mg/kg BW) groups. The animals were handled for 8 days, and then, the blood and tissue were collected 24 h later. The results revealed that SLE prevents increased creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, uric acid, and malondialdehyde levels. The histology analysis indicated that the extract improved kidney morphology and histopathology. Sugarcane leaves have the potential to be a nephroprotective agent.

Effect of neem leaf extract (Azadirachta indica) in reducing the degree of parasitemia and apoptosis in C57BL mice with cerebral malaria.

Brain malaria, which results from Plasmodium falciparum infection, is responsible for substantial fatalities and health issues. These processes, including cytoadherence, rosetting, and sequestration, induce an immune response, hypoxia, brain microvascular obstruction, disruption of the blood-brain barrier, and cell death. Parasitemia level can reveal the presence of infection and its association with apoptosis-related genes. Neem (Azadirachta indica) leaves with antimalarial properties could replace ineffective Indonesian malaria medications. This study was designed to evaluate the impact of neem leaf extract on cerebral malaria-induced parasitemia and neuron cell apoptosis in mice through an in vivo approach. 13-16 weeks old C57BL mice received infection by Plasmodium berghei strain ANKA. Parasitemia was estimated daily from the mice's tail blood. 8 mg, 12 mg, and 16 mg of a 96% ethanolic neem leaf extract were orally given for 6 days. Healthy, positive, and negative controls were included for treatment comparisons. On the 7th day, brain tissue was analyzed for (p > 0.05) gene expression. Through immunohistochemistry, both cell apoptosis in neurons expressing caspase-3 within a brain sample and the degree of parasitemia in a blood smear were assessed. The Pearson correlation test and one-way analysis of variance were employed to analyze the data. Neem leaf extract reduces parasitemia and neuron cell apoptosis at multiple dosages (p < 0.000). Apoptosis in brain neurons and parasitemia show a strong positive correlation (r = +0.939). Neem leaf extract at doses of 12 and 16 mg was the most effective in reducing parasitemia levels and causing cell death. Neem leaf therapy significantly reduced the degree of parasitemia and cell apoptosis in C57BL mice compared with the control group without treatment (p = 0.05). This shows that neem leaves have the potential to be a candidate drug for malaria.

Effects of Standardized Aqueous Ethanolic Extract of Leaves of Ficus Deltoidea var. Trengganuensis on Blood Pressure in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats

Background: Laboratory evidence pertaining to the antihypertensive activity of a number of Ficus deltoidea (FD) varieties remains undetermined, although extracts of some of these varieties have been shown to have angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity in vitro. Objective: This study, therefore, evaluated the effect of a standardized aqueous-ethanolic extract of leaves of Ficus deltoidea var. trengganuensis (FDT) on blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Methods: SHR were given either to 800, 1000 or 1200 mg kg-1 body weight of standardized aqueous- ethanolic extract of FDT or 10 mg kg-1 body weight of losartan or 0.5 ml of distilled water daily for four weeks. Results: SBP decreased significantly in FDT- and losartan-treated rats (p &lt; 0.05). Components of RAAS and other serum and urinary parameters were not different between the groups except for Endothelin-1, which was significantly lower than that in the controls. Urinary calcium excretion was significantly higher in FDT-treated rats (p &lt; 0.05). Conclusion: It seems that daily oral administration of FDT significantly lowers blood pressure in SHR through mechanisms that do not involve RAAS but may involve the endothelium or other yetto- be-determined mechanisms.

