Ethanolic Leaf Extract Research Articles

Bioactive Potential of Premna esculanta: A Study on Antioxidant, Antimicrobial and Antidiarrheal Efficacy

Article Bioactive Potential of Premna esculanta: A Study on Antioxidant, Antimicrobial and Antidiarrheal Efficacy Hafijul Yousuf, Al Mamun Shohag, Md Shawon Miah, Md Foyzur Rahman and As-Sazzad Mahmud * Department of Pharmacy, Dhaka International University, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh * Correspondence: sazzad.phar@diu.ac; Tel.: +880-1521305611 Received: 20 October 2024; Revised: 9 November 2024; Accepted: 14 November 2024; Published: 10 January 2025 Abstract: Objective: The discovery of the genus Premna and its traditional uses are the result of extensive information gained by living in forest or semi-forest areas and closely observing indigenous populations regarding the therapeutic qualities of plants. This investigation centered on examining the DPPH scavenging, antimicrobial and anti-diarrheal properties of ethanolic leaf extracts. This study aimed to investigate the bioactive components and antibacterial properties of ethanolic leaf extracts and their fractions. Methods: In vitro antioxidant was evaluated by DPPH scavenging assay and the disc diffusion method evaluated antimicrobial efficacy. In vivo screening for antidiarrheal was conducted, the latent period of defecation in castor oil-induced diarrhea in mice assessed antidiarrheal effects. Results: The extract showed an ability to scavenge DPPH with IC50 values of 0.931 µg/mL for Premna esculanta extract and IC50 0.902 µg/mL for ascorbic acid standard. The extract demonstrated significant antimicrobial activity, with inhibition zones ranging from 12–19 mm against various microbial strains, notably Shigella boydii, Shigella dysenteriae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Sarcina lutea, Bacillus subtilis, and Candida albicans, at concentrations of 250 and 500 µg/disc. In anti-diarrheal test, Loperamide (3 mg/kg) reduced total feces and defecation by 56.62% with concentrations of 500 mg/kg. Significant changes were observed in anti-diarrheal studies. Conclusion: Premna esculanta leaf extract demonstrated significant antimicrobial, and antidiarrheal activities.

Nanonization of ethanolic tulsi leaf extract and its major compound eugenol and evaluation of their inhibitory potential against calcium oxalate crystal (a kidney stone component)

Nanonization of ethanolic tulsi leaf extract and its major compound eugenol and evaluation of their inhibitory potential against calcium oxalate crystal (a kidney stone component)

A preliminary investigation of the properties of plantain starch-chitosan composite films containing Panadol leaf extracts

The study explores composite polysaccharide films made from plantain pulp starch and chitosan, incorporating extracts from Panadol leaves of Plectranthus barbatus and Plectranthus caninus to improve physicochemical and antimicrobial properties. Plantain pulp starch was extracted using 25% NaOH and films were created via solvent casting by combining equal volumes of 5% starch and 2.5% chitosan. Phytochemical screening of the ethanolic leaf extracts employed spectroscopic methods. Evaluations included antioxidant capacity, total phenolic and flavonoid contents, water solubility, swelling indices, water vapour transmission rates and optical properties. Antimicrobial activity was tested using the disk diffusion method and plate count agar. Antioxidant activities showed % DPPH inhibition of 74.60 ± 0.05 and 64.77 ± 0.07 for Plectranthus barbatus and Plectranthus caninus, with phenolic contents of 86.56 ± 0.03 and 69.59 ± 0.04 mg/g gallic acid equivalents, and flavonoid contents of 91.25 ± 0.005 and 74.49 ± 0.003 mg/g quercetin equivalents respectively. The composite films exhibited increased opacity, density and moisture content alongside decreased swelling indices. Water solubility varied by component with no significant difference in water vapour transmission rates among the films. Both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria were inhibited by the leaf extracts. The starch-chitosan composite films with leaf extracts demonstrated enhanced physicochemical and antimicrobial properties making them suitable for sustainable food packaging.

