Ethanol Extract Of Flowers Research Articles

Efek ekstrak etanol kelopak bunga rosella (hibiscus sabdariffa l.) Terhadap biofilm prevotella intermedia

Background: The prevalence of periodontal disease in Indonesia reaches 96,58%. Prevotella intermedia is an orange complex bacteria play an important role in periodontitis. One of the therapies for periodontitis disease is the use of antimicrobial mouthwash. Rosella flowers can be used for an alternative therapy for periodontal disease because Rosella flower had been widely used as herbal drink. Purpose: This study aims to find out how rosella flower ethanol extract adheres to prevotella intermedia biofilms. Methods: This research is a laboratory experimental study using the biofilm test method. Rosella flower petals were taken from Balitro in Bogor, West Java. This research was conducted at the FKG Usakti MiCore Laboratory. The ethanol extract of rosella petals was diluted to obtain concentrations of 100%, 50%, 25%, 12.5%, 6.25%, 3.12% and 1.5%. The wellplate was incubated for 1 hour, 6 hours and 24 hours under anaerobic conditions then read the OD (optical density) using a microplate reader at a wavelength of 49nm.Results: The normality test shows normal data distribution (p>0.05). The ANOVA test showed a significant difference (p>0.05). Post-Hoc test showed significant differences between the concentrations of the ethanol extract of rosella calyx. Conclusion: The ethanol extract of rosella calyx has an effect on inhibiting the attachment of the prevotella intermedia biofilm.

Profile of Secondary Metabolites in Different Part of the Butterfly Pea (Clitoria ternatea) Plant with Antioxidant Activity

The butterfly pea flower (Clitoria ternatea) is widely used in traditional medicine and has the potential to be an antioxidant. The study aimed to compare the antioxidant capacity of the ethanol extract of the butterfly pea flower and the metabolite profile of the n-hexane fraction in different parts of the plant. The butterfly pea flower was planted for 12 weeks, and as many as 30 plants were in the Tropical Biopharmaca Research Center Cikabayan experimental garden, Bogor, Indonesia. Plant measurements included plant height, number of leaves, stem diameter, and plant production, which always increased during the experiment. The root had the highest phenolic content of each part of the plant (roots, flowers, leaves, and stems), with a phenolic content of 83.45 mg GAE/g. At the same time, the highest flavonoid content was in the leaves, with a total flavonoid value of 5.96 mg QE/g. Flowers and leaves only have anthocyanin content. The root had the highest antioxidant activity (low IC50 value) of each part of the plant, with an IC50 value of 106.973 µg/mL. The GC-MS results from the roots showed 13 compounds identified: 12 in the flower parts, 11 in the leaf parts, and 9 in the stem parts.

Cytotoxicity of leaves, stems, and flowers of Kecubung (Datura metel) extracts using the Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT) method

Brine shrimp (Artemia salina) cytotoxicity assays (BSLT) are one of the commonly used cytotoxic test methods to assess a plant extract's pharmacological activity and toxicity. Thus, this study aimed to examine the toxic levels of Kecubung (Datura metel) leaves extracted using different solvents, namely ethanol and ethyl acetate. The results showed that the LC50 value of flower ethanol, flower ethyl acetate, leaf ethanol, and stem ethyl acetate extracts had an LC50 value 1000, which was included in the toxic category. The LC50 value of flower ethanol is 121.044 ppm, flower ethyl acetate 105.89 ppm, leaf ethanol 639.589 ppm, and stem ethyl acetate 635.276 ppm. Ethanol leaf extract at a concentration of 1000 ppm showed the highest mortality with a percentage of 60% of the total number of A. salina. The flower ethanol extract showed the highest mortality at a concentration of 250 ppm with a percentage of 67% and at a concentration of 1000 ppm with a percentage of 70% of the total number of A. salina. Meanwhile, flower ethyl acetate and stem ethyl acetate extract at a concentration of 1000 ppm obtained 100% mortality of A. salina in the first 6 hours. The result shows that the flower ethyl acetate and stem ethyl acetate extract at a concentration of 1000 ppm is very toxic compared to other concentrations.Keywords:ToxicityArtemia salinaLC50Ethyl acetateEthanol

Pancreatic Protection Effects of Butterfly Pea (Clitoria Ternatea) Flower Extract Against White Rattus Novergicus Induced By Alloxan