Acute exposure of zebrafish (Danio rerio) adults to psychotria carthagenensis leaf extracts: chemical profile, lack of genotoxicity and histological changes

Psychotria carthagenensis is a shrubby plant, often consumed by traditional populations in religious rituals. Previous studies have shown that this plant’s infusion can inhibit the activity of Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in rats. Despite the therapeutic potential, there is a lack of research regarding its possible toxicological and genotoxic effects. Hence, this study aimed to analyze the chemical profile of the ethanol extract from P. carthagenensis leaves by LC-DAD-MS and assess its possible toxicity and genotoxicity in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Adult zebrafish (N = 9/group) were exposed at different concentrations and the LC50 was calculated. Frequencies of micronucleus (MN) and nuclear abnormalities (NA) were estimated for genotoxic effects, and degree of tissue changes (DTC) was used to assess the liver and gill histopathology. From the LC-DAD-MS analyses, the identified compounds included N-fructosyl valine, ethyl hexoside, 5-O-E-caffeoylquinic acid, N-feruloylagmatime, roseoside, di-O-deoxyhexoyl-hexosyl quercetin, loiolide, and oleamide. The calculated values of LC50 did not vary significantly during the time of exposure. At the concentrations of 1.25, 2.5, 3.75, 5, 7.5, 10 and 15 mg/L, there was no genotoxicity, and only low to moderate toxicity for the tissues was observed, despite mortality of 100% at doses of 20–100 mg/L of P. carthagenensis ethanolic leaf extract. There were changes in cytoplasm of hepatocytes at 1.25 mg/L, and karyorrhexis, karyolysis and megalocytosis at 10 mg/L. In the gills, the alterations were primary lamellar hyperplasia in all concentrations, and at 10 mg/L, secondary lamellar edema and vascular hyperemia were common. Additionally, the chemical composition of P. carthagenensis was expanded.

Uji Toksisitas Akut Ekstrak Etanol Daun Alpukat (Persea americana Mill.) dan Pengaruhnya Terhadap Hepar Mencit BALB/c

Avocado leaf ethanol extract as a traditional medicine has been proven to have various pharmacological activities, but the safety of its use is not yet known. This study aims to determine the range of LD50 values, toxic symptoms, changes in body weight, and SGPT SGOT levels of Balb/c mice. The research was carried out experimentally using a fixed dose toxicity test method with a randomized matched pre and post-test control group design. EEDA is made by 70% ethanol maceration. The acute toxicity test consists of 2 stages: preliminary and main tests. Preliminary tests were carried out with a dose of extract 300 mg/kg BW once administered. After 24 hours of observation, there were no toxic symptoms, the test dose was increased to 2000 mg/kg BW. The main test was carried out using 10 test animals which were divided into 2 groups, each given a dose of extract 2000 mg/kg BW once and CMC Na 1% (negative control). Observation of toxic symptoms and death was carried out for 14 days. The LD50 value is determined from the results of toxic symptoms and death of test animals. Toxic symptoms were analyzed descriptively, and changes in body weight and SGOT SGPT levels were analyzed statistically (95% confidence level). The research results show that avocado leaf ethanol extract has an LD50 value range of &gt;2000 mg/kg BW. The test dose of 2000 mg/kg BW did not cause toxic symptoms and death. SGOT and SGPT levels were still within normal limits, however, changes in SGPT levels were significantly different from controls. Thus, an extract dose of 2000 mg/kg BW has an acute toxic effect on the liver of mice.

Phytochemical investigation, in vitro antimalarial and cytotoxicity assessment of ethanol leaf extract of Sabicea gigantistipula

Phytochemical, in vitro antimalarial and cytotoxicity assessment of ethanol leaf extract of Sabicea gigantistipula (Schum) was investigated on the basis of the usage of the leaves of the plant in traditional medicine by Idoma tribe in Otukpo Benue State and other parts of Northern Nigeria to treat malaria disease. Crude ethanol leaf extract obtained from the plant was fractionated and screened for their antiplasmodial activity (in vitro), existence of bioactive secondary metabolites and for activities in the Artemia salina Leah (Brine Shrimp) lethality assay for cytotoxicity profile. In the phytoconstituents screening, ethanol leaf extract shows the presence of saponins, tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids and steroids. At the maximum test dose of 5000 µg/ml, ethanol extract and its fractions revealed antiplasmodial suppression activity in the range of 85.25% - 91.80% while at the minimum dose of 500 µg/ml, the extract and fractions exhibited malaria parasites percentage elimination activity in the range of 64.75 % - 77.00% showing that the extract and fractions under investigation were less active when compared with the percentage parasitic inhibition of the standard drug at highest concentration of 5000 µg/ml (93.44%) and at the least dosage of 500 µg/ml (81.97%). Interestingly, extract and its fractions were non-cytotoxic as they all exhibited LC50 values &gt; 1000 µg/ml since an extract or its fractions is considered non-cytotoxic if its LC50 value is greater than 1000 µg/ml. The findings of this research supports the continuous use of the extract from the leaves of Sabicea gigantistipula to cure malaria infection (as an antimalarial herb) as it has wide range of safety at relatively low/moderate dose and not at unregulated high dosage. Also, studies on the in vivo antiplasmodial and cytotoxicity of the extract/compounds from the leaf of the crude extract are worthy of further investigations.

