Ethanol Extract Of Fruit Research Articles

Free Radicals scavenging potency of ethanolic fruit extract of Selim pepper (Xylopia aethiopica)

Free Radicals scavenging potency of ethanolic fruit extract of Selim pepper (Xylopia aethiopica)

PENGARUH ANTIBAKTERI SEDIAAN SABUN WAJAH CAIR EKSTRAK ETANOL DAUN BELIMBING WULUH (Averrhoa bilimbi L) TERHADAP Staphylococcus aureus METODE DIFUSI

Facial soap used to clean the face from exposure to dust, pollution, dirt, reduce sebum on the face and eradicate bacteria that can cause acne. Star fruit leaves are efficacious in healing several diseases, such as purulent skin inflammation, boils and medicine for gout. Phytochemical of star fruit leaves contain alkaloid, flavonoid, saponin, tannin and steroid compounds that can inhibit bacterial growth. This study aims to determine the effect of liquid facial soap containing of star fruit leaf extract (Averrhoa bilimbi L) on the growth of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria by diffusion method.This study used a Quasi Experiment research design. The population in this study were wuluh star fruit leaves. The sample used is star fruit leaf extract which is made into liquid facial soap preparations with concentrations of 5%, 10%, 15% and 20%. This antibacterial testing method uses the Kirby-Bauer diffusion method. The results of antibacterial research obtained the average diameter of the inhibition zone at 5% concentration of 10.60 mm, 10% concentration of 11.20 mm, 15% concentration of 12.10 mm, and 20% concentration of 13.23 mm. Based on the diameter of the inhibition zone formed at concentration of 5% is categorized as a moderate response and at concentration of 10%, 15% and 20% is categorized as a strong response.The results of simple linear regression statistical analysis obtained p value = 0.000 < α 0.05 which means Ha is accepted, which means that there is a significant effect on the preparation liquid facial soap ethanol extract of star fruit leaves (Averrhoa bilimbi L) against the growth of Staphylococcus aureus diffusion method.

Evaluation of the phytochemical Constituent, acute toxicity and antiulcer activity of Duranta erecta fruit extracts

ABSTRACT The phytochemical constituents, acute toxicity, and antiulcer activity of Duranta erecta fruit extracts were determined in rodents. The antiulcer activity was tested utilizing a pylorus ligation. For the pylorus ligation-induced ulcer model, positive controls received ranitidine 10 mg kg−1. The negative controls were given ethanol (1 mL). The hydroethanolic fruit extracts of D. erecta demonstrated no mortality or notable behavioral effects up to 5000 mg kg−1. The crude ethanol fruit extract of D. erecta demonstrated antiulcer effects on pyloric ligation in rats at 500 and 1000 mg kg−1 doses. The values obtained at 1000 mg kg−1 dose are equivalent to those obtained with ranitidine.

Antibacterial Bioactivity Test of Bilimbi Fruit Ethanol Extract (Averrhoa bilimbi Linn). Against Propionibacterium acnes, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus

One of the causes of acnes is the bacteria Propionibacterium acnes, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Staphylococcus aureus. An alternative solution to this problem is to develop natural medicines from plants, one of which is the star fruit (Averrhoa bilimbi Linn). The purpose of this study was to test the bioactivity of star fruit against the growth of P. acnes, S. epidermidis, and S. aureus. This research method used an experimental research design with the treatment of A. bilimbi fruit ethanol extract concentrations of 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, and 90%, chloramphenicol antibiotics as control (+), and sterile distilled water as control (-). All treatments were given to P. acnes, S. epidermidis, and S. aureus bacteria using the Kirby Baeur (disc diffusion) method. The results of this study were the effectiveness of the bioactivity compound of the ethanolic extract of A. bilimbi fruit seen on P. acnes and S. epidermidis bacteria with concentrations of 70%, 80%, and 90%. Thus, it can be concluded that A. bilimbi fruit has the potential to be developed as a natural medicine for acne caused by P. acnes and S. epidermidis.