Therapeutic potential of Chromolaena odorata, Vernonia amygdalina, and Cymbopogon citratus against pathogenic Bacteria

Antimicrobial resistance poses a global public health threat, compelling the search for alternative treatments, especially in resource-limited settings. The increasing ineffectiveness of traditional antibiotics has intensified the need to explore medicinal plants as viable therapeutic options. This study sought to compare the efficacy of certain medicinal plants used in Owerri, Nigeria, for treating pathogenic bacteria against traditional commercial antibiotics. We tested graded concentrations (25 mg/ml, 50 mg/ml, 75 mg/ml, and 100 mg/ml) of ethanolic extracts of Awolowo leaf (Chromolaena odorata), Bitter leaf (Vernonia amygdalina), and Lemon grass leaf (Cymbopogon citratus) against Salmonella spp, Klebsiella spp, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus employing the agar well diffusion method to measure zones of inhibition. Commercial antibiotics studied included: Pefloxacin, Gentamycin, Ampiclox, Zinnacef, Amoxicillin, Rocephin, Ciprofloxacin, Streptomycin, Septrin and Erythromycin, Sparfloxacin Amoxicillin, Augmentin, and Tarivid. Each experiment was conducted in triplicate to ensure accuracy and reproducibility. Results were analyzed descriptively and presented as mean zones of inhibition and standard deviations. One to three plant species exhibited antibacterial activities (zones of inhibition) across 25–100 mg/ml concentrations. In contrast, some or all antibiotics only exhibited antibacterial activities at 100 mg/ml concentration (none at 25–75 mg/ml concentrations). Zones of inhibition (10.3–14.1 mm) of all three plant species against E.coli and Klebsiella at 100 mg/ml concentration were higher than those of 8–10 antibiotics. C. odorata had shown high zones of inhibition of 11.8 and 11.0 mm against Salmonella spp. and S. aureus at 100 mg/ml concentration, which were higher than those of eight antibiotics. The other two plant species (C. citratus and V. amygdalina) had exhibited low zones of inhibition against Salmonella spp. and S. aureus, which were higher than those of 3 or 4 antibiotics at 100 mg/ml concentration. In general, the antibacterial activities of the three plant species across 25–100 mg/ml concentrations were higher than those of many antibiotics. To a large extent, the efficacy of medicinal plant extracts across different concentrations against bacterial strains was higher than that of many antibiotics. Those plant species have therefore shown some potential to be used as alternative or complementary therapeutics to antibiotics in addressing antibiotic resistance. Since the promising findings were based on an in vitro study, we recommend clinical trials to establish safe and effective doses of those plant extracts in humans.

Phytochemical Screening and Anti-hyperglycemic Effect Test of Ethanol Extract of Waru Leaf (Hibiscus tiliaceus) on Glucose-loaded Mice

Background: The treatment of diabetes mellitus relies on synthetic drugs with various side effects. Therefore, it is necessary to explore alternative treatments with herbal therapies, such as Hibiscus tiliaceus leaves. Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the anti-hyperglycemic effect of an ethanol extract from Hibiscus tiliaceus leaves in glucose-loaded mice. Methods: The initial stage of dried leaf characterization was to ensure the identity, quality, purity, and safety to be used, and then extracted using the maceration method with 70% ethanol solvent. The next step was phytochemical screening to identify secondary metabolite content. The anti-hyperglycemic effect was evaluated using the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) on 25 male mice divided into five treatment groups. The negative control group was given Na CMC 0.5% w/v Na CMC, and the positive control group was administered glibenclamide. The ethanol extract of Hibiscus tiliaceus leaves was administered at doses of 200, 400, and 800 mg/kg. Approximately 200 µL of blood was collected and analyzed for glucose levels. The data were statistically analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with SPSS ver. 25 program. Results: Hibiscus tiliaceus leaves contain alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, and tannins. The highest decrease in blood glucose levels was observed in the ethanol extract group at a dose of 400 mg/kg BW, with a decrease of 78.52%, followed by a dose of 200 mg/kg BW of 76.63%, a dose group of 800 mg/kg BW of 73.48%, and a positive control group (glibenclamide) of 34.68%, which was significantly different from the negative control group (Na CMC 0.5%) (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The ethanol extract of H. tiliaceus has anti-hyperglycemic effects.