The pancreas is an endocrine gland that produces the peptide hormones insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin, and also an exocrine gland that produces digestive enzymes. These hormones play an important role in regulating the body's metabolic activities, especially blood glucose homeostasis. The aim of this study was to investigate the ethanolic extract of butterfly pea flower (Clitoria ternatea L) against white rats (Rattus novergicus) induced by alloxan and to I the level of its damage. Fifteen male wistar rats (150-200 g) body weight (BW) were divided into 5 groups. The control healthy group, the placebo group and the extract treated group that received 150 mg/kg BW (group I), 300 mg/kg BW (group II) and 450 mg/kg BW (group III) orally. Placebo (Na-CMC) and extract were given for 5 consecutive days before alloxan administration (150 mg/kg BW) on days 6 and 7. Blood samples were taken to determine the glucose and albumin levels on day 0 (before treatment), on day 5 (after treatment of the extract but before the administration of alloxan), and on 6 and 7 after 24 h administration of alloxan. Alloxan induced gives a significant increase in glucose and albumin levels. The average of glucose level was 236.6±37.6 mg/dl in the health control, 252±28.1 mg/dl in the placebo group, 137±35.5 mg/dl in the extract of group I, 115.9±19.1 mg/dl in the extract of 300 mg of group II and 145.2±58.6 mg/dl of group III. Meanwhile the average of albumin level in the healthy group was 3.39±0.8 g/dl, the placebo group was 2.7±0.2 g/dl, the group I was 1.9±0.04 g/dl, the group II was 1.77±0.16 g/dl, and the group III was 1.85±0.19 g/dl. This study showed that at highest dose of C. ternatea was able to significantly prevent the elevation pancreatic damage biomarkers and this finding was associated with the result of histopathological analysis of the pancreas. These results suggest that the ethanol extract of C. ternatea at a dose of 450 mg/kg BW (group III) has a good protective effect on the function and structure of pancreatic tissue.

Formulation of Mouthwash Honje Laka (Etlingera Hemisphaerica (Blume) R.M.Sm.) Flower Extract Against Streptococcus Mutans

Dental and oral health is an important part of physical health that requires our attention. Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) is known as a cariogenic microorganism because it breaks down sugar and forms tooth substances for energy production. One of the preventive measures against the occurrence of chemical dental plaque is the use of mouthwash. Therefore, a mouthwash formulation from natural ingredients was developed. The potential plant for natural mouthwash is the honje laka flower (Etlingera hemisphaerica (Blume) R.M.Sm.) which contains flavonoids, polyphenols, quinones, monoterpenoids, and sesquiterpenoids as antibacterial. This study aims to determine the potential of honje laka flower extract in inhibiting the growth of S. mutans and as an ingredient in mouthwash. The procedure of this research started from the extraction of honje laka flower using 96% ethanol solvent followed by phytochemical screening test and antimicrobial test with a well diffusion method. The concentration of honje laka flower extract used for MIC test were 5%, 10%, and 15%. Evaluation of honje laka extract mouthwash preparations were organoleptic test, pH test, centrifugation test, cycling test, and bacterial inhibition zone test. The results showed the ethanol extract of honje laka flowers has activity against S. mutans with a MIC at a concentration of 5% and inhibition zone at 9.22±0.115 mm, while the mouthwash formula at a concentration of 15% has an inhibitory zone at 9.35±0.02 mm. As a conclusion, ethanol extract from honje laka flower can be used as a mouthwash and can inhibit the activity of S. mutans.

The Activities of Torch Ginger Flower (Etlingera elatior) Ethanol Extract on Degradation of Porphyromonas gingivalis Biofilm as Periodontal Pathogen