Histopathological alterations caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae infection in rabbits and the preventive effects of whole sonicated killed antigen and Albizia lebbeck extract

Background. The purpose of this study is to estimate the protective capability of ethanolic Albizia lebbeck leaf extract against Klebsiella pneumoniae contagion in rabbits. Methods. The animals gathered into three groups each group contain eight albino rabbits were received the following: subcutaneously group one was received Killed Whole Cell Sonicated Antigen-Klebsiella pneumoniae (KWCSAg-KP); group two was orally received ethanolic Albizia lebbeck leaf extract and KWCSAg-KP subcutaneously; group three was quit as control group was given PBS subcutaneously. The rabbit groups were orally challenged by 1.5 × 108 CFU/ml Klebsiella pneumoniae then the rabbit were immolated ten days post-challenge for pathological changes. Spleen, liver, intestine and kidney were examined for histopathological alterations. Intestine, liver, kidney and spleen were examined for pathological changes. Results. The results revealed that the 2nd group had the least histopathological alterations with moderate infiltration of inflammatory cells in addition to no any abnormality detected in the kidney as well as the liver. The KWCSAg-KP group revealed sloughing with mild superficial inflammation in the lamina propria and mild vacuolation of the hepatocytes in the centrilobular area in addition to moderate white pulp hyperplasia in the spleen. The control group showed sever changes of inflammation, vacuolation, intestinal hemorrhage and congestion of the hepatic veins as well as hemosiderosis of the red pulp in the spleen. Conclusion. Albizia lebbeck leaf extract revealed to give an appropriate protection against inflammation as well as damage of virulent Klebsiella pneumoniae contagion in comparison to both of KWCSAg-KP and control groups.

Synthesis and Characterization of Ethanolic Extract of Red Betel Leaf as an Antiseptic Gel

Synthesis and Characterization of Ethanolic Extract of Red Betel Leaf as an Antiseptic Gel

Evaluation of valoneic acid and the cytostasis properties of lagerstroemia speciosa ethanolic leaf extract on the accumulation of MPS in the complete blood count of the albino rats

Evaluation of valoneic acid and the cytostasis properties of lagerstroemia speciosa ethanolic leaf extract on the accumulation of MPS in the complete blood count of the albino rats

Nephroprotective Potentials of Ethanol Leaf Extract of Balakat Tree (Ziziphus Talanai) (Blanco) Merrill. Against Gentamicin- Induced Nephrotoxicity in Male Icr Mice (Mus Musculus L.)

Renal dysfunction can be caused by antibiotic drugs like Gentamicin, which can induce lipid peroxidation, increase free radical synthesis, and decrease antioxidant activity, leading to kidney failure. In the antiques, Philippines, an endemic species of Ziziphus, Ziziphus talanai (Balakat tree), is used as a traditional medicine to treat kidney problems. Phytochemical screening of the ethanol leaf extract of the Balakat tree revealed its potential as a nephroprotective agent. Twelve 6- to 8-week-old male ICR mice were divided into four groups, and treatments were administered for 18 days. Gentamicin was administered intraperitoneally, whereas water, leaf extract, and garlic supplement were administered via oral gavage. The ethanolic leaf extract of the Balakat tree exhibited little potential as a nephroprotective agent at the single dosage used (0.3ml/20g bw), and further studies involving higher doses are recommended. These findings suggest that the ethanolic leaf extract of the balakat tree has potential as a nephroprotective agent. Further studies with higher doses are recommended.