Protective Effects of Premna serratifolia L. Leaf Extract Against Gentamicin-Induced Nephrotoxicity in ICR Mice

Many therapeutic drugs, including aminoglycosides, are known to cause nephrotoxicity and impair kidney function. Gentamicin is a type of aminoglycoside commonly used to treat infection caused by gram-negative bacteria, but it can induce nephrotoxicity by accumulation in the proximal convoluted tubules, resulting in stress, degeneration, and injury to the kidney. Although traditional treatments are limited, natural products, such as in Premna serratifolia, have potential for ameliorative bioactivities. This study examined the nephroprotective effects of P. serratifolia ethanolic leaf extract (PSELE) against gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in male ICR mice. Twelve male ICR mice were divided into four groups: normal (T0), negative (T-), 0.3 ml/20 g b.w. PSELE-treated (T1), and 0.5 ml/20 g b.w. PSELE-treated (T2). The kidneys were then extracted, weighed, and subjected to histopathological examination. Results showed that PSELE counteracts gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity by mitigating its effect on weight and kidney tissue alterations in PSELE-treated mice (T1 and T2), with comparable results to normal (T0). The protective effects of the extract were attributed to the phytochemicals that mitigated the oxidative stress of gentamicin. In conclusion, PSELE is a potential therapeutic agent for nephrotoxicity mitigation.

Effect of Ethanol Extract and Ethyl Acetate Fraction of Soursop Leaves administration on Malondialdehyde Levels of Alloxan-Induced Rat Endocrine Cells

Soursop leaves (Annona muricata L.) contain many antioxidant compounds such as phenols and flavonoids that play an active role in inhibiting oxidative stress and can inhibit damage and death in cells, tissues, or organs. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of soursop leaf ethanol extract and ethyl acetate fraction effect on malondialdehyde levels and the quantity of pancreatic endocrine cells in male rats (Mus musculus) induced with alloxan. Method, the test animals were divided into seven groups (n=4). The normal control group was only given feed, the negative control group was given CMC-Na solution, the positive control group was given vitamin C dose of 50 mg/kg.BW, treatment group I was given soursop ethanol extract dose of 50 mg/kg.BW, treatment group II was given soursop ethanol extract dose of 100 mg./kg.BW, ethyl acetate fraction treatment group III was given soursop ethyl acetate fraction dose of 25 mg/kg BW, and treatment group IV was given soursop ethyl acetate fraction dose of 50 mg/kg BW. Results showed that the administration of ethyl acetate fraction of soursop leaves at a dose of 25 mg/kg BW showed the most effective potential significantly (p<0.05) in reducing malondialdehyde levels and cell death. In conclusion, administering ethanol extract and ethyl acetate fraction of soursop leaves to rats which experiencing oxidative stress in their pancreas can stimulate and increase regeneration of endocrine cell in all rat groups. This is proven by a decrease of malondialdehyde levels and the number of necrosis cell necrosis. 1

Antibacterial Effect of Gongronema latifolium Leaf Extract on Staphylococcus aureus Isolates from Skin of Human Subjects in Lafia Metropolis

Antibiotics have been critical in the fight against infectious diseases. However, plants have also been used to treat diseases due to presence of some chemical compounds (active ingredients) that possess medicinal properties. This study investigated the antibacterial effect of Gongronema latifolium (amaranth globe) leaf extract on staphylococcus aureus isolates from the skin of human subjects in Lafia metropolis, Nasarawa State, Nigeria. Aqueous and ethanol leaf extracts of G. latifolium were screened for antibacterial activity against S. aureus isolates using the agar disk diffusion method. A total of forty specimens were collected and S. aureus was isolated using standard biochemical methods. Hospital isolates had the highest lowest percentage sensitivities of 85.71% and 0.00% from 300 mg/mL ethanol and 200 mg/mL aqueous extracts respectively. Also, restaurant isolates had the highest percentage and lowest sensitivities of 83.33% and 0.00% from 300 mg/mL ethanol and 200 mg/mL aqueous extracts respectively. Both extracts showed significant differences observed in their concentration effects against S. aureus isolates from restaurant subjects (p<0.05). MIC was 75 mg/mL for the aqueous extract against isolates obtained from both sources and that for the concentration ranges of 300-9.375 mg/mL and 200-6.25 mg/mL ethanol extract was observed to be 37.5 mg/mL and 50 mg/mL respectively. The result of the study showed that both extracts of G. latifolium have an inhibitory effect proportional to concentration on the test organism S. aureus isolates obtained from both subjects. Hence, ethanol extract of G. latifolium may potentially control skin respiratory and enteric infections caused by S. aureus.