 Introduction: Porphyromonas gingivalis is bacteria that can form biofilms as the main cause of periodontitis. Mouthwash therapy in long term can cause mucositis and even oral cancer. Antibacterial potential of torch ginger flower (Etlingera elatior) can be developed as an alternative adjuvant therapy for periodontitis. Objective: Aims of this research was to determine the effect of torch ginger flower ethanol extract against degradation of P. gingivalis biofilm. Methods: This research used ethanolic extract of torch ginger flower with concentrations 1.56 mg/mL, 3.125 mg/mL, 6.25 mg/mL, 12.5 mg/mL, 25 mg/mL, and 50 mg/mL. Chlorhexidine gluconate 0.2% was used as positive control and DMSO 1% was used as negative control. Measurement of P. gingivalis biofilm degradation used microtiter plate assay with crystal violet 1% staining which reads its optical density at wavelength of 450 nm. Data were analyzed by one way ANOVA and Post hoc LSD. Results: The percentage of P. gingivalis biofilm degradation with torch ginger flower ethanol extract sequentially were 12.47%, 30.56%, 57.12%, 71.36%, and 74.83%. The analysis showed that there was a significant difference (p<0,05) between treatment groups torch ginger flower ethanol extract, as well as between torch ginger flower ethanol extract with DMSO 1% and chlorhexidine gluconate 0.2%. Optimum concentration of ethanol extract of torch ginger flower on P. gingivalis biofilm degradation was 25 mg/mL and showed no significant difference with chlorhexidine gluconate 0,2% (p>0,05). Conclusion: Conclusion of this research is torch ginger flower (Etlingera elatior) ethanol extract has P. gingivalis biofilm degradation activity.biofilm

Ointment Formulation of Tapak Dara (Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don) Flower Ethanol Extract and its Activity in Burn-Healing

Treatment done on burn wounds is intended to provide local therapy to heal as quickly as possible. The content of secondary metabolites in the tapak dara (Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don) flower can help the healing process of burns, namely alkaloids, saponins, tannins, and flavonoids. Alkaloids act as antibacterial; saponins can trigger collagen formation; tannins as astringents that cause shrinkage of skin pores and stop minor bleeding in wounds; and flavonoids have anti-inflammatory effects. This study aimed to formulate an ointment of C. roseus flower ethanol extract and determine its physical characteristics such as organoleptic test, homogeneity, pH value, dispersion, and stability test of the preparation and examine the activity as a burn healer in white male rats. The research data were analyzed statistically using the ANOVA method, followed by the LSD test (least significant difference) to see how the ointment-containing extract reduced the diameter and percentage of the burn wounds. The results show that all ethanol extracts of C. roseus flower ointments met the requirements for its physical characteristic tests. It offers a good activity as a burn healer in white male rats. The most effective concentration is an ointment containing 15% of ethanol extract from C. roseus flower (F3 group), which shows a significant difference (p <0.05) from the blank and the other group formula in burn wound healing.

Apoptosis Induction Activity and Inhibition of MCF-7 Cell Proliferation in Active Isolate of Butterfly Pea Flower (Clitoria ternatea L.)

Clitoria ternatea L. is one of the plants whose all parts have functional benefits for the human body. The flower petals are reported to be useful as anticancer. This study aims to determine the activity of inhibiting cell proliferation, and apoptotic induction activity and identify the chemical content of isolates from Clitoria ternatea L. Analysis of the results of the MTT assay test ethanol extract of butterfly pea flower has an IC50 value of 17.46 g/mL, CTEE has an IC50 value of 13, 19 g/mL, isolate 1 and isolate 2 of EAFCT had IC50 values of 6.79 and 7.12 g/mL. The results obtained were categorized as potent cytotoxic. Isolation of EAFCT compounds using radial system chromatography then analyzed GC-MS EAFCT isolates containing pyridine hydrochloride (51.42 %) and pentanal (2.79 %) and identified compounds using UV-Vis spectrophotometry and FTIR. The results of the cell proliferation inhibition test used a series of concentrations of IC50, ⅟2 IC50, ⅟4 IC50 and ⅟8 IC50, the CTEE obtained a doubling time of 178.47; 160.86; 151.18; 150.09, EAFCT is 188.53; 164.37; 156.82; 154.79, isolate 1 EAFCT is 212.96; 174.64; 148.53; 145.82 and isolates 2 EAFCT were 190.62; 168.23; 150.24; 148.94. Analysis of the apoptotic potential test results can be concluded from CTEE, EAFCT, isolates 1 and 2 EAFCT have apoptotic potential. HIGHLIGHTS The Clitoria ternatea 1 and 2 ethyl acetate fractions had a cytotoxic effect on MCF-7 cells with IC50 values of 6.79 and 7.12 μg/mL and inhibited the growth rate of MCF-7 cells with doubling times of 212.96 and 190.62 hours Clitoria ternatea 1 and 2 isolates' ethyl acetate fraction induced apoptosis in MCF-7 cells, as indicated by the presence of orange fluorescent cells, indicating that the cells had died The Ethyl acetate fraction of Clitoria ternatea isolate contains compounds with anticancer potential, including Pyridine hydrochloride and Pentanal GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Pharmacological Properties of <i>Genista sagittalis</i> L. (Fabaceae) Grown in Turkey