In vitro assessing of Cucumis pubescens Willd. fruit extract for phytochemical, antibacterial, antioxidants and toxicity assays

The Cucumis pubescens Willd. belongs to the family Cucurbitaceae. This is found in its natural habitat as a wild plant. Its fruit extract contains a significant number of phytochemicals, contributing to its antioxidant properties. This fruit is edible and used in various traditional medicines for treating diverse ailments. This study focuses on the phytochemical constituents, antibacterial activity against selected microbes, antioxidant potential, and toxicity to zebrafish embryos, all of which are responsible for imparting the medicinal values of C. pubescens fruit. The ethanolic extract of C. pubescens fruit contains various phytochemical constituents such as alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, phenolics, sugar, tannins, terpenoids, coumarins, proteins, and amino acids. The total phenolic content was found to be 27.745 ± 0.4765 GAE a/g extract, the total flavonoids were found to be 36.205 ± 0.3854 TAE b/g extract, and total tannins were found to be 31.478 ± 0.2478 RE c/g extract. The antibacterial activity showed an increase in zone of inhibition on increasing the concentration of fruit extract, with ampicillin serving as positive control. The antioxidant assays such as DPPH, reducing power assay, percentage of molybdenum assay, H2O2 scavenging assay, and nitric oxide assay were performed using 25,50,75,100, and 125 μg/mL concentrations of the fruit extract. The results revealed that increasing the concentration of the fruit extract and increased the antioxidant activity up to 95 % at higher concentrations. The mortality rate of zebrafish embryo confirmed the nontoxic nature of C. pubescens fruit extract at different concentrations, observed at 24,48,72, and 98 h. This work highlights the presence of phytochemicals in C. pubescens ethanolic fruit extract, which are responsible for its greater antibacterial and antioxidant activities, and exhibits its nontoxicity on the zebrafish embryo model.

Cornus mas L. Extract-Mediated Modulations of the Redox State Induce Cytotoxicity in Schizosaccharomyces pombe

The Cornus mas L. fruit is well known for having a high presence of bioactive substances that include phenolic compounds, anthocyanins, vitamins, flavonoids, carotenoids, and ursolic acid. The health-promoting effects of those substances are mainly associated with their antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. In this study, we investigated the role of Cornus mas L. fruit ethanolic extract on the cell vitality of a model eukaryotic organism, the yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. The effect of Cornus mas L. fruit ethanolic extract on cell viability was determined by analyses of cell growth and cell doubling time during exposure to the extract. To determine the ability of Cornus mas L. to reduce or induce oxidative stress, quantification of intracellular reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde levels was performed. Additionally, the enzyme activity of superoxide dismutase and catalase was evaluated together with the determination of changes in the expression of genes related to oxidative stress response. The data suggest a dose-dependent cytotoxic effect of the Cornus mas L. fruit ethanol extract, as a higher concentration (2%) led to increased oxidative stress and reduced cell viability of S. pombe cells, while a lower concentration (0.5%) showed only a subtle effect on the analyzed parameters. This study provides a new perspective on the possible antimicrobial or medicinal properties of Cornus mas L. fruit ethanol extract due to its ability to induce oxidative stress in the cell.

Antibacterial activity of Kemloko fruit ethanol extract (Phyllanthus emblica L.) against Staphylococcus aureus and MRSA bacteria

Background: Indonesia is a tropical country, so the prevalence of infectious diseases caused by bacteria remains high. On the other hand, the high use of antibacterial ingredients in Indonesia causes bacterial resistance to existing antibacterial drugs. One of the herbal plants that some people widely use is Kemloko fruit. This study aimed to determine the activity of Kemloko fruit (Phyllanthus emblica L.) ethanol extract against the growth of Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bacteria. Methods: Simplicia of Kemloko fruit were tested for secondary metabolites and characterization test of the simplicia. The antibacterial activity test was carried out using the diffusion method, where the disc paper was immersed in the test solution with the ratio of the test concentration. Results: The results of phytochemical screening showed that the secondary metabolite compounds of Kemloko fruit are alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, tannins, saponins, and glycosides. Antibacterial activity of ethanol extract of Kemloko fruit with agar diffusion method effectively inhibits S. aureus bacteria, namely at a concentration of 80 mg/ml, the inhibition zone is 14.1 mm, and at a concentration of 100 mg/ml, MRSA bacteria obtained an inhibition zone of 14.3 mm. Conclusions: The ethanol extract inhibits the growth of S. aureus and MRSA.