Antidepressant Activity of Ethanol Extract of Cassava Leaves (Manihot esculenta C.) in Male White Mice Using the Forced Swimming Test Method

Depression is a disorder characterized by changes in one's mood and activity patterns that are different than usual. Depression is experienced by teenagers to old age. One of the ways to overcome people's depression is to consume drugs made from herbal ingredients. Cassava leaves are thought to have efficacy as an antidepressant. This study aims to determine the antidepressant effect of cassava leaf extract given orally to male white mice. The extraction was carried out by soxhletation method. The extract obtained was tested for phytochemical content. The antidepressant effect test of cassava leaf extract was carried out using the forced swimming test method with the immobility time parameter. The test animals were divided into 5 groups each consisting of 5 mice. Group 1 was drug control (amitriptyline), group 2 was depression control (CMC Na 0.5%), groups 3, 4, 5 were given ethanol extract of cassava leaves at doses of 125, 250 and 500 mg/KgBb. The result showed that the extract contained flavonoid, alkaloid, saponin and steroid. The results showed that the ethanol extract of cassava leaves at doses of 125 mg/KgBb, 250 mg/KgBb, 500 mg/KgBb had an antidepressant effect, as indicated by the immobility time scores of each group of 28.76%, 35.14% and 44.94%. The ethanol extract of cassava leaf has an optimal effect as an antidepressant in male white mice at a dose of 500 mg/KgBb, equivalent to the control drug amitriptyline.

SKRINING FITOKIMIA FRAKSI AQUA DEST EKSTRAK ETANOL DAUN SALAM Syzygium polyanthum (Wight) Walp.

Diabetes, hypertension, diarrhea, gastritis, and cholesterol can be reduced by Bay Leaves or Syzygium polyanthum (Wight) Walp because of its properties. Knowing the Rf value (aquadest fraction of bay leaf ethanol extract) and secondary metabolite compounds (aquadest fraction) is the research's purpose. Extraction using 96% ethanol solvent with the maceration method, which will be evaporated using a rotary evaporator. Furthermore, the extract obtained will be fractionated using the liquid-liquid fractionation method. The level of polarity obtained will determine the fractionation treatment, the solvent used is aquadest. After that, the aquadest fraction screening will be carried out, and Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) will later be used for confirmation testing. In this study, several experiments have been carried out on the aquadest fraction of the ethanol extract of bay leaves. The results obtained from the aquadest fraction screening are flavonoid, tannin, and saponin compounds. For the Rf value of the aquadest fraction of flavonoid compounds, the Rf value of the aquadest fraction of tannin compounds was 0.78 and the Rf value of the aquadest fraction of saponin compounds was 0.88.

Ethanolic Extract of Averrhoa carambola Leaf Has an Anticancer Activity on Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cells: An In Vitro Study

Background/Objectives: Averrhoa carambola, or star fruit, is a shrub known for its medicinal properties, especially due to bioactive metabolites identified in its roots and fruit with anti-cancer activity. However, the biological effects of its leaves remain unexplored. This study aimed to assess the effects of ethanolic extract from A. carambola leaves on triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), an aggressive subtype lacking specific therapy. Methods: Phytochemical analysis and HPLC profile and additional cell line evaluation employing MDA-MB-231 were carried out. Results: Phytochemical screening revealed that the ethanolic extract was rich in flavonoids, saponins, and steroids, demonstrating an antioxidant capacity of 45%. 1H NMR analysis indicated the presence of flavonoids, terpenes, and glycoside-like compounds. Cell viability assays showed a concentration-dependent decrease in viability, with an IC50 value of 20.89 μg/mL at 48 h. Clonogenic assays indicated significant inhibition of replicative immortality, with only 2.63% survival at 15 μg/mL. Migration, assessed through a wound healing assay, was reduced to 3.06% at 100 μg/mL, with only 16.23% of cells remaining attached. An additive effect was observed when combining lower concentrations of the extract with doxorubicin, indicating potential synergy. Conclusions: These results suggest that the ethanolic extract of A. carambola leaves contains metabolites with anti-cancer activity against TNBC cells, supporting further research into their bioactive compounds and therapeutic potential.

Bioactivity Evaluation and Phytochemical Characterization of Euonymus alatus (Thunb.) Siebold Leaf Extract.