The genus Genista L. (Family: Fabaceae) is a plant having several traditional uses for treating common ailments such as diabetes, ulcer, and respiratory diseases. In this current study, the composition of essential oil and the biological activities of Genista sagittalis L. (Fabaceae) from Kocaeli: Yuvacık Dam Basin have been studied. A total of fourteen components were identified in the essential oil. The identified compounds belonged to straight-chain alkane, aromatic ether, and terpenoid derivatives. The antibacterial activity analyses demonstrated that G. sagittalis flower extract only had low activity against P. mirabilis and P. aeruginosa with MICs 1 to 2 mg/mL, as the peduncle extract showed strong anti-QS activity at 1.3 mg/mL. To the best of our knowledge, the current work is the first to report the antimicrobial and anti-quorum sensing activity of G. sagittalis growing in Turkey. Double-stranded DNA binding affinity investigations of the flower and peduncle ethanol extracts indicate that there are interactions with double-stranded DNA and related binding constants (Kb) were found as 1.97×103±0.37 and 3.68×102±0.44 for the flower and peduncle extract, respectively.

Daya Hambat Fraksi n-heksan, Etil Asetat, dan Air dari Ekstrak Etanol Bunga Cengkeh (Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merrill & Perry) Terhadap Bakteri Staphylococcus epidermidis

Background: Clove flower plants are known as traditional plants that can be used in food, drink and medicine. Clove flower ethanol extract (Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merrill & Perry) has antibacterial activity. Antibacterial is a substance that can interfere with the growth or kill bacteria by interfering with the metabolism of harmful microbes.Objective: This study was conducted to determine how effective the n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and water fractions from clove the ethanol extract of clove flower (Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merrill &Perry) in inhibiting the growth of Staphylococcus epidermidis bacteria.Method: Extract were made by the maceration method with 70% ethanol as a solvent. Then proceed with the fractionation process using a liquid-liquid extraction method using three solvents, namely n-hexane solvent (non-polar), ethyl acetate solvent (semi-polar), and water solvent (polar). Identification of clove flower extract and fraction flower was carried out by organoleptic test, phytochemical screening test, and thin layer chromatography test. A Bacterial inhibition test was carried out using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method using concentrations of 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100% with positive control used chloramphenicol while the negative control used distilled water.Result: The results of the n-hexane and ethyl acetate fraction had bacterial inhibition at concentrations of 60%, 80%, and 100%. The water fraction had a zone of bacterial inhibition at 100% concentration.Conclusion: Based on the results of the study was found that the n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and water fractions had effectiveness in inhibiting the growth of Staphylococcus epidermidis bacteria.

Phytochemical Screening of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis Plant Extracts and Their Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activity Analysis.

Nyctanthes arbor-tristis, alias "Vishnu Parijat," is a medicinal plant used to treat various inflammation-associated ailments and to combat innumerable infections in the traditional system of medicine. In the present study, we collected the samples of N. arbor-tristis from the lower Himalayan region of Uttarakhand, India, and carried out their molecular identification through DNA barcoding. To examine the antioxidant and antibacterial activities, we prepared the ethanolic and aqueous extracts (from flowers and leaves) and performed their phytochemical analysis by using different qualitative and quantitative approaches. The phytoextracts showed marked antioxidant potential, as revealed by a comprehensive set of assays. The ethanolic leaf extract showed marked antioxidant potential towards DPPH, ABTS, and NO scavenging (IC50 = 30.75 ± 0.006, 30.83 ± 0.002, and 51.23 ± 0.009 μg/mL, respectively). We used TLC-bioautography assay to characterize different antioxidant constituents (based on their Rf values) in the chromatograms ran under different mobile phases. For one of the prominent antioxidant spots in TLC bioautography, GC-MS analysis identified cis-9-hexadecenal and n-hexadecanoic acid as the major constituents. Furthermore, in antibacterial study, the ethanolic leaf extract showed marked activity against Aeromonas salmonicida (113.40 mg/mL of extract was equivalent to 100 μg/mL of kanamycin). In contrast, the ethanolic flower extract showed considerable antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (125.85 mg/mL of extract ≡100 μg/mL of kanamycin). This study presents the phylogenetic account and unravels the antioxidant-related properties and antibacterial potential of N. arbor-tristis.