Vasodilation Effects of Ketapang (<i>Terminalia catappa</i> Linn) Fruit on Aortic Rings Rat

Hypertension is an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Hypertension requires long-term treatment to keep blood pressure under control. Exploration found that antihypertensive drugs have economic value. East Kalimantan is rich in medicinal plant diversity and needs to be explored to discover new drugs for hypertension. Ketapang fruit (Terminalia catappa Linn) has the potential to have a vasodilation effect so research is needed to explore vasodilation activity in vitro. This research to determine the vasodilation activity of Terminalia catappa fruit using isolated aortic ring bioassay. Twelve Wistar rats were used for bioassays isolated aortic ring with endothelium. The aortic rings is precontracted with phenylephrine. This study used two test groups, Control group and Terminalia catappa fruit ethanol extract group (FTC). The FTC and Control concentrations were given cumulatively in chamber of isolated aortic ring. Log concentration -2 FTC (-11.8 ± 3.5)% and Control (0.0 ± 0.0)%, p = 0,002; log concentration -1,5 FTC (-22.8 ± 2.5)% and Control (0.0 ± 0.0)%, p = 0,002; log concentration -1,0 FTC (-41.5 ± 2.8)% and Control (0.0 ± 0.0)%, p = 0,002; log concentration -0,5 FTC (-58.7 ± 3.1)% and Control (0.0 ± 0.0)%, p = 0,002; log concentration 0 FTC (-79.0 ± 3.4)% and Control (0.0 ± -1.9)%, p = 0,001; log concentration 0,5 FTC (-93.8 ± 3.0)% and Control (0.2 ± 1.5)%, p = 0,002. FTC causes vasodilation in isolated rat aortic rings with endothelium.

A View on the Chemical and Biological Attributes of Five Edible Fruits after Finishing Their Shelf Life: Studies on Caco-2 Cells.

We studied five common perishable fruits in terms of their polyphenols dynamic, minerals distribution, scavenger activity and the effects of 50% ethanolic extracts on the viability of Caco-2 cells in vitro, over a period of time between T = 0 and T = 5/7 days, typically the end of their shelf life. Altogether, there were few changes found, consisting of either an increase or a decrease in their chemical and biological attributes. A slow decrease was found in the antioxidant activity in apricot (-11%), plum (-6%) and strawberry (-4%) extracts, while cherry and green seedless table grape extracts gained 7% and 2% antioxidant potency, respectively; IC50 values ranged from 1.67 to 5.93 μg GAE/μL test extract. The cytotoxicity MTS assay at 24 h revealed the ability of all 50% ethanol fruit extracts to inhibit the Caco-2 cell viability; the inhibitory effects ranged from 49% to 83% and were measured at 28 µg GAE for strawberry extracts/EES, from 22 µg to 45 µg GAE for cherry extracts/EEC, from 7.58 to 15.16 µg GAE for apricot extracts/EEA, from 12.50 to 25.70 µg GAE for plum extracts/EEP and from 21.51 to 28.68 µg GAE for green table grape extracts/EEG. The MTS anti-proliferative assay (72 h) also revealed a stimulatory potency upon the Caco-2 viability, from 34% (EEA, EEG) and 48% (EEC) to 350% (EES) and 690% (EEP); therefore fruit juices can influence intestinal tumorigenesis in humans.