Euonymus alatus (E. alatus) has traditionally been used for medicinal purposes, and its leaves are considered edible. While E. alatus is known for its diverse biological activities, the antioxidant, antidiabetic, and anticancer effects of its leaves extracted using different solvents have not been thoroughly investigated. This study examined the antioxidant, antidiabetic, anticancer, and life-prolonging effects of Euonymus alatus (E. alatus) leaf extract. The phytochemical analysis showed that the ethanol extract contained the highest levels of polyphenols (347.2 mg/mL) and flavonoids (317.7 mg/mL) compared to the water and methanol extracts. In addition, specific phenolics, such as rutin, ellagic acid, and quercetin, were found in the ethanol extract. Antioxidant assays showed that the ethanol extract exhibited superior DPPH, ABTS radical, and H2O2-scavenging activities, as well as reducing power. In addition, the ethanol extract displayed strong α-glucosidase inhibitory activity in a dose-dependent manner. In cancer cell studies, the ethanol extract selectively inhibited the proliferation of MDA-MB-231 (breast) and LNCaP (prostate) cancer cells without affecting normal cells. Apoptosis induction was confirmed by nuclear condensation and increased caspase-3 activity. Furthermore, treatment with 30 mg/kg/day of the extract extended the lifespan of the tumor-bearing mice to 50 days, with no fatalities, indicating a dose-dependent protective effect. E. alatus leaf ethanol extract has potential as an antioxidant, antidiabetic, anticancer, and life-prolonging agent.

PEMBUATAN SABUN DENGAN EKSTRAK ETANOL DAUN KERSEN (MUNTINGIA CALABURA) SEBAGAI ANTISEPTIK ALAMI

Liquid soap is a liquid skin cleansing preparation made from soap base with the addition of other permitted ingredients and is used to cleanse the skin without causing irritation to the skin which can be caused by bacteria. This study aims to determine the effect of the addition of ethanol extract of kersen leaves in liquid soap preparations against Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. Liquid soap formulation of ethanol extract of kersen leaves (Muntingia calabura) was formulated in 3 (three) formulations, namely F1 soap preparation with 25% extract concentration, F2 with 30% kersen leaf ethanol extract concentration, and F3 with 35% kersen leaf ethanol extract concentration. Antibacterial testing was carried out using the disc diffusion method. The results of the antibacterial activity test of antiseptic liquid soap preparations F1 soap preparation has an inhibition of 16.82 mm, formulation 2 30% extract concentration has an inhibition of 19.52 mm, F3 extract concentration has an inhibition of 21.90 mm and positive control Dettol soap has an inhibition of 22.22 mm against Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. The conclusion of this study is that ethanol extract of kersen leaves has antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus bacteria and the most optimal inhibitory concentration is kersen leaf extract soap preparation with a concentration of 35% with a very strong inhibition zone category.

In Vivo Evaluation of Genotoxicity and Antioxidant Capacity of Ajuga Orientalis L. (Lamiaceae) Leaf Extracts

Ajuga orientalis L. (Lamiaceae) is a fragrant herb native to the Eastern Mediterranean region, widely used in traditional healing practices in Jordan and neighboring countries. Despite its extensive use, there is a lack of toxicological studies on its leaf extracts. This study aims to address this gap by evaluating the genotoxic potential of ethanolic and aqueous leaf extracts using a micronucleus (MN) assay on mice DNA, alongside assessing their antioxidant status. The median lethal dose 50% (LD50) was tested in ten groups of sixty male Balb/c mice to determine the acute toxicity of A. orientalis leaf extracts. Four groups of male Balb/c mice (n=6) were used to evaluate micronucleus (MN) formation and total antioxidant capacity for each extract. Each group received daily intraperitoneal injections of one of the following concentrations: 4000, 2000, 1000, and 500 mg/kg over 28 days. Additionally, three control groups were included for comparison purposes. Peripheral blood samples were screened for MN formation, and liver samples were assessed for total antioxidant capacity. Results revealed an LD50 of 4000 mg/kg for both extracts, alongside a significant dose-dependent increase in MN formation and lower antioxidant capacity compared to controls. The findings indicate the genotoxicity of A. orientalis leaf extracts in Balb/c mice, urging caution in human consumption. Further research is warranted to comprehensively assess their safety and toxicity, especially considering their traditional medicinal use.