Studies on Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Ethanolic and Aqueous Extracts of Flowers of Cassia fistula Linn. in Mice and Rat

The investigations of Cassia fistula flowers extracts were studied against experimentally anti-inflammatory activity studies and work demonstrates that ethanolic extract and aqueous extract of flowers of Cassia fistula has anti-inflammation activity in mice and rat by carrageenan-induced inflammation and cotton pellet-induced granuloma. From the above observations we can conclude that ethanolic extracts and aqueous extracts flowers of Cassia fistula anti-inflammatory activity at both the dose level which is comparable with the standard. The ethanol extract of Cassia fistula (200mg/kg), markedly increased the percentage of average mean increased in paw volume and weight in cotton pellet by the animals. The anti-inflammatory effect of both the doses (150-200 mg/kg in mice and 200-250 mg/kg in rat) showed significant activity and being that (200 mg/kg) showed higher activity. The inflammatory effects of ethanolic extract and aqueous extract of Cassia Fistula may be attributed to any of or combination of chemicals present in the extract. Further studies are required to identify the active phytoconstituents responsible for the observed inflammatory effect of ethanol extract and aqueous extract. It is suggested and assumed that a further exploration of the present research work is needed to come up with an active anti-inflammatory.

Ethanol and hexane extracts of flowers and leaves of Tridax procumbens induces cell apoptosis in Breast carcinoma

Ethanol and hexane extracts of flowers and leaves of Tridax procumbens induces cell apoptosis in Breast carcinoma

ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF MARIGOLD FLOWER (TAGETES ERECTA L.) ETHANOL EXTRACT CREAM AGAINST STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS

Background: Acne is caused by inflammation and obstruction of the skin pores, which traps excess oil (acne vulgaris). The bacterium Staphylococcus aureus is the causative agent of acne. Treatment and prevention efforts can be made traditionally. Purpose: Testing the antibacterial efficacy of the marigold flower ethanol extract cream (Tagetes erecta L.) against Staphylococcus aureus. Method: This type of research is descriptive exploratory and experimental. Samples of ethanol extract from marigold flowers (Tagetes erecta L.) were formulated into three treatments, namely concentrations of 25%, 50%, and 100% with three replications. Antibacterial efficacy testing was carried out by the agar well diffusion method. Data analysis used One-way ANOVA and Tukey HSD tests. Result: The inhibition zones produced by the ethanolic extract of marigold flowers were 8.59 ± 0.047, 9.23 ± 0.026, and 10.23 ± 0.044 respectively. Thus, a higher concentration of the ethanolic extract of marigold flowers in the cream produced more significant inhibitory activity. Conclusion: The ethanol extract cream of marigold flower (Tagetes erecta L.) showed antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and is suitable to be applied as a cream for the traditional treatment of acne (acne vulgaris).

Alleviation of Alcoholic Fatty Liver by Dendrobium officinale Flower Extracts due to Regulation of Gut Microbiota and Short-Chain Fatty Acids in Mice Exposed to Chronic Alcohol.

Alcoholic fatty liver disease (AFLD) is caused by long-term heavy alcohol consumption; therefore, useful and practical methods for the prevention of AFLD are urgently needed. The edible flower of Dendrobium officinale contains diverse flavonoids, and has shown antioxidant activity as well as antihypertensive and anti-inflammatory effects. In this study, an AFLD model was established, the protective effect of D. officinale flower (DOF) ethanol extract on AFLD was evaluated, and its mechanisms were investigated by analyzing gut microbiota and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). DOF extract (DOFE) supplementation promoted alcohol metabolism, restored hepatic antioxidant capacity, alleviated oxidative stress, reduced inflammatory factor levels, and inhibited dyslipidemia induced by alcohol intake in chronic alcohol-exposed mice, especially in the high DOFE group. Moreover, DOFE supplementation increased the diversity, structure, and composition of the gut microbiota in mice, restored some of the abnormal SCFA levels caused by AFLD, and helped restore intestinal function. DOFE supplementation significantly increased the relative abundance of Akkermansia, suggesting that Akkermansia may be a potential target of the protective effect of DOFE. Therefore, DOFE supplementation to improve the composition of the gut microbiota may be an effective therapeutic strategy for the prevention of AFLD.