TOTAL FLAVONOID CONTENT AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF YELLOW PUMPKIN (Cucurbita moschata Duch) FRUIT EXTRACT

Pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata Duch) is a food rich in vitamin A, vitamin C, minerals, carbohydrates, and flavonoid compounds. Flavonoids have several pharmacological activities, including as antioxidants to ward off free radicals. This study aims to determine the total flavonoid content and antioxidant activity of pumpkin fruit. The extraction of pumpkin fruit was done by the maceration method in a 70% ethanol solvent. The total flavonoid test used the colorimetric method with a 10% AlCl3 reagent and quercetin as a positive control. Antioxidant activity was tested using the DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) method. The results obtained for the total flavonoid content of the ethanol extract of pumpkin fruit amounted to 1.741 mgQE/g ± 0.2438 and an IC50 value of 379.44 ppm, including the category of weak antioxidant, compared with the positive control.

Evaluation of Sechium edule fruit attenuation impact on the cardiomyopathy of the STZ-induced diabetic rats

Sechium edule, commonly known as chayote is known for its low glycemic index, high fiber content, and rich nutritional profile, which suggests it may be beneficial for individuals with diabetes. While research specifically examining the impact of chayote on diabetes is limited, this study screened its biological impacts by using different biomarkers on streptozotocin-induced diabetic (STZ-ID) rats. The ethanolic extract of the Sechium edule fruits was assessed for different phytochemical, biochemical, and anti-diabetic properties. In the results, chayote extract had high phenolic and flavonoid contents respectively (39.25 ± 0.65 mg/mL and 12.16 ± 0.50 mg/mL). These high phenolic and flavonoid contents showed high implications on STZ-ID rats. Altogether 200 and 400 mg/kg of the extract considerably reduced the blood sugar level and enhanced the lipid profile of the STZ-ID rats. Additionally, they have decreased blood urea and serum creatinine levels. Besides, the levels of SGOT, SGPT, LDH, sodium, and potassium ions were significantly lowered after the administration period. More importantly, the electrocardiogram (ECG) parameters such as QT, RR, and QTc which were prolonged in the diabetic rats were downregulated after 35 days of administration of S. edule extract (400 mg/kg). And, the histological examination of the pancreas and kidney showed marked improvement in structural features of 200 and 400 mg/kg groups when compared to the diabetic control group. Where the increase in the glucose levels was positively correlated with QT, RR, and QTc (r2 = 0.76, r2 = 0.76, and r2 = 0.43) which means that ECG could significantly reflect the diabetes glucose levels. In conclusion, our findings showed that the fruit extract exerts a high potential to reduce artifacts secondary to diabetes which can be strongly suggested for diabetic candidates. However, there is a need to study the molecular mechanisms of the extract in combating artifacts secondary to diabetes in experimental animals.

Biochemical and Histochemical Assessment of the Protective Effects of Aqueous and Ethanol Fruit Extracts of Phoenix Dactylifera on Mercury-Induced Liver Toxicity

Biochemical and Histochemical Assessment of the Protective Effects of Aqueous and Ethanol Fruit Extracts of Phoenix Dactylifera on Mercury-Induced Liver Toxicity

Vasorelaxant and Blood Pressure-Lowering Effects of Cnidium monnieri Fruit Ethanol Extract in Sprague Dawley and Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats.

Cnidium monnieri (L.) Cusson, a member of the Apiaceae family, is rich in coumarins, such as imperatorin and osthole. Cnidium monnieri fruit (CM) has a broad range of therapeutic potential that can be used in anti-bacterial, anti-cancer, and sexual dysfunction treatments. However, its efficacy in lowering blood pressure through vasodilation remains unknown. This study aimed to assess the potential therapeutic effect of CM 50% ethanol extract (CME) on hypertension and the mechanism of its vasorelaxant effect. CME (1-30 µg/mL) showed a concentration-dependent vasorelaxation on constricted aortic rings in Sprague Dawley rats induced by phenylephrine via an endothelium-independent mechanism. The vasorelaxant effect of CME was inhibited by blockers of voltage-dependent and Ca2+-activated K+ channels. Additionally, CME inhibited the vascular contraction induced by angiotensin II and CaCl2. The main active compounds of CM, i.e., imperatorin (3-300 µM) and osthole (1-100 µM), showed a concentration-dependent vasorelaxation effect, with half-maximal effective concentration values of 9.14 ± 0.06 and 5.98 ± 0.06 µM, respectively. Orally administered CME significantly reduced the blood pressure of spontaneously hypertensive rats. Our research shows that CME is a promising treatment option for hypertension. However, further studies are required to fully elucidate its therapeutic potential.