Moringa stenopetala leaf extract improves the efficacy of doxorubicin in the breast cancer therapy by suppressing the expression of MDR-1, Raf-1, and Top-II

The aim of this work was to explore the bioactive properties of Moringa stenopetala leaves (Baker f.) Cufod. Methanol and ethanol extracts showed the highest antioxidant activity with the lowest IC50 values. MS leaves were found to be a good supplement for K, Fe and Ca. The obtained results indicated that ethanolic leaf extract exhibits growth inhibition of MDA-MB-231 cell line, and induction of apoptosis as well as cell cycle arrest. Also, there was a significant effect on cytotoxicity against a breast cell line when the ethanolic extract was combined with doxorubicin. At the molecular level, changes in gene expression were detected via qPCR. Thirty-two compounds were identified in the ethanolic extract using HPLC ESI-MS/MS and classified into: hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives, flavonoids, fatty acids, and other miscellaneous compounds. Molecular docking predicted that the main component in the ethanolic extract (apigenin-7-O-rutinoside) has multiple inhibitory effects on MDR-1, Raf-1 and Top-II proteins.

Antifungal Activity of Alcoholic Extract of Allium Jesdianum on Fungi-Contaminated Dairy Products.

One of the main sources of contaminated dairy products is moldy fungi, specifically species of Aspergillus and Penicillium. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the alcoholic extract of Allium jesdianum plant on the growth of molds contaminating dairy products in Isfahan. In this research, 200 samples of dairy products were gathered from different areas of Isfahan city, including 70 samples of cheese, 60 samples of buttermilk, 40 samples of yogurt, 20 samples of curd, and 10 samples of cream. The antifungal activity of Allium jesdianum plant was investigated by the diffusion method in disc, well, and agar dilution in various concentrations. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fatal concentration (MFC) were also determined. Aspergillus, Penicillium, Cladosporium, and Acremonium fungi were the most commonly found fungal contaminants of this investigation. Antifungal activity was not observed by disc diffusion and well diffusion methods. In the agar dilution method, ethanolic and methanolic extracts of stem and leaves in concentrations of 80, 60, 40, and 30 mg/ml, and ethanolic and methanolic extracts of plant bulbs in concentrations of 60 and 30 mg/ml revealed antifungal activity against Aspergillus niger, Penicillium notatum, and Penicillium chrysogenum. The MIC of stem and leaf ethanol extracts and onion ethanol for Aspergillus niger was 18.7, and for Penicillium notatum and Penicillium chrysogenum, it was 37.5, 37.5, 37.5, and 37.5 mg/ml. Fungal contamination of dairy products is a serious threat to the public health of society. Therefore, identifying medicinal plants with antifungal activity can be an effective step in preventing fungal contamination and increasing the shelf life of these products. The results of this research have shown that the Allium jesdianum plant can inhibit the growth of Aspergillus niger, Penicillium notatum, and Penicillium chrysogenum.

Impact of Almond (Terminalia catappa) Ethanolic Leaf Extracts on an Ethylene Glycol-Induced Urolithiasis Rat Model

The disease of renal stones has been recognized for centuries. It is one of the most common disorders, characterized by calcifications in the kidneys, bladder, or urethra. Phytomolecules are effectively used in traditional medicine. The current study aimed to evaluate the effects of high and low doses of Terminalia catappa (T. catappa) leaf extracts on renal stone formation in a rat model of urolithiasis. The rats werehoused individually in metabolic cages and were given drinking water containing 0.75% Ethylene Glycol (EG) and 1% Ammonium Chloride (AC) to induce the production of kidney stones. EG and AC elevated the levels of molecules indicative of renal efficiency, including citrate, oxalate, urobilinogen, and microalbumin. Additionally, they reduced urine volume and urinary pH. After administering (200 or 400 mg/kg body weight) of Cystone or ethanolic extracts of T. catappa leaves orally, renal function parameters returned to normal ranges. Additionally, the urinary electrolytes were diluted, which may have contributed to a reduced risk of calculus formation. Histological analyses were consistent with the biochemical data. This study demonstrated that Cystone and ethanolic extracts of T. catappa leaves exhibited protective properties against urolithiasis induced by EG in rats. The higher dose of T. catappa extracts showed a more significant effect compared to the lower dose.