Separation of Bio-active Compounds and in vitro Antibacterial Potency of Callistemon linearis Floral Extract with Mechanism of Action

Abstract: Introduction: Infection caused by bacteria is treated with antibiotics which caused several side effects in human and animals. This problem enforced scientist to work out plant originated compounds for treatment of several disease caused by morbific bacteria. Objectives: Present work revealed isolation of bioactive phytocompounds from different fractions of Callistemon linearis flower ethanol extract by chromatographic technique and determination of their antibacterial potency against selected bacteria with mode of action in vitro. Materials and Methods: Antibacterial potency of four different fractions of ethanol extract were done quantitatively via Agar well diffusion method along with determination of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration, and Minimum Bactericidal Concentrations. Further, phytochemical analysis, Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopic analysis, thin Layer Chromatography separation and Gas Chromatography Mass Spectroscopy analysis of bioactive fractions were done simultaneously to assess the presence of bioactive phytocompounds responsible for the antibacterial potency of the fractions. Time-kill assay, Nucleic acid and protein leakage assay, and FESEM study were employed to determine the mode of activity of the isolated active phytocompounds on the tested bacteria. Results: Maximum antibacterial activity was observed in NHEX of ethanol extract against Escherichia coli (MTCC 739). Chromatographic separation of NHEX detected several bioactive compounds. Assessment of Time-kill assay in treated and untreated bacterial strains determined that bioactive compound of NHEX was bactericidal in nature. Nucleic acid and protein leakage assay of bacterial cells with isolated active compound showed cell damages and FESEM images strongly ascertained this data. Conclusion: The C. linearis floral floral extract possesses antibacterial activities against selected pathogens and causes cellular damages. Keywords: Callistemon linearis, Antibacterial activity, FT-IR, GC-MS analysis, Bioactive compounds, Mechanism of action.

Exploring of the ameliorative effects of Nerium (Nerium oleander L.) ethanolic flower extract in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats via biochemical, histological and molecular aspects.

Nerium oleander L. is ethnopharmacologically used for diabetes. Our aim was to investigate the ameliorative effects of ethanolic Nerium flower extract (NFE) in STZ-induced diabetic rats. Seven random groups including control group, NFE group (50mg/kg), diabetic group, glibenclamide group and NFE treated groups (25mg/kg, 75mg/kg, and 225mg/kg) were composed of forty-nine rats. Blood glucose level, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), insulin level, liver damage parameters and lipid profile parameters were investigated. Antioxidant defense system enzyme activities and reduced glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents and immunotoxic and neurotoxic parameters were determined in liver tissue. Additionally, the ameliorative effects of NFE were histopathologically examined in liver. mRNA levels of SLC2A2 gene encoding glucose transporter 2 protein were measured by quantitative real time PCR. NFE caused decrease in glucose level and HbA1c and increase in insulin and C-peptide levels. Additionally, NFE improved liver damage biomarkers and lipid profile parameters in serum. Moreover, lipid peroxidation was prevented and antioxidant enzyme activities in liver were regulated by NFE treatment. Furthermore, anti-immunotoxic and anti-neurotoxic effects of NFE were determined in liver tissue of diabetic rats. Histopathogically, significant liver damages were observed in the diabetic rats. Histopathological changes were decreased partially in the 225mg/kg NFE treated group. SLC2A2 gene expression in liver of diabetic rats significantly reduced compared to healthy rats and NFE treatment (25mg/kg) caused increase in gene expression. Flower extract of Nerium plant may have an antidiabetic potential due to its high phytochemical content.