Unveiling the Antioxidant, Cytotoxic, and Anti-Inflammatory Activities and Chemical Compositional Information of an Invasive Plant: Lycium ferocissimum Miers.

In this study, the antioxidant (DPPH and ABTS radical-scavenging, ferric-reducing, iron (II)-chelating), anti-inflammatory (LPS-induced Raw 264.7 cell line), and cytotoxic activities (Du145 and A549 cell lines) of raw fruit, ripe fruit and leaves of the Lycium ferocissimum species were examined. By using high-pressure liquid chromatography, p-OH benzoic acid, caffeic acid, and rutin were detected in the ethanol and water extracts. For the most active raw fruit ethanol extract, the IC50 in terms of the DPPH-scavenging activity was 0.57 mg/mL, and the ABTS inhibition percentage was 88.73% at a 3 mg/mL concentration. The raw fruit ethanol extract exhibited significant inhibition of viability in the Du145 cell line in the concentration range of 62.5-1000 µg/mL. Additionally, the extract effectively reduced the LPS-induced inflammation parameters (TNF-α, IFN-γ, PGE 2, and NO) at a concentration of 31.25 µg/mL. The biological activities of L. ferocissimum, which have been elucidated for the first time, have yielded promising results.

Dosage Evaluation and Antioxidant Activity Test of Lotion of Ethanol Extract of Belimbing Wuluh Leaf (Averrhoa Bilimbi L.)

<div><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="left"><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><p><em>This study aims to make and evaluate the lotion formula from ethanol extract of star fruit leaves (Averrhoa bilimbi L.) and test the antioxidant activity of the lotion. The research method used is experimental, making lotions and testing antioxidant activity from July to October 2023 at the Semi-Solid Preparation Technology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Poltekkes Kemenkes Medan, and Research Laboratory, University of North Sumatra. In the preparation stage, star fruit leaf simplisia was extracted by maceration using a 95% ethanol solvent. The lotion formula was made with ingredients such as PEG 4000, stearyl alcohol, glycerin, sodium lauryl sulfate, coconut oil, nipagin, and distillate water, with varying concentrations of ethanol extract of star fruit leaves. The formulation was evaluated through organoleptic, homogeneity, pH, spreadability, and viscosity tests. The results showed that the lotion produced had a homogeneous shape and aroma to the concentration of ethanol extract. In addition, the pH of the lotion is also within the safe range for human skin. The spreadability test showed the lotion's ability to spread on the skin, which met the requirements for lotions with spreadability values between 5 and 7 cm. The viscosity of the lotion was also by the set standards. Stability tests were conducted to monitor the physical and chemical changes of the lotion over four weeks. The results showed that lotions with 1% and 3% ethanol extract concentrations were stable during the study period. However, the 5% concentration experienced inhomogeneity changes in the third week. In conclusion, lotion with ethanol extract of star fruit leaves at 1% and 3% concentration can produce a good and stable formula. However, the antioxidant activity of the lotion is still in the weak to moderate category. This research contributes to developing plant-based natural cosmetic products for skin care.</em><em></em></p><p><em> </em></p></td></tr></tbody></table></div><p><strong><em>Keywords: Antioxidant Activity, Belimbing Wuluh, Ethanol Extract, Evaluation, Lotion</em></strong></p>

Antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic effects of fruit extract of Hodgsonia heteroclita (Roxb.) Hook. f. & Thomson in diabetic mice

Ethnopharmacological relevanceHodgsonia heteroclita has been known as an important traditionally consumed medicinal plant of North-East India known to have antidiabetic properties. This study aims to investigate the effects of the ethanolic fruit extract of Hodgsonia heteroclita against hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia by using streptozotocin (STZ) treated diabetic mice. Materials and methodsThe fruits of H. heteroclita were collected from the various parts of Kokrajhar district, Assam India (Geographic coordinates: 26°24′3.85″ N 90°16′22.30″ E). Basic morphological evaluations were carried out by the Botanical Survey of India, Eastern circle, Shillong, who also certified and identified the plant. Hexane, chloroform, and ethanolic extracts of the fruit of H. heteroclita were investigated for α-amylase inhibition assay as a rapid screening tool for examining anti-diabetic activity. The efficacy of ethanolic extract at a dose of 100, 200, and 300 mg/kg body weight was tested for 21 days in STZ-induced diabetic mice. The body weight, fasting plasma glucose and serum lipids, and hepatic glycogen levels were measured in experimental animals to examine the antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic efficacy of the extract. Both HPTLC and LC-MS analysis was performed to examine the phyotochemicals present in the ethanolic extract of H. heteroclita. ResultsIt has been observed that treatment with the ethanolic extract dose-dependently reduced the plasma glucose levels, total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein-cholesterol, very low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, triglyceride, and increased the body weight, liver glycogens and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol in STZ treated diabetic mice. HPTLC demonstrated the presence of triterpene compounds and LC-MS analysis revealed the presence Cucurbitacin I, Cucurbitacin E, and Kuguacin G as the triterpene phytoconstituents. ConclusionThe present study demonstrated that ethanolic fruit extract of H. heteroclita improved both glycemic and lipid parameters in mice model of diabetes.

Chemical characterization, safety profile and antileiomyoma effects of Tetrapleura tetraptera Taubert (Fabaceae) fruit ethanol extract in Sprague Dawley rats

BackgroundTetrapleura tetraptera Taubert (Fabaceae) fruits are employed by herbal practitioners in the management of uterine leiomyoma, but its usage in this regard and level of safety in chronic administration has not been sufficiently established. This study evaluated the toxicity effects of T. tetraptera ethanol fruit extract and explored its antileiomyoma effect in female Sprague Dawley (SD) rats.MethodsSub-chronic toxicity test of the extract was done, with biochemical and hematological changes as well as histopathology of organs assessed. Leiomyoma formation was induced in SD rats with monosodium glutamate (MSG) and the extract given at 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg doses, following both the preventive and curative methods. Total serum cholesterol, protein and estradiol were determined, as well as histopathology assessment of the uterus. Phytochemical profiling of the extract was evaluated by analytical high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).ResultsNo significant alterations were seen in the biochemical and hematological indices in the toxicity test. The vital organs showed no changes at 200 mg/kg, but at 800 mg/kg it appeared to induce multiplication of glandular epithelium and stromal fibrosis in the uterus, and induced perivascular inflammation around the vessels of the heart. Total serum cholesterol and estradiol were significantly elevated (P ≤ 0.05) on treating normal female rats with 800 mg/kg MSG. Preventive and curative treatment of MSG-treated animals with the extract significantly decreased the elevated serum cholesterol (P ≤ 0.01) and estradiol (P ≤ 0.05). Histological studies of the uterus showed an amelioration of the proliferating fibroid cells with administration of the extract, which was more evident in the curative treatment. Result of HPLC analysis of the extract revealed rich composition in bioactive compounds such as umbelliferone, ferulic acid, aridanin, echinocystic acid, naringenin and hentriacontane.ConclusionThe ethanol fruit extract of T. tetraptera is relatively safe in Sprague Dawley rats in low doses and has antifibroid potential as seen in its significant reduction in the elevated total cholesterol and estradiol content as well as its ability to decrease uterine leiomyoma proliferation, which may be due to its array of phytochemical constituents.