Molecular Docking and Hepatoprotective Evaluation of Jackfruit Leaf (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) in Rat Induced Isoniazid and Rifampin

Isoniazid and rifampin are antituberculosis drugs with a side effect in hepatotoxicity. An antioxidant can neutralize the toxic effects of these drugs on the liver. Jackfruit leaf (Arthocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) was identified as a rich source of antioxidants. This study aims to determine the effect of the ethanolic extract of jackfruit leaf (EEJL) on the liver histopathological structure of the rats induced by isoniazid-rifampin and analyze the molecular docking interaction of Arthocarpus heterophyllus Lam. active compound toward targeted receptor. The histological structure was determined using the Hematoxylin-Eosin staining method. Fifteen male Wistar rats were divided into five groups. Group 1 is a negative group with 1% sodium carboxymethyl cellulose. Group 2, as a positive control, was given a Curliv®, and the treatment groups 3, 4, and 5 were given EEJL at a dose of 100, 200, and 300 mg/kg body weight (BW), respectively. Before being treated, the rats were induced with an isoniazid-rifampin dose of 300 mg/kg BW orally for three days. The extract was administered orally once a day for seven days. On the eighth day, the liver was collected for histologic observation. Molecular docking was performed using the AutoDock Vina package to estimate the interaction of the ligand-receptor complex using 1HD2 and 3NT1 corresponding to antioxidant and COX-1 receptors, respectively. The results revealed that the treatment of EEJL affected repairing the structure of damaged liver cells in rats. Histological observation revealed that the group dose of 300 mg/kg BW had a better effect than other groups because only sinusoid dilatation was seen in the liver section. The molecular docking study showed that the ΔG produced between the test ligands toward 1HD2 is at a lower level (-6.134 to -6.881 kcal/mol) compared to the native ligand, which is only -4.701 kcal/mol. Besides, the interaction of test ligands toward targeted receptor 3NT1 exhibited a higher level than the native ligand. Therefore, the EEJL has shown significant improvement in the histology of rat liver, which might be due to its high stability interaction of active compounds toward 1HD2 and 3NT1 corresponding to antioxidant and COX-1 receptors, respectively.

Impact Of Fragrant Pandan Leaves Ethanol Extract (Fplee) On Alt And Ast Levels In High-Fat Diet-Induced Rat

Energy-dense, low-nutrient, and ultra-processed diets rich in fat can be a risk factor for fatty liver disease. Fragrant pandan is a plant that grows widely in Indonesia and is widely used as a herbal plant. This study aimed to determine the potential of fragrant pandan leaf ethanol extract (FPLEE) to reduce ALT and AST levels. It is a posttest control group design experiment. A total of 24 Rattus norvegicus specimens. All groups were given high-fat food for two weeks, except for NC. In the next two weeks, S was induced by simvastatin and FPLEE; T1, T2, and T3 were induced by 8, 16, and 32 mg/200 g BW/day, respectively. The One-Way ANOVA test results showed α=0.000 for ALT and α=0.029 for AST. Post-hoc LSD showed that NC was significantly different from T1, T2, and T3 (p0.05); therefore, FPLEE was unable to reduce ALT levels. For AST levels, NC was significantly different from C+, T1, and T2 (P0.05). Thus, T3 (32 mg/200 g BW/day of FPLEE) yielded the best results in reducing AST levels (p0.05). Based on these results, FPLEE has side effects on liver function, as seen in increased blood ALT levels, but it can reduce blood AST levels.

Phytochemical composition, antioxidant and antibacterial activity of the Philippine copperleaf (Acalypha wilkesiana) ethanolic extract

The Philippine copper leaf (Acalypha wilkesiana) is a relatively untapped plant with notable ethnopharmacological properties. This study investigated the phytochemical composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of the leaf ethanolic extract of A. wilkesiana collected at Central Philippine University Gardens in Iloilo City, Philippines. Qualitative phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of bioactive compounds, including alkaloids, tannins, saponins, proteins, phenols, flavonoids, glycosides, carbohydrates, and terpenoids. Quantitatively, the total phenolics and flavonoid contents of the extract were 1,203.7±0.33 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g and 235.36±2.0 mg of quercetin equivalent (QE)/g, respectively. The antioxidant activity, assessed using the 1,1-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, demonstrated a concentration-dependent radical scavenging capacity. The ethanolic extract exhibited strong antibacterial effects against Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), Streptococcus agalactiae, Escherichia coli, Edwardsiella tarda, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Salmonella typhi, with significant inhibition observed at 100 mg/mL. Resolute results from this first study on the phytochemicals, antioxidants, and antimicrobial activity of the Philippine copperleaf clearly demonstrate that it contains potent bioactive compounds with notable antibacterial and antioxidant properties. This underscores its potential for developing new therapeutic agents.