Pengaruh Pemberian Fraksi n-Heksan Ekstrak Etanol Daun Kelor (Moringa oleifera L.) Terhadap Kadar Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL) Tikus Jantan Galur Sprague dawley

Introduction: Moringa leaves are a plant that has many benefits. Moringa leaf ethanol extract contains several chemical compounds, such as alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolics, triterpenoids, and tannins. Flavonoids function to reduce total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol. Objectives: Study This aims to determine the effect of giving fraction-hexane ethanol extract of Moringa leaves (Moringa oleifera L.) against the rate of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) on male rat strain Sprague Dawley given high-fat feed. Methods: This research uses a pre-test and post-test control group design. Thirty-six male white mice Sprague Dawley were given high-fat meals and then divided into six groups: group I was the standard group; Group II, the negative control, was assigned CMC Na 1%. Group III, the positive control, was given 10 mg of simvastatin. Groups IV, V, and VI were given the n-hexane fraction of the ethanol extract of the leaves Moringa (FHDK) with successive doses of 3.722 mg/kg BW; 7.444 mg/kg BW, and 14,888 mg/kg BW, which had previously been screened for phytochemicals. Results: The results of the phytochemical screening of the n-hexane fraction showed it was positive for containing alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and beta-sitosterol. Based on level measurements of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) in test animals measured before (pre-test) and after 14 days of intervention (post-test). The results showed that the n-hexane fraction of Moringa leaf ethanol extract was able to reduce LDL levels in groups IV, V, and VI respectively by as much as29,95 % ± 5,13; 75,61 % ± 8,63 and88,22 % ± 5.75. Simvastatin (group 3) amounted to 89,13 % ± 5.88. Based on statistical analysis after this LSD test showed that group VI could reduce LDL levels comparable to group III (Sig.0.792 &gt; 0.05) Conclusion: This research concludes that the n-hexane fraction of the ethanol extract of Moringa leaves can reduce LDL levels with an optimal dose of 14.888 mg/kgBB in mice, which is comparable to 10 mg simvastatin.

Investigating the Impact of Surfactant and Cosolvent on the Polyphenolic Content in Arumanis Mango Leaf Extract (Mangifera indica L.)

The leaf of Mangifera indica L. contains flavonoids and mangiferin which showed positive effects on wound healing of diabetic ulcer. The used of suitable surfactant and co-solvent is required to ensure the high solubility of the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API), thereby optimizing the efficacy. This study aims to determine the ideal surfactant and cosolvent for a thermosensitive hydrogel formula of Mangifera indica leaf ethanol extract. The leaf was fextracted by maceration using 70% ethanol then determined for moisture content. The extract was prepared for solubility tests of flavonoid and mangiferin on surfactants (Kolliphor® EL, Tween® 20, Tween® 80, Miranol® C2M) and co-solvents (Glycerin, PEG 400, and transcutol). Methods for total flavonoids content were Spectrophotometry UV-Vis and mangiferin with RP-HPLC method. The moisture content in the extract is 8.590 ± 0.754%. The surfactant demonstrating the highest capability in flavonoid dissolution is Tween 20 (1863.750 ± 0.838 µgQE/g extract), followed by Tween 80, Kolliphor EL, and Miranol C2M. In the context of co-solvents, PEG 400 (1309.583 ± 0.292 µgQE/g extract) show superior flavonoid dissolution capability, with glycerin and Transcutol following in descending order. Tween 20 and Tween 80 exhibite comparable efficacy in mangiferin dissolution, followed by Miranol C2M and Kolliphor EL. Among co-solvents, Transcutol demonstrate the highest aptitude for mangiferin dissolution, succeeded by PEG 400 and glycerin. This study indicates Tween 20 is a preferable surfactant and PEG 400 was considered as co-solvent to be further used in a thermosensitive gel formula for diabetic ulcer.Â

Pandanus amaryllifoius Roxb. Leaves Ethanol Extract Ameliorates Lipid and Proinflammatory Cytokines Profiles in a Rat Model of Dyslipidemia.