Bioactivity of Papua Red Fruit Extract (Pandanus conoideus L.) Against Superoxide dismutase, Malondialdehyde and Blood Glucose of Rat (Rattus norvegicus L.) Hyperglycemia

Red fruit (Pandanus conodus L.) is a plant native to Papua, ethnomedical used as a traditional medicine with a wide spectrum of pharmacological effects. However, research on the bioactivity of red fruit is still very poorly reported. The aim of this study was to characterize the bioactive content, antioxidant bioactivity and the effect of lowering blood glucose in hyperglycemic rats. Red fruit has extracted used the maceration method with 95% ethanol. Analysis of active compound content using Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrophotometry (GC MS). Analysis of Malondialdehyde (MDA), Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and blood glucose levels was carried out using the in vivo method using white rats. The research results showed that red fruit ethanol extract contained 173 compounds from six main groups of compounds. Red fruit extract has effective in reducing MDA levels in hyperglycemic mice. K4 and K5 treatments were the best treatments for reducing MDA. Red fruit extract affects the duration of induction of increased SOD in hyperglycemic rats. Treatments K4 and K5 were the best treatments for SOD induction. Red fruit extract affects reducing blood glucose in hyperglycemic mice. Red fruit extract has antioxidant activity and lowers blood glucose. Red fruit extract has the potential to be developed as a source of bioactive antioxidants and antidiabetics.
 
 Keywords: Glucose, hyperglycemia, malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase

Evaluation of analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of ethanolic fruit extract of Terminalia chebula

Analgesic and Anti-inflammatory activities of ethanolic fruit extract of Terminalia chebula was evaluated using tail-flick method, eddy’s hot plate method, acetic acid induced writhing responses and in-vivo anti-inflammatory property was determined using carrageenan rat paw edema. The ethanolic fruit extract of Terminalia chebula at different concentrations significantly inhibited the nociception in comparision with different standard drugs that showed anti-nociception. The test extract also reduced the edema induced in rats using carrageenan paw edema method as compared with the standard drug Diclofenac sodium 10mg/kg. The results obtained in this research study found to be very significant when compared to standard reference drug.

Ameliorative effects and histological assessment of active fractions of ethanolic fruits extract of Raphia hookeri on AlCl3 induced toxicity in rats

Background: Aluminium chloride is a widely distributed element with a well-established toxicity. The study aimed at evaluating ameliorative effects of active fractions and ethanolic fruits extracts of Raphia hookeri on AlCl3-induced toxicity in male rats. The objectives included; determination of liver and kidney function biomarkers, lipid profile, histopathological assessment of the organs. Methods: A total of 110 healthy male rats weighing 180-200 g were grouped into 11 groups of 10 rats each. Group 1: Normal feed and water (normal control). Group 2: AlCl3 only. Group 3: 200 mg/kg b. w of vitamin C. Group 4 and 5: N-hexane fraction at 10 and 20 mg/kg b. w. Group 6 and 7: ethyl acetate fraction at 10 and 20 mg/kg b. w. Group 8 and 9: Aqueous fractions at 10 and 20 mg/kg b. w. Group10 and 11: Ethanol extract at doses of 200 mg/kg b. w and 400 mg/kg b. w. The treatment lasted for 21 days. Results: Results revealed a significant (p˂0.05) decreased in the activities of ALT, AST, ALP, TB, DB and TP. It further revealed a significant (p˂0.05) decrease in urea, creatinine, sodium, potassium and chloride. Also, a significant (p˂0.05) decrease in CHOL, TG, HDL-C, LDL-C was observed. Histopathological assessment of the liver and kidney tissues corroborated the observed changes in enzymes activities. Conclusions: The findings demonstrated ameliorative potentials of active fractions and ethanolic fruit extract of Raphia hookeri against hepatic and renal damage induced by AlCl3 in a dose and time dependent manner.