Antibacterial Activity of Tanacetum vulgare L. Extracts against Clinical Isolates of Bovine Mastitis

A bovine mastitis is an infectious disease, which is usually treated with antibiotics. Alternatively, herbal medicine has been proposed due to bacterial resistance. The aim of this study was to determine the antibacterial activity of the acetonic and ethanolic extracts of dried flowers and leaves of Tanacetum vulgare L. against bovine mastitis-inducing clinical isolates such as Escherichia coli, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus uberis, Serratia liquefaciens, Staphylococcus aureus, and reference cultures of S. aureus and E. coli. The extracts of T. vulgare showed partial antibacterial activity against tested strains of S. aureus. The MIC and MBC values of a 70% ethanol extract of flowers (MIC = 3.4 mg/mL, MBC = 3.4–6.8 mg/mL) were lower than for the 70% ethanol extract of leaves (MIC = 15.7–31.4 mg/mL, MBC = 62.9–125.9 mg/mL). The flower extracts showed low activity against E. coli (MIC = 53.9 mg/mL, MBC = 53.9–107.8 mg/mL) and S. agalactiae (MIC, MBC = 53.9 mg/mL). T. vulgare leaf extracts had minimal antibacterial effects against Streptococcus strains (MIC = 31.4–62.9 mg/mL, MBC = 53.9–125.9 mg/mL) and Serratia liquefaciens (MIC, MBC = 125.9 mg/mL). However, flower extracts had a higher phenolic content that did not correlate with antibacterial effects. T. vulgare flower and leaf extracts could be combined to obtain broader antibacterial effects.

Optimization of Chlorogenic Acid in Ethanol Extracts from Elderberry Flowers (Sambucus nigra L.) under Different Conditions: Response Surface Methodology

The characteristics of elderberries and their flowers as well as selected properties of chlorogenic acid related to phenolic compounds are described. The aim of this study was to optimize the content of chlorogenic acid in ethanol extracts of elderberry flowers using the response surface methodology (RSM). The experiment was carried out with four research variants: fresh raw material treated with warm ethanol (50 °C) or cold ethanol (25 °C) and the same procedure for raw material that was frozen for a month and then dried. For each variant, nine methods of obtaining extracts were prepared using three different ethanol concentrations by volume (40, 68 or 95%) and three different extraction times (7, 20 or 30 days). Higher contents of chlorogenic acid were found in variants treated with warm ethanol (106.3 to 384.8 µg/cm3) in comparison to the samples treated with cold ethanol (60.77 to 298.3 µg/cm3). Optimization models of the response surface showed that with small losses of efficiency, the extraction process can be carried out for up to 20 days (instead of 30) with the use of ethanol with a concentration of approx. 68% (instead of 95%). The optimization of the efficiency of technological processes in the processing of herbs can be supported by the use of the response surface methodology.

Characteristic of the Ethanol Extract of Carthamus tinctorius L. Flowers and its Antioxidant Activity

Safflower plant (Carthamus tinctorius L.) has been reported to be effective for treating people with measles, hypertension, stomach ache, malaria and cholesterol issues. This study aims to assess specific and non-specific parameters of characteristics for the ethanol extract of C. tinctorius L. flowers and its antioxidant properties. The specific parameters include the extract’s organoleptic properties, while the non-specific parameters include the drying shrinkage, microbial contamination content, ash content, as well as the extract’s solubility in water and ethanol according to Materia Medica Indonesia and Pharmacopeia Herbal Indonesia. An antioxidant activity assay was performed using the DPPH method. According to the results, the deep red, viscous organoleptic extract had a distinctive odor, as well as an astringent or chelate taste, and an Rf value of 0.79. Furthermore, the extract contained 0.12% of water-soluble compounds, 0.22% ethanol-soluble compounds, and several phytochemical groups, including flavonoids, saponins, triterpenoids, tannins, quinones, and steroids. According to the non-specific parameters, the extracts demonstrated 1.02%, 0.2237%, 0.96%, 0.23%, and 0.91% for weight, acid-insoluble ash content, dry shrinkage, ash content, and water content, respectively. Meanwhile, the microbial contaminant load was ˂ 1.0 × 10-1 colony/mL, alongside ˂ 1.0 × 10-1 colony/mL of mold/yeast. The C. tinctorius L. ethanol extract was observed to show significant antioxidant activities, evidenced by an IC50 which measured 2.511ppm, based on DPPH analysis. A similar outcome was also reported for the ethanol flower extract, which was further determined to fulfil both non-specific and specific standardization parameters.