Dyslipidemia has currently become a major health challenge that still opens for safer and more effective modes of treatment. The plant Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb. (pandan) has been indicated to contain active ingredients that interfere with the pathological pathway of dyslipidemia. The aim of the study was to test the effects of pandan leaves ethanol extract on lipid and proinflammatory profiles in a rat dyslipidemic model. Dyslipidemia was induced by administration of high-fat feed for 8 weeks. Treatments (vehicle, the reference drug simvastatin at 1.8 mg/kg, and extract at 200, 300 or 600 mg/kg) were given for 4 weeks following the completion of induction. Significant post-treatment decreases in total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein (LDL), and triglyceride levels in groups receiving all doses of extract and simvastatin were observed. Similar results were also found in regards to proinflammatory cytokines levels. Pandan extracts significantly lowered the concentrations of IL-6, TNF-α, and NFκB p65. Characterization of metabolite contents of the extract confirmed the presence of the previously suggested active alkaloids pandamarilactonine-A and B. Taken together, results of the present study implied the ameliorating effects of pandan leaves ethanol extract in dyslipidemic condition which is potential for opening an avenue in combating this essential component of metabolic disorder.

Isolation and Characterization of Flavonol glycoside as Antioxidant and Antidiabetic Compounds from Ebony (DiospyroscelebicaBakh.)Leaf Ethanol Extract

Isolation and Characterization of Flavonol glycoside as Antioxidant and Antidiabetic Compounds from Ebony (DiospyroscelebicaBakh.)Leaf Ethanol Extract

Phytochemical analysis of bioactive compounds in ethanol leaf extract of Moringa oleifera [Lam.]

Phytochemical analysis of bioactive compounds in ethanol leaf extract of Moringa oleifera [Lam.]

Multilevel Categoric-One Factor Optimization Of Cremophor Rh 40 As Surfactant in Cream With Calabash (Crescentia cujete Linn) Leaves Ethanolic Extract

Indonesia's location on the equator is exposed to a high UV index, which triggers various health problems due to ultraviolet radiation, including melanoma. Melanoma is the 5th deadliest cancer that develops from the malignant transformation of melanin in oxidative stress conditions. Therefore, antioxidants are needed. Calabash is a natural exogenous antioxidant with an IC₅₀ value of 80.21 µg/mL (strong activity). Optimal formulations of cream containing calabash are determined by the concentration of ingredients and the selection of comprehensive analytical methods. This research aims to optimize cream preparations of calabash leaves ethanol extract with varying concentrations of Cremophor RH 40 as a surfactant using the multilevel categoric-one factor method. The cream was made with Cremophor RH 40 concentrations of 5%, 10%, and 15%. The cream was made by mixing the water phase (Nipagin, Glycerine, and Aquadest) and the oil phase (Cremophor RH 40, BHT, IPM, Cetostearyl alcohol, and Nipasol) after both phases reached a temperature of 60ºC in mixer speed no 1 for 15 minutes then followed by adding calabash leaves ethanolic extract until a homogeneous cream was formed. The parameters observed were organoleptic, homogeneity, the type of cream, pH, viscosity, dispersibility, and adhesion. The viscosity, dispersibility, and adhesion were chosen as the parameters for the formula optimization. The cream of calabash ethanolic extract was shown as green, homogeneous semi-solid with a soft texture and distinctive aroma, and was an oil-in-water (O/W) type cream. The average pH of 5.6 was suitable for facial skin. The viscosity value increased with increasing surfactant concentration while dispersibility decreased. The results of formula optimization obtained the optimum formula was FIII with a concentration of Cremophor RH 40 of 15% and a desirability value of 0,896.